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Walker JT, Beachley G, Zhang L, Benedict KB, Sive BC, Schwede DB. A review of measurements of air-surface exchange of reactive nitrogen in natural ecosystems across North America. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 698:133975. [PMID: 31499348 PMCID: PMC7032654 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
This review summarizes the state of the science of measurements of dry deposition of reactive nitrogen (Nr) compounds in North America, beginning with current understanding of the importance of dry deposition at the U.S. continental scale followed by a review of micrometeorological flux measurement methods. Measurements of Nr air-surface exchange in natural ecosystems of North America are then summarized, focusing on the U.S. and Canada. Drawing on this synthesis, research needed to address the incompleteness of dry deposition budgets, more fully characterize temporal and geographical variability of fluxes, and better understand air-surface exchange processes is identified. Our assessment points to several data and knowledge gaps that must be addressed to advance dry deposition budgets and air-surface exchange modeling for North American ecosystems. For example, recent studies of particulate (NO3-) and gaseous (NOx, HONO, peroxy nitrates) oxidized N fluxes challenge the fundamental framework of unidirectional flux from the atmosphere to the surface employed in most deposition models. Measurements in forest ecosystems document the importance of in-canopy chemical processes in regulating the net flux between the atmosphere and biosphere, which can result in net loss from the canopy. These results emphasize the need for studies to quantify within- and near-canopy sources and sinks of the full suite of components of the Nr chemical system under study (e.g., NOy or HNO3-NH3-NH4NO3). With respect to specific ecosystems and geographical locations, additional flux measurements are needed particularly in agricultural regions (NH3), coastal zones (NO3- and organic N), and arid ecosystems and along urban to rural gradients (NO2). Measurements that investigate non-stomatal exchange processes (e.g., deposition to wet surfaces) and the biogeochemical drivers of bidirectional exchange (e.g., NH3) are considered high priority. Establishment of long-term sites for process level measurements of reactive chemical fluxes should be viewed as a high priority long-term endeavor of the atmospheric chemistry and ecological communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- John T Walker
- U.S. EPA, Office of Research and Development, Durham, NC, USA.
| | | | - Leiming Zhang
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Katherine B Benedict
- Colorado State University, Department of Atmospheric Science, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Barkley C Sive
- National Park Service, Air Resources Division, Lakewood, CO, USA
| | - Donna B Schwede
- U.S. EPA, Office of Research and Development, Durham, NC, USA
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Jin L, Luo X, Fu P, Li X. Airborne particulate matter pollution in urban China: a chemical mixture perspective from sources to impacts. Natl Sci Rev 2016. [DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nww079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractRapid urban and industrial development has resulted in severe air-pollution problems in developing countries such as China, especially in highly industrialized and populous urban clusters. Dissecting the complex mixtures of airborne particulate matter (PM) has been a key scientific focus in the last two decades, leading to significant advances in understanding physicochemical compositions for comprehensive source apportionment. However, identifying causative components with an attributable link to population-based health outcomes remains a huge challenge. The microbiome, an integral dimension of the PM mixture, is an unexplored frontier in terms of identities and functions in atmospheric processes and human health. In this review, we identify the major gaps in addressing these issues, and recommend a holistic framework for evaluating the sources, processes and impacts of atmospheric PM pollution. Such an approach and the knowledge generated will facilitate the formulation of regulatory measures to control PM pollution in China and elsewhere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Jin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiaosan Luo
- International Center for Ecology, Meteorology, and Environment, School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Pingqing Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xiangdong Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
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Vogel AL, Schneider J, Müller-Tautges C, Phillips GJ, Pöhlker ML, Rose D, Zuth C, Makkonen U, Hakola H, Crowley JN, Andreae MO, Pöschl U, Hoffmann T. Aerosol Chemistry Resolved by Mass Spectrometry: Linking Field Measurements of Cloud Condensation Nuclei Activity to Organic Aerosol Composition. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:10823-10832. [PMID: 27709898 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b01675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Aerosol hygroscopic properties were linked to its chemical composition by using complementary online mass spectrometric techniques in a comprehensive chemical characterization study at a rural mountaintop station in central Germany in August 2012. In particular, atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry ((-)APCI-MS) provided measurements of organic acids, organosulfates, and nitrooxy-organosulfates in the particle phase at 1 min time resolution. Offline analysis of filter samples enabled us to determine the molecular composition of signals appearing in the online (-)APCI-MS spectra. Aerosol mass spectrometry (AMS) provided quantitative measurements of total submicrometer organics, nitrate, sulfate, and ammonium. Inorganic sulfate measurements were achieved by semionline ion chromatography and were compared to the AMS total sulfate mass. We found that up to 40% of the total sulfate mass fraction can be covalently bonded to organic molecules. This finding is supported by both on- and offline soft ionization techniques, which confirmed the presence of several organosulfates and nitrooxy-organosulfates in the particle phase. The chemical composition analysis was compared to hygroscopicity measurements derived from a cloud condensation nuclei counter. We observed that the hygroscopicity parameter (κ) that is derived from organic mass fractions determined by AMS measurements may overestimate the observed κ up to 0.2 if a high fraction of sulfate is bonded to organic molecules and little photochemical aging is exhibited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander L Vogel
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry and Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz , 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Johannes Schneider
- Particle Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry , 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Christina Müller-Tautges
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry and Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz , 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Gavin J Phillips
- Air Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry , 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Mira L Pöhlker
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry , 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Diana Rose
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry , 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Christoph Zuth
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry and Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz , 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Ulla Makkonen
- Finnish Meteorological Institute , FI-00560, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hannele Hakola
- Finnish Meteorological Institute , FI-00560, Helsinki, Finland
| | - John N Crowley
- Air Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry , 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Meinrat O Andreae
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry , 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Ulrich Pöschl
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry , 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Thorsten Hoffmann
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry and Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz , 55128 Mainz, Germany
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Fan J, Yue X, Jing Y, Chen Q, Wang S. Online monitoring of water-soluble ionic composition of PM10 during early summer over Lanzhou City. J Environ Sci (China) 2014; 26:353-361. [PMID: 25076526 DOI: 10.1016/s1001-0742(13)60431-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Lanzhou is one of the most aerosol-polluted cities in China. In this study, an online analyzer for Monitoring for AeRosols and GAses was deployed to measure major water-soluble inorganic ions in PM10 at 1-hour time resolution, and 923 samples were obtained from Apr 1 to May 24, 2011. During the field campaign, air pollution days were encountered with Air Quality Index more than 100 and daily average concentration of PM10 exceeding 150 microg/m3. Based on the variation of water-soluble ions and results of Positive Matrix Factorization 3.0 model execution, the air pollution days were classified as crustal species- or secondary aerosol-induced, and the different formation mechanisms of these two air pollution types were studied. During the crustal species pollution days, the content of Ca2+ increased and was about 2.3 times higher than the average on clear days, and the air parcel back trajectory was used to analyze the sources of crustal species. Data on sulfate, trace gases and meteorological factors were used to reveal the formation mechanism of secondary aerosol pollution. The sulfur oxidation ratio (SOR) was derived from the 923 samples, and the SOR had high positive correlation with relative humidity in early summer in Lanzhou.
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Markovic MZ, VandenBoer TC, Murphy JG. Characterization and optimization of an online system for the simultaneous measurement of atmospheric water-soluble constituents in the gas and particle phases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 14:1872-84. [DOI: 10.1039/c2em00004k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Ballesteros-Gómez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Edificio Anexo Marie Curie, Campus de Rabanales, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Soledad Rubio
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Edificio Anexo Marie Curie, Campus de Rabanales, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
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