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Abstract
There is no doubt that ionic liquids have become a major subject of study for modern chemistry. We have become used to ever more publications in the field each year, although there is some evidence that this is beginning to plateau at approximately 3500 papers each year. They have been the subject of several major reviews and books, dealing with different applications and aspects of their behaviours. In this article, I will show a little of how interest in ionic liquids grew and developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Welton
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ, England.
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Arbuzov AB, Kudrya EN, Trenikhin MV, Drozdov VA. In Situ Formation of Al(Fe)/Cl Metal Chloride Complexes and Evaluation of Their Catalytic Properties in the Reaction of Ethylene Oligomerization. RUSS J APPL CHEM+ 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070427217120059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Wolff A, Pallmann J, Brunner E, Doert T, Ruck M. On the Anion Exchange of PX3(X= Cl, Br, I) in Ionic Liquids comprising Halide Anions. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.201600392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Wolff
- Fachrichtung Chemie und Lebensmittelchemie; Technische Universität Dresden; 01062 Dresden Germany
| | - Julia Pallmann
- Fachrichtung Chemie und Lebensmittelchemie; Technische Universität Dresden; 01062 Dresden Germany
| | - Eike Brunner
- Fachrichtung Chemie und Lebensmittelchemie; Technische Universität Dresden; 01062 Dresden Germany
| | - Thomas Doert
- Fachrichtung Chemie und Lebensmittelchemie; Technische Universität Dresden; 01062 Dresden Germany
| | - Michael Ruck
- Fachrichtung Chemie und Lebensmittelchemie; Technische Universität Dresden; 01062 Dresden Germany
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Physik fester Stoffe; Nöthnitzer Str. 40 01187 Dresden Germany
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Zhang X, Zhang R, Liu H, Meng X, Xu C, Liu Z, Klusener PAA. Quantitative Characterization of Lewis Acidity and Activity of Chloroaluminate Ionic Liquids. Ind Eng Chem Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.6b02465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Zhang
- State
Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- State
Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China
| | - Haiyan Liu
- State
Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China
| | - Xianghai Meng
- State
Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China
| | - Chunming Xu
- State
Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China
| | - Zhichang Liu
- State
Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China
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Arifin, Puripat M, Yokogawa D, Parasuk V, Irle S. Glucose transformation to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural in acidic ionic liquid: A quantum mechanical study. J Comput Chem 2015; 37:327-35. [PMID: 26453901 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.24214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Isomerization and transformation of glucose and fructose to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) in both ionic liquids (ILs) and water has been studied by the reference interaction site model self-consistent field spatial electron density distribution (RISM-SCF-SEDD) method coupled with ab initio electronic structure theory, namely coupled cluster single, double, and perturbative triple excitation (CCSD(T)). Glucose isomerization to fructose has been investigated via cyclic and open chain mechanisms. In water, the calculations support the cyclic mechanism of glucose isomerization; with the predicted activation free energy is 23.8 kcal mol(-1) at experimental condition. Conversely, open ring mechanism is more favorable in ILs with the energy barrier is 32.4 kcal mol(-1) . Moreover, the transformation of fructose into HMF via cyclic mechanism is reasonable; the calculated activation barriers are 16.0 and 21.5 kcal mol(-1) in aqueous and ILs solutions, respectively. The solvent effects of ILs could be explained by the decomposition of free energies and radial distribution functions of solute-solvent that are produced by RISM-SCF-SEDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arifin
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-Cho, Chikusa-Ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Maneeporn Puripat
- Nanoscience and Technology Program, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Daisuke Yokogawa
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-Cho, Chikusa-Ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan.,Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya Univesity, Chikusa-Ku, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Vudhichai Parasuk
- Nanoscience and Technology Program, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Stephan Irle
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-Cho, Chikusa-Ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan.,Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya Univesity, Chikusa-Ku, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
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Xue XS, Wang Y, Yang C, Ji P, Cheng JP. Toward Prediction of the Chemistry in Ionic Liquids: An Accurate Computation of Absolute pKa Values of Benzoic Acids and Benzenethiols. J Org Chem 2015; 80:8997-9006. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b00693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Song Xue
- State
Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation
Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Ya Wang
- State
Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation
Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Chen Yang
- State
Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation
Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Pengju Ji
- Center
of Basic Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jin-Pei Cheng
- State
Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation
Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
- Center
of Basic Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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Horowitz AI, Arias P, Panzer MJ. Spectroscopic determination of relative Brønsted acidity as a predictor of reactivity in aprotic ionic liquids. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:6651-4. [PMID: 25784279 DOI: 10.1039/c5cc01226k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A simple titration technique utilizing pyridine as a FTIR spectroscopy probe is demonstrated to successfully predict relative Brønsted acid-limited reaction rates in different ionic liquid (IL) environments. Relative acidity is shown to vary across three aprotic ILs in a manner that is specific to the particular acid-IL pairing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel I Horowitz
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA.
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Scholz F, Himmel D, Eisele L, Unkrig W, Martens A, Schlüter P, Krossing I. The Acidity of the HBr/AlBr3System: Stabilization of Crystalline Protonated Arenes and Their Acidity in Bromoaluminate Ionic Liquids. Chemistry 2015; 21:7489-502. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201405952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Estager J, Holbrey JD, Swadźba-Kwaśny M. Halometallate ionic liquids – revisited. Chem Soc Rev 2014; 43:847-86. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cs60310e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Hu SW, Wang ZX, Qu F, Chu TW, Wang XY. Reaction Mechanism of Cl2 and 1-Alkyl-3-methylimidazolium Chloride Ionic Liquids. J Phys Chem A 2011; 115:13452-66. [DOI: 10.1021/jp208095e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Wen Hu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Radiochemistry and Radiation Chemistry Key Laboratory of Fundamental Science, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Zhu-Xiang Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Radiochemistry and Radiation Chemistry Key Laboratory of Fundamental Science, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Feng Qu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Radiochemistry and Radiation Chemistry Key Laboratory of Fundamental Science, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Tai-Wei Chu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Radiochemistry and Radiation Chemistry Key Laboratory of Fundamental Science, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Xiang-Yun Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Radiochemistry and Radiation Chemistry Key Laboratory of Fundamental Science, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason P. Hallett
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Tom Welton
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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Hallett JP, Welton T. Room-Temperature Ionic Liquids: Solvents for Synthesis and Catalysis. 2. Chem Rev 2011; 111:3508-76. [PMID: 21469639 DOI: 10.1021/cr1003248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2679] [Impact Index Per Article: 206.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jason P. Hallett
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Tom Welton
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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Arbuzov AB, Drozdov VA, Likholobov VA, Trenikhin MV, Talsi VP, Kudrya EN. In situ study of the interaction between tert-butyl chloride and aluminum activated with liquid In-Ga eutectic. KINETICS AND CATALYSIS 2010. [DOI: 10.1134/s0023158410030043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Wells TP, Hallett JP, Williams CK, Welton T. Esterification in Ionic Liquids: The Influence of Solvent Basicity. J Org Chem 2008; 73:5585-8. [DOI: 10.1021/jo8005864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas P. Wells
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Jason P. Hallett
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Charlotte K. Williams
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Tom Welton
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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Giernoth R, Bankmann D. Transition-Metal-Free Synthesis of Perdeuterated Imidazolium Ionic Liquids by Alkylation and H/D Exchange. European J Org Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200700784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Brønsted Acids in Ionic Liquids: Fundamentals, Organic Reactions, and Comparisons. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-007-0755-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Del Pópolo MG, Kohanoff J, Lynden-Bell RM. Solvation Structure and Transport of Acidic Protons in Ionic Liquids: A First-principles Simulation Study. J Phys Chem B 2006; 110:8798-803. [PMID: 16640438 DOI: 10.1021/jp0602326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Ab initio simulations of a single molecule of HCl in liquid dimethyl imidazolium chloride [dmim][Cl] show that the acidic proton exists as a symmetric, linear ClHCl(-) species. Details of the solvation structure around this molecule are given. The proton-transfer process was investigated by applying a force along the antisymmetric stretch coordinate until the molecule broke. Changes in the free energy and local solvation structure during this process were investigated. In the reaction mechanism identified, a free chloride approaches the proton from the side. As the original ClHCl(-) distorts and the incoming chloride forms a new bond to the proton, one of the original chlorine atoms is expelled and a new linear molecule is formed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario G Del Pópolo
- Atomistic Simulation Centre, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen's University Belfast, BT7 1NN, UK.
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Sun D, Hughbanks T. Chloroaluminate ionic liquids as reagents for isolating soluble hexanuclear zirconium halide cluster compounds. Inorg Chem 2000; 39:1964-8. [PMID: 11428116 DOI: 10.1021/ic9913785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Ambient-temperature chloroaluminate molten salts, mixtures of aluminum trichloride (AlCl3) and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (ImCl), have been used as solvents to excise and isolate centered hexanuclear zirconium halide clusters from their solid-state precursors. Cluster compounds synthesized via high-temperature reactions, KZr6CCl15 and Li2Zr6MnCl15, were dissolved into basic molten salts at 100-110 degrees C. The C-centered cluster compound, Im4Zr6CCl18, was isolated in 70% yield, and the Mn-centered cluster compound, Im5Zr6MnCl18.C7H(8).2CH3CN, was isolated in 54% yield. Im5Zr6BCl18 is efficiently oxidized by ferrocenium tetrafluoroborate, and one-electron-oxidized B-centered cluster, [(Zr6B)Cl18]4-, was isolated in 90% yield as the salt Im4Zr6BCl18.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, P.O. Box 30012, College Station, Texas 77843-3012, USA
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Abstract
Neutron scattering represents a versatile technique for chemists, as it explores the structure and dynamics of materials at the atomic scale. This review gives an outline of the neutron scattering formalism and describes diffraction and inelastic and quasielastic scattering techniques. Applications to chemistry are illustrated by examples from recent work on crystalline and liquid organic materials, including heterogeneous systems, bulk polymers and polymer solutions. There is particular emphasis on systems where hydrogen bonding plays a significant role. With more powerful sources and improved instrumentation in prospect, there is considerable potential for future extension of these methods to increasingly complex materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- F R Trouw
- Intense Pulsed Neutron Source and Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Welton
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College of Science Technology and Medicine, South Kensington, London SW7 2AY, U.K
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Schreiter ER, Stevens JE, Ortwerth MF, Freeman RG. A Room-Temperature Molten Salt Prepared from AuCl3and 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium Chloride. Inorg Chem 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/ic990062u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Koronaios P, King D, Osteryoung RA. Acidity of Neutral Buffered 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium Chloride−AlCl3 Ambient-Temperature Molten Salts. Inorg Chem 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/ic971345u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Koronaios
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204
| | - Dawn King
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204
| | - Robert A. Osteryoung
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204
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Mantz RA, Trulove PC, Carlin RT, Theim TL, Osteryoung RA. Gutmann Acceptor Properties of LiCl, NaCl, and KCl Buffered Ambient-Temperature Chloroaluminate Ionic Liquids. Inorg Chem 1997; 36:1227-1232. [PMID: 11669690 DOI: 10.1021/ic960994n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Gutmann acceptor numbers have been determined using (31)P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) for AlCl(3)/EMIC melts as well as LiCl, NaCl, and KCl neutral buffered melts. In AlCl(3)/EMIC melts, where EMIC is 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride, the change in Gutmann acceptor number as a function of the AlCl(3):EMIC melt ratio is attributed to an equilibrium between a monoadduct of triethylphosphine oxide.AlCl(3) and a diadduct of triethylphosphine oxide.2AlCl(3). Observed acceptor numbers for the neutral buffered melts appear linear with respect to the melt's initial mole ratio of AlCl(3):EMIC prior to buffering. The lithium cation appears to be the most Lewis acidic alkali metal cation followed by the sodium and potassium cations. Possible reasons for the change in acceptor number as a function of changing alkali metal cation concentration are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A. Mantz
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204
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Chandler WD, Johnson KE, Fahlman BD, Campbell JLE. Thermodynamic Calculations for Reactions Involving Hydrogen Halide Polymers, Ions, and Lewis Acid Adducts. 2. Polychlorohydrogenate(1−) Anions (HnCln+1-), Polychlorohydrogen(I) Cations (Hn+1Cln+), and Hydrogen Chloride Polymers (HCl)n. Inorg Chem 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/ic9607999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- W. David Chandler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan S4S 0A2, Canada
| | - Keith E. Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan S4S 0A2, Canada
| | - Bradley D. Fahlman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan S4S 0A2, Canada
| | - John L. E. Campbell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan S4S 0A2, Canada
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King D, Mantz R, Osteryoung R. Acidity of HCl in Neutral Buffered Chloroaluminate Molten Salts. J Am Chem Soc 1996. [DOI: 10.1021/ja961935b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dawn King
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204
| | - Robert Mantz
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204
| | - Robert Osteryoung
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204
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Alkylation of isobutane with 2-butene using 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride—aluminium chloride molten salts as catalysts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0304-5102(94)00065-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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