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Jung B, Safan A, Batchelor B, Abdel-Wahab A. Spectroscopic study of Se(IV) removal from water by reductive precipitation using sulfide. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 163:351-358. [PMID: 27552695 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Revised: 07/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the removal of selenium (IV) from water by reductive precipitation using sodium sulfide at neutral pH. Also, it examines the application of UV light as an activating method to enhance reductive precipitation. Furthermore, this work evaluates the effects of sulfide dose and solution pH on behavior of Se(IV) reduction. Selenium was effectively removed in sulfide solution at both neutral and acidic pH. UV irradiation did not enhance removal efficiency of Se(IV) at conditions tested, but it affected solids morphology and composition. SEM/EDS and XPS results showed that selenite was reduced to elemental Se or Se-S precipitates (e.g. SenS8-n) in sulfide solution. High resolution S 2p XPS spectra suggested the presence of sulfur-containing anions (e.g. S2O3(2-), HSO3(-), etc.) or elemental S (S(0)), monosulfide (S(2-)), and polysulfides (Sn(2-)), which could be produced from sulfide photolysis or reaction with Se. In addition, large aggregates of irregular shape, which suggest Se-S precipitates or elemental sulfur, were found more prominently at pH 4 than at pH 7, and they were more noticeable in the presence of UV with longer reaction times. In addition, XRD patterns showed that gray elemental Se solids were dominant in experiments without UV, whereas Se-S precipitates (Se3S5) with an orange color were found in those with UV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahngmi Jung
- Chemical Engineering Program, Texas A&M University at Qatar, PO BOX 23874, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Aya Safan
- Chemical Engineering Program, Texas A&M University at Qatar, PO BOX 23874, Doha, Qatar
| | - Bill Batchelor
- Zachry Department of Civil Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3136, USA
| | - Ahmed Abdel-Wahab
- Chemical Engineering Program, Texas A&M University at Qatar, PO BOX 23874, Doha, Qatar; Zachry Department of Civil Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3136, USA.
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Karhu AJ, Pakkanen OJ, Rautiainen JM, Oilunkaniemi R, Chivers T, Laitinen RS. Experimental and Computational (77)Se NMR Investigations of the Cyclic Eight-Membered Selenium Imides 1,3,5,7-Se4(NR)4 (R = Me, (t)Bu) and 1,5-Se6(NMe)2. Inorg Chem 2015; 54:4990-7. [PMID: 25932943 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.5b00582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The cyclocondensation reaction of equimolar amounts of SeCl2 and (Me3Si)2NMe in THF affords 1,3,5,7-Se4(NMe)4 (5b) [δ((77)Se) = 1585 ppm] in excellent yield. An X-ray structural determination showed that 5b consists of cyclic, puckered crown-shaped molecules with a mean Se-N bond length of 1.841 Å typical of single bonds. A minor product of this reaction was isolated as unstable orange-red crystals, which were identified by X-ray analysis as the adduct 1,5-Se6(NMe)2·(1)/2Se8 (1b·(1)/2Se8), composed of cyclic 1,5-Se6(NMe)2 and disordered cyclo-Se8 molecules. A detailed reinvestigation of the cyclocondensation reaction of SeCl2 and (t)BuNH2 as a function of molar ratio and time by multinuclear ((1)H, (13)C, and (77)Se) NMR spectroscopy revealed that the final product exhibits one (77)Se resonance at 1486 ppm and equivalent N(t)Bu groups. The shielding tensors of 28 selenium-containing molecules, for which the (77)Se chemical shifts are unambiguously known, were calculated at the PBE0/def2-TZVPP level of theory to assist the spectral assignment of new cyclic selenium imides. The good agreement between the observed and calculated chemical shifts enabled the assignment of the resonance at 1486 ppm to 1,3,5,7-Se4(N(t)Bu)4 (5a). Those at 1028 and 399 ppm (intensity ratio 2:1) could be attributed to 1,5-Se6(NMe)2 (1b).
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Affiliation(s)
- Aino J Karhu
- †Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry, Center for Molecular Materials, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 3000, Oulu FI-90014, Finland
| | - Olli J Pakkanen
- †Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry, Center for Molecular Materials, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 3000, Oulu FI-90014, Finland
| | - J Mikko Rautiainen
- †Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry, Center for Molecular Materials, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 3000, Oulu FI-90014, Finland
| | - Raija Oilunkaniemi
- †Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry, Center for Molecular Materials, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 3000, Oulu FI-90014, Finland
| | - Tristram Chivers
- ‡Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive, N.W., Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Risto S Laitinen
- †Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry, Center for Molecular Materials, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 3000, Oulu FI-90014, Finland
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Uhl W, Wegener P, Layh M, Hepp A, Würthwein EU. Chalcogen Capture by an Al/P-Based Frustrated Lewis Pair: Formation of Al-E-P Bridges and Intermolecular Tellurium–Tellurium Interactions. Organometallics 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/om501206p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Werner Uhl
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie der Universität Münster, Corrensstraße
30, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Philipp Wegener
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie der Universität Münster, Corrensstraße
30, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Marcus Layh
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie der Universität Münster, Corrensstraße
30, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Alexander Hepp
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie der Universität Münster, Corrensstraße
30, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Ernst-Ulrich Würthwein
- Organisch-chemisches Institut der Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, D-48149 Münster, Germany
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Abdel-Rahim M, Abdel-Latief A, Abd-el Salam MN. Kinetic analysis of crystallization process of Se-In-Pb glasses—Isoconversion method. THERMOCHIMICA ACTA 2013; 573:57-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tca.2013.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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Bugaris DE, Copping R, Tyliszczak T, Shuh DK, Ibers JA. La2U2Se9: An Ordered Lanthanide/Actinide Chalcogenide with a Novel Structure Type. Inorg Chem 2010; 49:2568-75. [DOI: 10.1021/ic902503n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E. Bugaris
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113
| | | | | | | | - James A. Ibers
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113
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Rb2BaNb2Se11: A new quaternary niobium polyselenide with infinite anionic chains composed of Nb2Se11 building block. J SOLID STATE CHEM 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jssc.2006.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Konu J, Chivers T, Tuononen HM. Synthesis, Spectroscopic, and Structural Investigation of the Cyclic [N(PR2E)2]+ Cations (E = Se, Te; R = iPr, Ph): the Effect of Anion and R-Group Exchange. Inorg Chem 2006; 45:10678-87. [PMID: 17173423 DOI: 10.1021/ic061545i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Two-electron oxidation of the [N(PiPr2E)2]- anion with iodine produces the cyclic [N(PiPr2E)2]+ (E =Se, Te) cations, which exhibit long E-E bonds in the iodide salts [N(PiPr2Se)2]I (4) and [N(PiPr2Te)2]I (5). The iodide salts 4 and 5 are converted to the ion-separated salts [N(PiPr2Se)2]SbF6 (6) and [N(PiPr2Te)2]SbF6 (7) upon treatment with AgSbF6. Compounds 4-7 were characterized in solution by multinuclear NMR, vibrational, and UV-visible spectroscopy supported by DFT calculations. A structural comparison of salts 4-7 and [N(PiPr2Te)2]Cl (8) confirms that the long E-E bonds in 4, 5, and 8 can be attributed primarily to the donation of electron density from a lone pair of the halide counterion into the E-E sigma* orbital (LUMO) of the cation. The phenyl derivative [N(PPh2Te)2]I (9) was prepared in a similar manner. However, the attempted synthesis of the selenium analogue, [N(PPh2Se)2]I, produced a 1:1 mixture of [N(PPh2Se)2(mu-Se)][I] (10) and [SeP(Ph2)N(Ph2)PI] (11). DFT calculations of the formation energies of 10 and 11 support the observed decomposition. Compound 10 is a centrosymmetric dimer in which two six-membered NP2Se3 rings are bridged by two I- anions. Compound 11 produces the nine-atom chain {[N(PPh2)2Se]2(mu-O)} (12) upon hydrolysis during crystallization. The reaction between [(TMEDA)NaN(PiPr2Se)2] and SeCl2 in a 1:1 molar ratio yields the related acyclic species [SeP(iPr2)N(iPr2)PCl] (13), which was characterized by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy and an X-ray structural determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jari Konu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive Northwest, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4
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Konu J, Bajorek T, Laitinen RS, Chivers T, Suontamo RJ, Ahlgrén M. Bonding Trends in Lewis Acid Adducts of S4N4 – X-ray Structure of TeCl4·S4N4. Eur J Inorg Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.200600138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Mizoguchi H, Gray D, Huang FQ, Ibers JA. Structures and bonding in K0.91U1.79S6 and KU2Se6. Inorg Chem 2006; 45:3307-11. [PMID: 16602789 DOI: 10.1021/ic052140l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The compounds K0.91U1.79S6 and KU2Se6, members of the AAn2Q6 actinide family (A = alkali metal or Tl; An = Th or U; Q = S, Se, or Te), have been synthesized from US2, K2S, and S at 1273 K and U, K2Se, and Se at 1173 K, respectively. KU2Se6 shows Curie-Weiss behavior above 30 K and no magnetic ordering down to 5 K. The value of mu(eff) is 2.95(1) mu(B)/U. Its electronic spectrum shows the peaks characteristic of 5f-5f transitions. It is a semiconductor with an activation energy of 0.27 eV for electrical conduction. Both K0.91U1.79S6 and KU2Se6 crystallize in space group Immm of the orthorhombic system and are of the KTh2Se6 structure type. Both contain infinite one-dimensional linear Q-Q chains characteristic of the AAn2Q6 family. Typical of the known AAn2Q6 compounds, in KU2Se6, there are two alternating Se-Se distances of 2.703(2) and 2.855(2) A, both much longer than an Se-Se single bond. In contrast, in K0.91U1.79S6, the first sulfide of this family to be characterized structurally, there are alternating normal S2(2-) pairs 2.097(5) A in length. In K0.91U1.79S6, the formal oxidation state of U is 4+.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Mizoguchi
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
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Konu J, Ahlgrén M, Aucott SM, Chivers T, Dale SH, Elsegood MRJ, Holmes KE, James SLM, Kelly PF, Laitinen RS. Synthetic Applications of (Me3SiNSN)2E (E = S, Se) in Chalcogen-Nitrogen Chemistry: Formation and Structural Characterization of Cl2TeESN2 (E = S, Se) and [PPh4]2[Pd2(μ-Se2N2S)X4] (X = Cl, Br). Inorg Chem 2005; 44:4992-5000. [PMID: 15998027 DOI: 10.1021/ic050261f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The reaction of (Me3SiNSN)2S with TeCl4 in CH2Cl2 affords Cl2TeS2N2 (1) and that of (Me3SiNSN)2Se with TeCl4 produces Cl2TeSeSN2 (2) in good yields. The products were characterized by X-ray crystallography, as well as by NMR and vibrational spectroscopy and EI mass spectrometry. The Raman spectra were assigned by utilizing DFT molecular orbital calculations. The pathway of the formation of five-membered Cl2TeESN2 rings by the reactions of (Me3SiNSN)2E with TeCl4 (E = S, Se) is discussed. The reaction of (Me3SiNSN)2Se with [PPh4]2[Pd2X6] yields [PPh4]2[Pd2(mu-Se2N2S)X4] (X = Cl, 4a; Br, 4b), the first examples of complexes of the (Se2N2S)2- ligand. In both cases, this ligand bridges the two palladium centers through the selenium atoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jari Konu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 3000, 90014 University of Oulu, Finland
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Rautiainen JM, Way T, Schatte G, Passmore J, Laitinen RS, Suontamo RJ, Valkonen J. A Computational and Experimental Study of the Structures and Raman and 77Se NMR Spectra of SeX3+ and SeX2 (X = Cl, Br, I): FT-Raman Spectrum of (SeI3)[AsF6]. Inorg Chem 2005; 44:1904-13. [PMID: 15762716 DOI: 10.1021/ic048310w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The ability of MP2, B3PW91 and PBE0 methods to produce reliable predictions in structural and spectroscopic properties of small selenium-halogen molecules and cations has been demonstrated by using 6-311G(d) and cc-pVTZ basis sets. Optimized structures and vibrational frequencies agree closely with the experimental information, where available. Raman intensities are also well reproduced at all levels of theory. Calculated GIAO isotropic shielding tensors yield a reasonable linear correlation with the experimental chemical shift data at each level of theory. The largest deviations between calculated and experimental chemical shifts are found for selenium-iodine species. The agreement between observed and calculated chemical shifts for selenium-iodine species can be improved by inclusion of relativistic effects using the ZORA method. The best results are achieved by adding spin-orbit correction terms from ZORA calculations to nonrelativistic GIAO isotropic shielding tensors. The calculated isotropic shielding tensors can be utilized in the spectroscopic assignment of the 77Se chemical shifts of novel selenium-halogen molecules and cations. The experimental FT-Raman spectra of (SeI3)[AsF6] in the solid state and in SO2(l) solution are also reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Mikko Rautiainen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, FIN-40014, Finland
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Oakley RT, Reed RW, Robertson CM, Richardson JF. Naphthalene-1,2,3-Dithiazolyl and Its Selenium-Containing Variants. Inorg Chem 2005; 44:1837-45. [PMID: 15762710 DOI: 10.1021/ic048534e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic routes to salts of the 3H-naphtho[1,2-d][1,2,3]dithiazolylium cation and its three selenium-containing variants (SSeN, SeSN, and SeSeN) are described. The most efficient and general method involves the intermediacy of bis-acetylated aminothiolates and aminoselenolates. These reagents react smoothly with sulfur and selenium halides to afford the desired ring closure products. Electrochemical reduction of the four cations indicates that corresponding radicals (SSN, SSeN, SeSN, and SeSeN) are stable in solution. The EPR spectra of all four have been recorded, and experimental spin distributions have been cross-matched with those obtained from DFT calculations. The selenium-containing radicals are thermally unstable at or slightly above room temperature, but the all-sulfur species has been isolated and characterized crystallographically. In the solid state, the radicals are associated into cofacial dimers which are closely linked to other dimers by intermolecular S---S, S---N, and C-H---aromatic ring interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard T Oakley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada.
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Komulainen J, Laitinen RS, Suontamo RJ. A theoretical study of the77Se NMR and vibrational spectroscopic properties of SenS8nring molecules. CAN J CHEM 2002. [DOI: 10.1139/v02-153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The structures and spectroscopic properties of SenS8nring molecules have been studied by the use of ab initio molecular orbital techniques and density functional techniques involving Stuttgart relativistic large core effective core potential approximation with double zeta basis sets for valence orbitals augmented by two polarization functions for both sulfur and selenium. Full geometry optimizations have been carried out for all 30 isomers at the Hartree-Fock level of theory. The optimized geometries and the calculated fundamental vibrations and Raman intensities of the SenS8nmolecules agree closely with experimental information where available. The nuclear magnetic shielding tensor calculations have been carried out by the Gauge-independent atomic orbital method at the DFT level using Becke's three-parameter hybrid functional with Perdew/Wang 91 correlation. The isotropic shielding tensors correlate well with the observed chemical shift data. The calculated chemical shifts provide a definite assignment of the observed77Se NMR spectroscopic data and can be used in the prediction of the chemical shifts of unknown SenS8nring molecules.Key words: selenium sulfides, ab initio, DFT, effective core potentials, geometry optimization, energetics, fundamental vibrations,77Se chemical shifts.
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Konu J, Maaninen A, Paananen K, Ingman P, Laitinen RS, Chivers T, Valkonen J. Preparation and structural characterization of (Me(3)SiNSN)(2)Se, a new synthon for sulfur-selenium nitrides. Inorg Chem 2002; 41:1430-5. [PMID: 11896711 DOI: 10.1021/ic011045j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The reaction of (Me(3)SiN)(2)S with SeCl(2) (2:1 ratio) in CH(2)Cl(2) at -70 degrees C provides a route to the novel mixed selenium-sulfur-nitrogen compound (Me(3)SiNSN)(2)Se (1). Crystals of 1 are monoclinic and belong the space group P2(1)/c, with a = 7.236(1) A, b = 19.260(4) A, c = 11.436(2) A, beta = 92.05(3) degrees, V = 1592.7(5) A(3), Z = 4, and T = -155(2) degrees C. The NSNSeNSN chain in 1 consists of Se-N single bonds (1.844(3) A) and S=N double bonds (1.521(3)-1.548(3) A) with syn and anti geometry at the N=S=N units. The N-Se-N bond angle is 91.8(1) degrees. The EI mass spectrum shows a molecular ion with good agreement between the observed and calculated isotopic distributions. The (14)N NMR spectrum exhibits two resonances at -65 and -77 ppm. Both (13)C and (77)Se NMR spectra show single resonances at 0.83 and 1433 ppm, respectively. The reaction of 1 with an equimolar amount of SeCl(2) produces 1,5-Se(2)S(2)N(4) (2) in a good yield, and that of (Me(3)SiNSN)(2)S with SCl(2) affords S(4)N(4) (3), but the reactions of (Me(3)SiNSN)(2)Se with SCl(2) and (Me(3)SiNSN)(2)S with SeCl(2) result in the formation of a mixture of 2 and 3. A likely reaction pathway involves the intermediate formation of E(2)N(2) fragments (E = S, Se).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jari Konu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 3000, 90014 University of Oulu, Finland
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