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Taylor JO, Pižl M, Kloz M, Rebarz M, McCusker CE, McCusker JK, Záliš S, Hartl F, Vlček A. Optical and Infrared Spectroelectrochemical Studies of CN-Substituted Bipyridyl Complexes of Ruthenium(II). Inorg Chem 2021; 60:3514-3523. [PMID: 33645219 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c03579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complexes [Ru(CN-Me-bpy)x(bpy)3-x]2+ (CN-Me-bpy = 4,4'-dicyano-5,5'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridine, bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine, and x = 1-3, abbreviated as 12+, 22+, and 32+) undergo four (12+) or five (22+ and 32+) successive one-electron reduction steps between -1.3 and -2.75 V versus ferrocenium/ferrocene (Fc+/Fc) in tetrahydrofuran. The CN-Me-bpy ligands are reduced first, with successive one-electron reductions in 22+ and 32+ being separated by 150-210 mV; reduction of the unsubstituted bpy ligand in 12+ and 22+ occurs only when all CN-Me-bpy ligands have been converted to their radical anions. Absorption spectra of the first three reduction products of each complex were measured across the UV, visible, near-IR (NIR), and mid-IR regions and interpreted with the help of density functional theory calculations. Reduction of the CN-Me-bpy ligand shifts the ν(C≡N) IR band by ca. -45 cm-1, enhances its intensity ∼35 times, and splits the symmetrical and antisymmetrical modes. Semireduced complexes containing two and three CN-derivatized ligands 2+, 3+, and 30 show distinct ν(C≡N) features due to the presence of both CN-Me-bpy and CN-Me-bpy•-, confirming that each reduction is localized on a single ligand. NIR spectra of 10, 1-, and 2- exhibit a prominent band attributable to the CN-Me-bpy•- moiety between 6000 and 7500 cm-1, whereas bpy•--based absorption occurs between 4500 and 6000 cm-1; complexes 2+, 3+, and 30 also exhibit a band at ca. 3300 cm-1 due to a CN-Me-bpy•- → CN-Me-bpy interligand charge-transfer transition. In the UV-vis region, the decrease of π → π* intraligand bands of the neutral ligands and the emergence of the corresponding bands of the radical anions are most diagnostic. The first reduction product of 12+ is spectroscopically similar to the lowest triplet metal-to-ligand charge-transfer excited state, which shows pronounced NIR absorption, and its ν(C≡N) IR band is shifted by -38 cm-1 and 5-7-fold-enhanced relative to the ground state.
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Affiliation(s)
- James O Taylor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Reading, Whiteknights Park, Reading RG6 6DX, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Pižl
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Dolejškova 3, CZ-18223 Prague, Czech Republic.,Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, CZ-16628 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Kloz
- ELI Beamlines, Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, CZ-18200 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Mateusz Rebarz
- ELI Beamlines, Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, CZ-18200 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Catherine E McCusker
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - James K McCusker
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Stanislav Záliš
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Dolejškova 3, CZ-18223 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - František Hartl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Reading, Whiteknights Park, Reading RG6 6DX, United Kingdom
| | - Antonín Vlček
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, E1 4NS London, United Kingdom.,J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Dolejškova 3, CZ-18223 Prague, Czech Republic
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Horvath R, Huff GS, Gordon KC, George MW. Probing the excited state nature of coordination complexes with blended organic and inorganic chromophores using vibrational spectroscopy. Coord Chem Rev 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2016.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Sun Q, Dereka B, Vauthey E, Lawson Daku LM, Hauser A. Ultrafast transient IR spectroscopy and DFT calculations of ruthenium(ii) polypyridyl complexes. Chem Sci 2016; 8:223-230. [PMID: 28451169 PMCID: PMC5308284 DOI: 10.1039/c6sc01220e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultrafast time-resolved infrared spectroscopy of [Ru(bpy)3]2+ (bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine), [Ru(mbpy)3]2+ (mbpy = 6-methyl-2,2'-bipyridine) and [Ru(mphen)3]2+ (mphen = 2-methyl-1,10'-phenanthroline) in deuterated acetonitrile serves to elucidate the evolution of the system following pulsed excitation into the 1MLCT band at 400 nm. While for [Ru(bpy)3]2+ no intermediate state can be evidenced for the relaxation of the corresponding 3MLCT state back to the ground state, for [Ru(mbpy)3]2+ and [Ru(mphen)3]2+ an intermediate state with a lifetime of about 400 ps is observed. The species associated IR difference spectra of this state are in good agreement with the calculated difference spectra of the lowest energy 3dd state using DFT. The calculated potential energy curves for all the complexes in the triplet manifold along the metal-ligand distance show that for [Ru(bpy)3]2+ the 3dd state is at a higher energy than the 3MLCT state and that there is a substantial barrier between the two minima. For [Ru(mbpy)3]2+ and [Ru(mphen)3]2+, the 3dd state is at a lower energy than the 3MLCT state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinchao Sun
- Département de Chimie Physique , Université de Genève , 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet , 1211 Genève , Switzerland .
| | - Bogdan Dereka
- Département de Chimie Physique , Université de Genève , 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet , 1211 Genève , Switzerland .
| | - Eric Vauthey
- Département de Chimie Physique , Université de Genève , 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet , 1211 Genève , Switzerland .
| | - Latévi M Lawson Daku
- Département de Chimie Physique , Université de Genève , 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet , 1211 Genève , Switzerland .
| | - Andreas Hauser
- Département de Chimie Physique , Université de Genève , 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet , 1211 Genève , Switzerland .
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Poynton FE, Hall JP, Keane PM, Schwarz C, Sazanovich IV, Towrie M, Gunnlaugsson T, Cardin CJ, Cardin DJ, Quinn SJ, Long C, Kelly JM. Direct observation by time-resolved infrared spectroscopy of the bright and the dark excited states of the [Ru(phen) 2(dppz)] 2+ light-switch compound in solution and when bound to DNA. Chem Sci 2016; 7:3075-3084. [PMID: 29997799 PMCID: PMC6005197 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc04514b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The [Ru(phen)2(dppz)]2+ complex (1) is non-emissive in water but is highly luminescent in organic solvents or when bound to DNA, making it a useful probe for DNA binding. To date, a complete mechanistic explanation for this "light-switch" effect is still lacking. With this in mind we have undertaken an ultrafast time resolved infrared (TRIR) study of 1 and directly observe marker bands between 1280-1450 cm-1, which characterise both the emissive "bright" and the non-emissive "dark" excited states of the complex, in CD3CN and D2O respectively. These characteristic spectral features are present in the [Ru(dppz)3]2+ solvent light-switch complex but absent in [Ru(phen)3]2+, which is luminescent in both solvents. DFT calculations show that the vibrational modes responsible for these characteristic bands are predominantly localised on the dppz ligand. Moreover, they reveal that certain vibrational modes of the "dark" excited state couple with vibrational modes of two coordinating water molecules, and through these to the bulk solvent, thus providing a new insight into the mechanism of the light-switch effect. We also demonstrate that the marker bands for the "bright" state are observed for both Λ- and Δ-enantiomers of 1 when bound to DNA and that photo-excitation of the complex induces perturbation of the guanine and cytosine carbonyl bands. This perturbation is shown to be stronger for the Λ-enantiomer, demonstrating the different binding site properties of the two enantiomers and the ability of this technique to determine the identity and nature of the binding site of such intercalators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fergus E Poynton
- School of Chemistry , Trinity College Dublin , The University of Dublin , Dublin 2 , Ireland .
- Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute (TBSI) , Trinity College Dublin , The University of Dublin , Dublin 2 , Ireland
| | - James P Hall
- Department of Chemistry , University of Reading , Reading RG6 6AD , UK
- Diamond Light Source , Harwell Science and Innovation Campus , Didcot , Oxfordshire OX11 0QX , UK
| | - Páraic M Keane
- School of Chemistry , Trinity College Dublin , The University of Dublin , Dublin 2 , Ireland .
- Department of Chemistry , University of Reading , Reading RG6 6AD , UK
| | - Christine Schwarz
- Department of Chemistry , University of Reading , Reading RG6 6AD , UK
| | - Igor V Sazanovich
- Central Laser Facility , Research Complex at Harwell , STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory , Oxfordshire OX11 0QX , UK
| | - Michael Towrie
- Central Laser Facility , Research Complex at Harwell , STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory , Oxfordshire OX11 0QX , UK
| | - Thorfinnur Gunnlaugsson
- School of Chemistry , Trinity College Dublin , The University of Dublin , Dublin 2 , Ireland .
- Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute (TBSI) , Trinity College Dublin , The University of Dublin , Dublin 2 , Ireland
| | | | - David J Cardin
- Department of Chemistry , University of Reading , Reading RG6 6AD , UK
| | - Susan J Quinn
- School of Chemistry , University College Dublin , Dublin 4 , Ireland
| | - Conor Long
- The School of Chemical Sciences , Dublin City University , Dublin 9 , Ireland .
| | - John M Kelly
- School of Chemistry , Trinity College Dublin , The University of Dublin , Dublin 2 , Ireland .
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Yue Y, Grusenmeyer T, Ma Z, Zhang P, Schmehl RH, Beratan DN, Rubtsov IV. Full-Electron Ligand-to-Ligand Charge Transfer in a Compact Re(I) Complex. J Phys Chem A 2014; 118:10407-15. [DOI: 10.1021/jp5039877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuankai Yue
- Department of Chemistry, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118, United States
| | - Tod Grusenmeyer
- Department of Chemistry, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118, United States
| | - Zheng Ma
- Departments of Chemistry, Biochemistry,
and Physics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Peng Zhang
- Departments of Chemistry, Biochemistry,
and Physics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Russell H. Schmehl
- Department of Chemistry, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118, United States
| | - David N. Beratan
- Departments of Chemistry, Biochemistry,
and Physics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Igor V. Rubtsov
- Department of Chemistry, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118, United States
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Mukuta T, Fukazawa N, Murata K, Inagaki A, Akita M, Tanaka S, Koshihara SY, Onda K. Infrared vibrational spectroscopy of [Ru(bpy)2(bpm)]2+ and [Ru(bpy)3]2+ in the excited triplet state. Inorg Chem 2014; 53:2481-90. [PMID: 24528148 DOI: 10.1021/ic402474t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This work involved a detailed investigation into the infrared vibrational spectra of ruthenium polypyridyl complexes, specifically heteroleptic [Ru(bpy)2(bpm)](2+) (bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine and bpm = 2,2'-bipyrimidine) and homoleptic [Ru(bpy)3](2+), in the excited triplet state. Transient spectra were acquired 500 ps after photoexcitation, corresponding to the vibrational ground state of the excited triplet state, using time-resolved infrared spectroscopy. We assigned the observed bands to specific ligands in [Ru(bpy)2(bpm)](2+) based on the results of deuterium substitution and identified the corresponding normal vibrational modes using quantum-chemical calculations. Through this process, the more complex vibrational bands of [Ru(bpy)3](2+) were assigned to normal vibrational modes. The results are in good agreement with the model in which excited electrons are localized on a single ligand. We also found that the vibrational bands of both complexes associated with the ligands on which electrons are little localized appear at approximately 1317 and 1608 cm(-1). These assignments should allow the study of the reaction dynamics of various photofunctional systems including ruthenium polypyridyl complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuhiko Mukuta
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology , O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan
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Shahroosvand H, Abbasi P, Faghih A, Mohajerani E, Janghouri M, Mahmoudi M. A new class of color-tunable electroluminescent ruthenium(ii) phenanthroline emitters. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra43900c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Chirdon DN, McCusker CE, Castellano FN, Bernhard S. Tracking of Tuning Effects in Bis-Cyclometalated Iridium Complexes: A Combined Time Resolved Infrared Spectroscopy, Electrochemical, and Computational Study. Inorg Chem 2013; 52:8795-804. [DOI: 10.1021/ic401009q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Danielle N. Chirdon
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Catherine E. McCusker
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Photochemical
Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403, United States
| | - Felix N. Castellano
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Photochemical
Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403, United States
| | - Stefan Bernhard
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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Abstract
In 1974, the metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) excited state,
[Ru(bpy)3]2+*, was shown to undergo electron transfer
quenching by methylviologen dication (MV2+), inspiring a new approach
to artificial photosynthesis based on molecules, molecular-level phenomena, and
a “modular approach”. In the intervening years, application of synthesis,
excited-state measurements, and theory to [Ru(bpy)3]2+*
and its relatives has had an outsized impact on photochemistry and photophysics.
They have provided a basis for exploring the energy gap law for nonradiative
decay and the role of molecular vibrations and solvent and medium effects on
excited-state properties. Much has been learned about light absorption,
excited-state electronic and molecular structure, and excited-state dynamics on
timescales from femtoseconds to milliseconds. Excited-state properties and
reactivity have been exploited in the investigation of electron and energy
transfer in solution, in molecular assemblies, and in derivatized polymers and
oligoprolines. An integrated, hybrid approach to solar fuels, based on
dye-sensitized photoelectrosynthesis cells (DSPECs), has emerged and is being
actively investigated.
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Electrochemical studies of nafion–trimethylsilyl and nafion–trimethylsilyl/Ru complex-modified electrodes. J Solid State Electrochem 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-012-1717-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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McCusker CE, McCusker JK. Synthesis and Spectroscopic Characterization of CN-Substituted Bipyridyl Complexes of Ru(II). Inorg Chem 2011; 50:1656-69. [DOI: 10.1021/ic102085b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine E. McCusker
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - James K. McCusker
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
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Butler JM, George MW, Schoonover JR, Dattelbaum DM, Meyer TJ. Application of transient infrared and near infrared spectroscopy to transition metal complex excited states and intermediates. Coord Chem Rev 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2006.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Kuimova MK, Sun XZ, Matousek P, Grills DC, Parker AW, Towrie M, George MW. Probing intraligand and charge transfer excited states of fac-[Re(R)(CO)3(CO2Et-dppz)]+ (R = py, 4-Me2N-py; CO2Et-dppz = dipyrido[3,2a:2′,3′c]phenazine-11-carboxylic ethyl ester) using time-resolved infrared spectroscopy. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2007; 6:1158-63. [DOI: 10.1039/b705002j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Dattelbaum DM, Kober EM, Papanikolas JM, Meyer TJ. Application of time-resolved near-infrared spectroscopy (TRNIR) to the metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) excited state(s) of. Chem Phys 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2006.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Dattelbaum DM, Itokazu MK, Murakami Iha NY, Meyer TJ. Mechanism of Metal-to-Ligand Charge Transfer Sensitization of Olefin Trans-to-Cis Isomerization in the fac-[ReI(phen)(CO)3(1,2-bpe)]+ Cation. J Phys Chem A 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/jp021660o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dana M. Dattelbaum
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, Los Alamos National Laboratory, MS A127, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, and Instituto de Quimica, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748, 05508-900-São Paulo-SP, Brazil
| | - Melina Kayoko Itokazu
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, Los Alamos National Laboratory, MS A127, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, and Instituto de Quimica, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748, 05508-900-São Paulo-SP, Brazil
| | - Neyde Y. Murakami Iha
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, Los Alamos National Laboratory, MS A127, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, and Instituto de Quimica, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748, 05508-900-São Paulo-SP, Brazil
| | - Thomas J. Meyer
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, Los Alamos National Laboratory, MS A127, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, and Instituto de Quimica, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748, 05508-900-São Paulo-SP, Brazil
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Page SE, Flood A, Gordon KC. Electron localisation in electrochemically reduced mono- and bi-nuclear rhenium(i) complexes with bridged polypyridyl ligands. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1039/b110730p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Curtright AE, McCusker JK. Static and Time-Resolved Spectroscopic Studies of Low-Symmetry Ru(II) Polypyridyl Complexes. J Phys Chem A 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/jp9919415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aimee E. Curtright
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720-1460
| | - James K. McCusker
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720-1460
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