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Tsuchioka K, Hayashi K, Misumi R. Method for predicting the size of Ni 1/3Mn 1/3Co 1/3(OH) 2 particles precipitated in a stirred-tank semi-batch crystallizer using CFD and particle agglomeration models. Heliyon 2024; 10:e28710. [PMID: 38576564 PMCID: PMC10990959 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
NixMnyCoz(OH)2 is widely used as a precursor for the cathode active material LiNixMnyCozO2 in lithium ion batteries, and the precursor size, which determines the size of the active cathode material, affects the characteristics of lithium-ion batteries. This paper proposes a method for predicting the particle size of Ni1/3Mn1/3Co1/3(OH)2 precipitated by semi-batch reaction crystallization. The distribution of supersaturated components formed in the reactor varies with the reactor scale, feed conditions of the raw material solution, and agitation conditions. Therefore, the method presented in this paper considers the effects of these conditions on particle growth. First, to identify the turbulent dispersion and concentration distribution of the supersaturated components formed in the reaction crystallizer, a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model was constructed consisting of the governing equations of hydrodynamics and the mass balance equations of the supersaturated components considering the production by neutralization and consumption by precipitation. Next, a model of agglomeration was constructed that focused on the balance of the binding and breaking up energies for the particle pairs. The binding energy was quantified based on the bridging between particle pairs by surface deposition. The breaking up-energy was quantified based on the hydrodynamic forces when the agglomerate passes through the impeller. These models were fitted using experimental results for the final average size of the Ni1/3Mn1/3Co1/3(OH)2 secondary aggregate, which was precipitated in a small-scale stirred-tank type semi-batch reaction crystallizer. The models predicted the experimental results of the final average size in a large-scale crystallizer, with the feeding conditions of the raw material solution and stirring conditions as experimental parameters, within ±20%. The models may be used to analyze semi-batch reaction crystallization systems of NixMnyCoz(OH)2 of any composition by adjusting the model parameters according to the procedure developed in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiko Tsuchioka
- Sumitomo Metal Mining Co., Ltd, Battery Research Laboratories, 17-3, Isoura-cho, Niihama, Ehime, 792-0002, Japan
| | - Kazuhide Hayashi
- Sumitomo Metal Mining Co., Ltd, Battery Research Laboratories, 17-3, Isoura-cho, Niihama, Ehime, 792-0002, Japan
| | - Ryuta Misumi
- Division of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama, 240-8501, Japan
- Advanced Chemical Energy Research Center, Institute of Advanced Sciences, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 240-8501, Japan
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Oh M, Lee K, Kim KW, Foster RI, Lee CH. Uranyl peroxide ((UO2)(O2)·4H2O; UO4) precipitation for uranium sequestering: formation and physicochemical characterization. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-022-08299-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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3
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Qian Y, Wu Y, Gu F, Zhou Z, Huang Z, Tang X, Pan S, Zhang S, Chen S, Zhang Q, Chen Y, Wang S. Controllable and Scale-Up Synthesis of Nickel-Cobalt Boride@Borate/RGO Nanoflakes via Reactive Impingement Mixing: A High-Performance Supercapacitor Electrode and Electrocatalyst. Front Chem 2022; 10:874675. [PMID: 35494639 PMCID: PMC9039022 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.874675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Large-scale synthesis of graphene-based nanomaterials in stirred tank reactor (STR) often results in serious agglomeration because of the poor control during micromixing process. In this work, reactive impingement mixing is conducted in a two-stage impinging jet microreactor (TS-IJMR) for the controllable and scale-up synthesis of nickel-cobalt boride@borate core-shell nanostructures on RGO flakes (NCBO/RGO). Benefiting from the good process control and improved micromixing efficiency of TS-IJMR, NCBO/RGO nanosheet provides a large BET surface area, abundant of suitable mesopores (2–5 nm), fast ion diffusion, and facile electron transfer within the whole electrode. Therefore, NCBO/RGO electrode exhibits a high specific capacitance of 2383 F g−1 at 1 A g−1, and still retains 1650 F g−1 when the current density is increased to 20 A g−1, much higher than those of nickel boride@borate/RGO (NBO/RGO) and cobalt boride@borate/RGO (CBO/RGO) synthesized in TS-IJMR, as well as NCBO/RGO-S synthesized in STR. In addition, an asymmetric supercapacitor (NCBO/RGO//AC) is constructed with NCBO/RGO and activated carbon (AC), which displays a high energy density of 53.3 W h kg−1 and long cyclic lifespan with 91.8% capacitance retention after 5000 charge-discharge cycles. Finally, NCBO/RGO is used as OER electrocatalyst to possess a low overpotential of 309 mV at a current density of 10 mA cm−2 and delivers a good long-term durability for 10 h. This study opens up the potential of controllable and scale-up synthesis of NCBO/RGO nanosheets for high-performance supercapacitor electrode materials and OER catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yudan Qian
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yechao Wu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Fan Gu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zhiming Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zaimei Huang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xinyue Tang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Shuang Pan
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Shangcong Zhang
- Low Voltage Apparatus Technology Research Center of Zhejiang, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
- Technology Institute of Wenzhou University in Yueqing, Wenzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Shangcong Zhang, ; Qingcheng Zhang, ; Yihuang Chen,
| | - Shinan Chen
- Zhejiang Zheneng Wenzhou Electric Power Generation Co., Ltd., Wenzhou, China
| | - Qingcheng Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Shangcong Zhang, ; Qingcheng Zhang, ; Yihuang Chen,
| | - Yihuang Chen
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Shangcong Zhang, ; Qingcheng Zhang, ; Yihuang Chen,
| | - Shun Wang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
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4
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Shen L, Dang M. Recent Advance of Melt Crystallization, Towards Process Intensification and Techniques Development. CrystEngComm 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2ce00022a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Melt crystallization has been considered as a green separation technique and widely applied in industry and manufacture due to several attractive features, including no need for solvent, achieving specific product...
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Pirnot M, Stone K, Wright TJ, Lamberto DJ, Schoell J, Lam YH, Zawatzky K, Wang X, Dalby SM, Fine AJ, McMullen JP. Manufacturing Process Development for Belzutifan, Part 6: Ensuring Scalability for a Deoxyfluorination Reaction. Org Process Res Dev 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.1c00239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Pirnot
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Kevin Stone
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Timothy J. Wright
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - David J. Lamberto
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Jochen Schoell
- Process Research and Development, MSD Werthenstein BioPharma, Industrie Nord 1, CH-6105 Schachen, Switzerland
| | - Yu-hong Lam
- Computational and Structural Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Kerstin Zawatzky
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Xiao Wang
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Stephen M. Dalby
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Adam J. Fine
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Jonathan P. McMullen
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
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Qu Y, Cheng J, Mao ZS, Yang C. A perspective review on mixing effect for modeling and simulation of reactive and antisolvent crystallization processes. REACT CHEM ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0re00223b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Reactive and antisolvent crystallization processes are sensitive to mixing effects on various scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanli Qu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering
- Institute of Process Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- China
| | - Jingcai Cheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering
- Institute of Process Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- China
| | - Zai-Sha Mao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering
- Institute of Process Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- China
| | - Chao Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering
- Institute of Process Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- China
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Manzano Martı́nez AN, Haase AS, Assirelli M, van der Schaaf J. Alternative Kinetic Model of the Iodide–Iodate Reaction for Its Use in Micromixing Investigations. Ind Eng Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.0c04901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arturo N. Manzano Martı́nez
- Laboratory of Chemical Reactor Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - A. Sander Haase
- Nouryon, Zutphenseweg 10, P.O. Box 10, 7400 AA Deventer, The Netherlands
| | - Melissa Assirelli
- Nouryon, Zutphenseweg 10, P.O. Box 10, 7400 AA Deventer, The Netherlands
| | - John van der Schaaf
- Laboratory of Chemical Reactor Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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Zhao C, Melis S, Hughes EP, Li T, Zhang X, Olmsted PD, Van Keuren E. Particle Formation Mechanisms in the Nanoprecipitation of Polystyrene. Langmuir 2020; 36:13210-13217. [PMID: 33118817 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c02071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Numerous precipitation methods for creating nanoparticle dispersions that are based on mixing a solution with a miscible nonsolvent have been developed. Here, we show that for polymer particles, the formation is highly dependent on the rate of mixing. We also demonstrate the importance of the glass transition of the polymers on particle formation. A simple model of droplet formation during mixing provides a satisfactory description of the observed dependence of particle size on polymer molecular weight, concentration, solvent ratio, and mixing conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Zhao
- Department of Physics and Institute for Soft Matter Synthesis and Metrology, Georgetown University, 37th and O Streets NW, Washington DC 200567, United States
| | - Scott Melis
- Department of Physics and Institute for Soft Matter Synthesis and Metrology, Georgetown University, 37th and O Streets NW, Washington DC 200567, United States
| | - Eleni P Hughes
- Department of Physics and Institute for Soft Matter Synthesis and Metrology, Georgetown University, 37th and O Streets NW, Washington DC 200567, United States
| | - Tingting Li
- Department of Physics and Institute for Soft Matter Synthesis and Metrology, Georgetown University, 37th and O Streets NW, Washington DC 200567, United States
| | - Xinran Zhang
- Department of Physics and Institute for Soft Matter Synthesis and Metrology, Georgetown University, 37th and O Streets NW, Washington DC 200567, United States
| | - Peter D Olmsted
- Department of Physics and Institute for Soft Matter Synthesis and Metrology, Georgetown University, 37th and O Streets NW, Washington DC 200567, United States
| | - Edward Van Keuren
- Department of Physics and Institute for Soft Matter Synthesis and Metrology, Georgetown University, 37th and O Streets NW, Washington DC 200567, United States
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Zhang Q, Zhao J, Wu Y, Li J, Jin H, Zhao S, Chai L, Wang Y, Lei Y, Wang S. Rapid and Controllable Synthesis of Nanocrystallized Nickel-Cobalt Boride Electrode Materials via a Mircoimpinging Stream Reaction for High Performance Supercapacitors. Small 2020; 16:e2003342. [PMID: 32856380 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202003342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Nickel-cobalt borides (denoted as NCBs) have been considered as a promising candidate for aqueous supercapacitors due to their high capacitive performances. However, most reported NCBs are amorphous that results in slow electron transfer and even structure collapse during cycling. In this work, a nanocrystallized NCBs-based supercapacitor is successfully designed via a facile and practical microimpinging stream reactor (MISR) technique, composed of a nanocrystallized NCB core to facilitate the charge transfer, and a tightly contacted Ni-Co borates/metaborates (NCBi ) shell which is helpful for OH- adsorption. These merits endow NCB@NCBi a large specific capacity of 966 C g-1 (capacitance of 2415 F g-1 ) at 1 A g-1 and good rate capability (633.2 C g-1 at 30 A g-1 ), as well as a very high energy density of 74.3 Wh kg-1 in an asymmetric supercapacitor device. More interestingly, it is found that a gradual in situ conversion of core NCBs to nanocrystallized Ni-Co (oxy)-hydroxides inwardly takes place during the cycles, which continuously offers large specific capacity due to more electron transfer in the redox reaction processes. Meanwhile, the electron deficient state of boron in metal-borates shells can make it easier to accept electrons and thus promote ionic conduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingcheng Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Zhejiang, 325035, China
- Institute of New Materials and Industrial Technology, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325025, China
| | - Junping Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Yechao Wu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Jun Li
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Huile Jin
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Zhejiang, 325035, China
- Institute of New Materials and Industrial Technology, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325025, China
| | - Shiqiang Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Lulu Chai
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Yahui Wang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Yong Lei
- Fachgebiet Angewandte Nanophysik, Institut für Physik & IMN MacroNano, Technische Universität Ilmenau, Ilmenau, 98693, Germany
| | - Shun Wang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Zhejiang, 325035, China
- Institute of New Materials and Industrial Technology, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325025, China
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Wojtas K, Makowski Ł, Orciuch W. Barium sulfate precipitation in jet reactors: Large eddy simulations, kinetics study and design considerations. Chem Eng Res Des 2020; 158:64-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2020.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Teychené S, Rodríguez-ruiz I, Ramamoorthy RK. Reactive crystallization: From mixing to control of kinetics by additives. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 2020; 46:1-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2020.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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12
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13
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Xie L, Wang Q, Luo X, Luo Z. CFD Simulation of the Particle Dispersion Behavior and Mass Transfer–Reaction Kinetics in non-Newton Fluid with High Viscosity. International Journal of Chemical Reactor Engineering 2019; 17. [DOI: 10.1515/ijcre-2018-0293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Solid particle dispersion and chemical reactions in high-viscosity non-Newtonian fluid are commonly encountered in polymerization systems. In this study, an interphase mass transfer model and a finite-rate/eddy-dissipation formulation were integrated into a computational fluid dynamics model to simulate the dispersion behavior of particles and the mass transfer–reaction kinetics in a condensation polymerization-stirred tank reactor. Turbulence fields were obtained using the standard k–ε model and employed to calculate the mixing rate. Cross model was used to characterize the rheological property of the non-Newton fluid. The proposed model was first validated by experimental data in terms of input power. Then, several key operating variables (i.e. agitation speed, viscosity, and particle size) were investigated to evaluate the dispersive mixing performance of the stirred vessel. Simulation showed that a high agitation speed and a low fluid viscosity favored particle dispersions. This study provided useful guidelines for industrial-scale high-viscosity polymerization reactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Darmali
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Shahnaz Mansouri
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Nima Yazdanpanah
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Meng W. Woo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
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Lafficher R, Digne M, Salvatori F, Boualleg M, Colson D, Puel F. Influence of micromixing time and shear rate in fast contacting mixers on the precipitation of boehmite and NH4-dawsonite. Chem Eng Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2017.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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16
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Montante G, Laurenzi F, Paglianti A, Magelli F. A study on some effects of a drag-reducing agent on the performance of a stirred vessel. Chem Eng Res Des 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2011.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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17
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Sierra-Pallares J, Marchisio DL, Alonso E, Parra-Santos MT, Castro F, José Cocero M. Quantification of mixing efficiency in turbulent supercritical water hydrothermal reactors. Chem Eng Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2010.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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18
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Sierra-Pallares J, Marchisio DL, Parra-Santos MT, García-Serna J, Castro F, Cocero MJ. A computational fluid dynamics study of supercritical antisolvent precipitation: Mixing effects on particle size. AIChE J 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.12594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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20
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Lindenberg C, Mazzotti M. Continuous precipitation of L-asparagine monohydrate in a micromixer: Estimation of nucleation and growth kinetics. AIChE J 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.12326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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21
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22
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Lindenberg C, Schöll J, Vicum L, Mazzotti M, Brozio J. Experimental characterization and multi-scale modeling of mixing in static mixers. Chem Eng Sci 2008; 63:4135-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2008.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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23
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Murnane D, Marriott C, Martin GP. Comparison of salmeterol xinafoate microparticle production by conventional and novel antisolvent crystallization. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2008; 69:94-105. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2007.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2007] [Revised: 09/17/2007] [Accepted: 09/21/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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24
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