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Zou L, Xu R, Wang H, Wang Z, Sun Y, Li M. Chemical recycling of polyolefins: a closed-loop cycle of waste to olefins. Natl Sci Rev 2023; 10:nwad207. [PMID: 37601241 PMCID: PMC10437089 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwad207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The unsuitable disposal of plastic wastes has caused serious environmental pollution, and finding a green manner to address this problem has aroused wide concern. Plastic wastes, especially polyolefin wastes, are rich in carbon and hydrogen, and chemical recycling shows distinct advantages in their conversion into olefins and realizes a closed-loop cycling of plastic wastes. Plastic wastes should be labeled before disposal. The necessity for, and methods of, pretreatment are introduced in this paper and the whole recycling process of polyolefin wastes is also summarized. As the core technology pyrolysis, including thermal, catalytic and solvolysis processes, is introduced in detail due to its potential for future development. We also briefly describe the feasible strategies of pyrolytic oil refining and life cycle assessment of the chemical recycling process. In addition, suggestions and perspectives concerning the industrial improvement of polyolefin chemical recycling are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zou
- Sinopec Research Institute of Petroleum Processing Co., Ltd, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Run Xu
- Sinopec Research Institute of Petroleum Processing Co., Ltd, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China
- 2060 Research Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Zhiqiang Wang
- Sinopec Research Institute of Petroleum Processing Co., Ltd, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yuhan Sun
- Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China
- 2060 Research Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Mingfeng Li
- Sinopec Research Institute of Petroleum Processing Co., Ltd, Beijing 100083, China
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Abstract
With the increase in demand for plastic use, waste plastic (WP) management remains a challenge in the contemporary world due to the lack of sustainable efforts to tackle it. The increment in WPs is proportional to man’s demand and use of plastics, and these come along with environmental challenges. This increase in WPs, and the resulting environmental consequences are mainly due to the characteristic biodegradation properties of plastics. Landfilling, pollution, groundwater contamination, incineration, and blockage of drainages are common environmental challenges associated with WPs. The bulk of these WPs constitutes polyethene (PE), polyethene terephthalate (PET) and polystyrene (PS). Pyrolysis is an eco-friendly thermo-chemical waste plastic treatment solution for valuable product recovery, preferred over landfilling and incineration solutions. In this extensive review, a critical investigation on waste plastic catalytic pyrolysis (WPCP) is performed, including catalyst and non-catalyst applications to sustainably tackle WP management. Current catalysis techniques are revealed, and some comparisons are made where necessary. Common pyrolytic products and common shortcomings and errors related to WP catalysis were also identified. The benefits of catalysts and their applications to augment and optimise thermal pyrolysis are emphasised. With all these findings, and more, this paper provides reassurance on the significance of catalysis to industrial-scale applications and products and supports related WPCP research work concerning the environment and other beneficiaries.
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Abstract
Post-consumer plastic management, otherwise termed waste plastic (WP) management, is a great challenge in today’s world, mainly because of its characteristic biodegradation properties. The quantity of waste plastics correspondingly increases with the increase in demand for plastic use. Research has shown that this demand increases yearly. Most of these waste plastics include high-density polyethylene (HDPE), low-density polyethylene (LDPE), polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polystyrene (PS). Potentially, these wastes are a wealth, and studies have explored that pyrolysis is a reputable mechanism to accomplish this. In this critical review, an extensive investigation on waste plastics thermal pyrolysis (WPTP) is carried out. The factors that affect the product’s yield and selectivity are discussed, and a comparative quality guarantee of WPTP is examined. This paper presents an assurance into the current findings of WPTP and reveals some common gaps and misconceptions surrounding this field, which are recommendable towards the support of further research work. The significant role of co-pyrolysis of plastics with biomass in this field is also emphasised, and a glimpse into the influence of mixed waste plastics in pyrolysis is presented.
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Ren T, Liu S, Li H, Zhang A, Li X, Yuan W, Gao X. Reactive distillation of tertiary olefin etherification for the purification of C8 α-olefin from F-T synthetic products. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.120012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Hamidi N. Upcycling Postconsumer High-Density Polyethylene (PC-HDPE): Thermal Stability and Kinetics Study of the Filaments Extruded from PC-HDPE. J MACROMOL SCI B 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00222348.2021.1962571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nasrollah Hamidi
- Department of Biological and Physical Sciences, South Carolina State University, Orangeburg, SC, USA
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Almustapha MN, Farooq M, Mohammed ML, Farhan M, Imran M, Andresen JM. Modification of acidic and textural properties of a sulphated zirconia catalyst for efficient conversion of high-density polyethylene into liquid fuel. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:55-65. [PMID: 30972673 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-04878-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Consumption of plastic has a rapid increase of about 8% per annum and reached to 400 million per tonnes approximately, where about 50% of plastic was disposed after using only once. Different techniques for treating this increased waste faced a number of issues related to cost and environmental and sustainable development. Catalytic conversion has been found as one of the most viable solutions to solve this problem. Sulphated zirconia (SZ) catalyst modified with calcium carbide (CC) was found to improve high-density polyethylene (HDPE) conversion into liquid fuel. The liquid content was improved from 39.0wt% to 66.0wt% at 410 °C. HDPE was converted 100% by weight using, SZ/CC with 66wt% liquid yield as compared to the conversion of approximately 98wt% with about 40wt% only liquid yield for the pure SZ. The composition of hydrocarbon liquid product was significantly changed from paraffin (16%) and aromatic (58%) to olefin (74%) and naphthenic (23%) compounds. This significant increase in liquid was related to changes in the acidic and textural characteristics of the new hybrid catalyst, SZ/CC where the total ammonia desorption of 337.0 μm NH3/g for the SZ was modified to 23.4 μm NH3/g for the SZ/CC. Both SZ and SZ/CC catalysts showed characteristics of mesoporous material, where the internal pore volume of SZ had reduced from 0.21 mL/g for SZ to 0.04 mL/g for SZ/CC. Furthermore, XRD analysis indicated the presence of a new compound, CaZrO3 in the SZ/CC, which confirmed a chemical interaction between the SZ and CC through sintering of ZrO2 and CaO. Therefore, the SZ/CC catalyst improves the liquid yield significantly and the selectivity towards olefinic and naphthenic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad N Almustapha
- Research Centre for Carbon Solutions, Institute of Mechanical, Process and Energy Engineering, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria
| | - Muhammad Farooq
- Research Centre for Carbon Solutions, Institute of Mechanical, Process and Energy Engineering, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK.
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, KSK Campus, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Misbahu L Mohammed
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria
| | - Muhammad Farhan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, KSK Campus, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Imran
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - John M Andresen
- Research Centre for Carbon Solutions, Institute of Mechanical, Process and Energy Engineering, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK
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Aguado J, Serrano DP, Escola JM. Fuels from Waste Plastics by Thermal and Catalytic Processes: A Review. Ind Eng Chem Res 2008. [DOI: 10.1021/ie800393w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Aguado
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Technology, ESCET, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, c/ Tulipán s/n, 28933 Móstoles, Madrid, Spain, and Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies on Energy, IMDEA Energía, 28933 Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
| | - D. P. Serrano
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Technology, ESCET, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, c/ Tulipán s/n, 28933 Móstoles, Madrid, Spain, and Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies on Energy, IMDEA Energía, 28933 Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
| | - J. M. Escola
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Technology, ESCET, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, c/ Tulipán s/n, 28933 Móstoles, Madrid, Spain, and Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies on Energy, IMDEA Energía, 28933 Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
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