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Deactivation and Regeneration of Zeolite Catalysts Used in Pyrolysis of Plastic Wastes—A Process and Analytical Review. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11070770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
In catalytic industrial processes, coke deposition remains a major drawback for solid catalysts use as it causes catalyst deactivation. Extensive study of this phenomenon over the last decades has provided a better understanding of coke behavior in a great number of processes. Among them, catalytic pyrolysis of plastics, which has been identified as a promising process for waste revalorization, is given particular attention in this paper. Combined economic and environmental concerns rose the necessity to restore catalytic activity by recovering deactivated catalysts. Consequently, various regeneration processes have been investigated over the years and development of an efficient and sustainable process remains an industrial challenge. Coke removal can be achieved via several chemical processes, such as oxidation, gasification, and hydrogenation. This review focuses on oxidative treatments for catalyst regeneration, covering the current progress of oxidation treatments and presenting advantages and drawbacks for each method. Molecular oxidation with oxygen and ozone, as well as advanced oxidation processes with the formation of OH radicals, are detailed to provide a deep understanding of the mechanisms and kinetics involved (direct and indirect oxidation, reaction rates and selectivity, diffusion, and mass transfer). Finally, this paper summarizes all relevant analytical techniques that can be used to characterize deactivated and regenerated solid catalysts: XRD, N2 adsorption-desorption, SEM, NH3-TPD, elemental analysis, IR. Analytical techniques are classified according to the type of information they provide, such as structural characteristics, elemental composition, or chemical properties. In function of the investigated property, this overall tool is useful and easy-to-use to determine the adequate analysis.
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On the use of infrared spectrometer as detector for Temperature Programmed (TP) techniques in catalysts characterization. J IND ENG CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2016.11.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Aghakhani M, Khodadadi A, Najafi S, Mortazavi Y. Enhanced triisopropylbenzene cracking and suppressed coking on tailored composite of Y-zeolite/amorphous silica–alumina catalyst. J IND ENG CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2013.11.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Derouane E, Védrine J, Pinto RR, Borges P, Costa L, Lemos M, Lemos F, Ribeiro FR. The Acidity of Zeolites: Concepts, Measurements and Relation to Catalysis: A Review on Experimental and Theoretical Methods for the Study of Zeolite Acidity. CATALYSIS REVIEWS-SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/01614940.2013.822266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Hassan F, Wang J, Chigada PI, Al-Duri B, Rigby SP, Wood J. Deactivation during 1-Hexene Isomerization over Zeolite Y and ZSM5 Catalysts under Supercritical Conditions. Ind Eng Chem Res 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/ie101876f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Faiza Hassan
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K
| | - Jiawei Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K
| | - Peter I. Chigada
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Bath University, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K
| | - Bushra Al-Duri
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K
| | - Sean P. Rigby
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham, Coates Building, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Joseph Wood
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K
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Affiliation(s)
- Baodong Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, UK
| | - George Manos
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, UK
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