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Idris AH, Che Abdullah CA, Yusof NA, Abdul Rahman MB. One-pot synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles: Effect of stirring rate and reaction time on its physical characteristics. INORG NANO-MET CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/24701556.2022.2072339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Auni Hamimi Idris
- Integrated Chemical BioPhysics Research, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Gambang, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Che Azurahanim Che Abdullah
- Integrated Chemical BioPhysics Research, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nor Azah Yusof
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Basyaruddin Abdul Rahman
- Integrated Chemical BioPhysics Research, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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2
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Martin MJ, Spitzmaul G, Lassalle V. Novel insights and perspectives for the diagnosis and treatment of hearing loss through the implementation of magnetic nanotheranostics. ChemMedChem 2022; 17:e202100685. [PMID: 34978134 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202100685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Hearing loss (HL) is a sensory disability that affects 5% of the world's population. HL predominantly involves damage and death to the cochlear cells. Currently, there is no cure or specific medications for HL. Furthermore, the arrival of therapeutic molecules to the inner ear represents a challenge due to the limited blood supply to the sensory cells and the poor penetration of the blood-cochlear barrier. Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) perfectly coordinate with the requirements for controlled drug delivery along with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) diagnostic and monitoring capabilities. Besides, they are suitable tools to be applied to HL, expecting to be more effective and non-invasive. So far, the published literature only refers to some preclinical studies of SPIONs for HL management. This contribution aims to provide an integrated view of the best options and strategies that can be considered for future research punctually in the field of magnetic nanotechnology applied to HL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Julia Martin
- INQUISUR: Instituto de Quimica del Sur, Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional del Sur (CONICET-UNS), Alem 1253, 8000, Bahía Blanca, ARGENTINA
| | - Guillermo Spitzmaul
- Universidad Nacional del Sur Departamento de Biología Bioquímica y Farmacia: Universidad Nacional del Sur Departamento de Biologia Bioquimica y Farmacia, Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica Y farmacia, Camino La Carrindanga Km 7, 8000, Bahía Blanca, ARGENTINA
| | - Verónica Lassalle
- INQUISUR: Instituto de Quimica del Sur, Química, Av Alem 1253, 8000, Bahía Blanca, ARGENTINA
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3
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Ovejero JG, Gallo-Cordova A, Roca AG, Morales MP, Veintemillas-Verdaguer S. Reproducibility and Scalability of Magnetic Nanoheater Synthesis. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11082059. [PMID: 34443890 PMCID: PMC8402135 DOI: 10.3390/nano11082059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The application of magnetic nanoparticles requires large amounts of materials of reproducible quality. This work explores the scaled-up synthesis of multi-core iron oxide nanoparticles through the use of thermal decomposition in organic media and kilograms of reagents. To this end, we check the effect of extending the high temperature step from minutes to hours. To address the intrinsic variability of the colloidal crystallization nucleation process, the experiments were repeated and analyzed statistically. Due to the simultaneity of the nuclei growth and agglomeration steps, the nanostructure of the samples produced was a combination of single- and multi-core nanoparticles. The main characteristics of the materials obtained, as well as the reaction yields, were analyzed and compared. As a general rule, yield, particle size, and reproducibility increase when the time at high temperature is prolonged. The samples obtained were ranked in terms of the reproducibility of different structural, colloidal, and magnetic features. The capability of the obtained materials to act as nanoheaters in magnetic hyperthermia was assessed, showing a strong dependence on the crystallite size (calculated by X-ray diffraction), reflecting the nanoparticle volume with a coherent magnetization reversal.
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de Jesús Ibarra-Sánchez J, Delgado−Carrillo KJ, Ceja-Fdz A, Olivares-Vera D, Sámano AH, Cano M. Size Control, Chemical Kinetics, and Theoretical Analysis for the Production of Fe 3O 4 Nanoparticles with a High Specific Absorption Rate. Ind Eng Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.0c02780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- José de Jesús Ibarra-Sánchez
- Centro Universitario de la Ciénega, Universidad de Guadalajara, Avenida Universidad 1115, Linda Vista, C.P., Ocotlán, Jalisco 47820, México
| | - Karla J. Delgado−Carrillo
- Departamento de Ingenierías Química, Electrónica y Biomédica, Universidad de Guanajuato−Campus León, DCI, Loma del Bosque 103, Lomas del Campestre, C.P., León, Guanajuato 37150, México
| | - A. Ceja-Fdz
- Departamento de Ingenierías Química, Electrónica y Biomédica, Universidad de Guanajuato−Campus León, DCI, Loma del Bosque 103, Lomas del Campestre, C.P., León, Guanajuato 37150, México
| | - D. Olivares-Vera
- Facultad de Tecnologías de la Información, Universidad de la Salle Bajío, Avenida Universidad 602, Lomas del Campestre, C.P., León, Guanajuato 37150, México
| | - A. H. Sámano
- Centro Universitario de la Ciénega, Universidad de Guadalajara, Avenida Universidad 1115, Linda Vista, C.P., Ocotlán, Jalisco 47820, México
| | - M.E. Cano
- Centro Universitario de la Ciénega, Universidad de Guadalajara, Avenida Universidad 1115, Linda Vista, C.P., Ocotlán, Jalisco 47820, México
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5
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Nalench YA, Shchetinin IV, Skorikov AS, Mogilnikov PS, Farle M, Savchenko AG, Majouga AG, Abakumov MA, Wiedwald U. Unravelling the nucleation, growth, and faceting of magnetite-gold nanohybrids. J Mater Chem B 2020; 8:3886-3895. [PMID: 32227007 DOI: 10.1039/c9tb02721a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The chemical synthesis of nanoparticles with a preassigned size and shape is important for an optimized performance in any application. Therefore, systematic monitoring of the synthesis is required for the control and detailed understanding of the nucleation and growth of the nanoparticles. Here, we study Fe3O4-Au hybrid nanoparticles in detail using probes of the reaction mixture during synthesis and their thorough characterization. The proposed approach eliminates the problem of repeatability and reproducibility of the chemical synthesis and was carried out using laboratory equipment (standard transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and magnetometry) for typically 10 μL samples instead of, for example, a dedicated synthesis and inspection at a synchrotron radiation facility. From the three independent experimental techniques we extract the nanoparticle size at 12 stages of the synthesis. These diameters show identical trends and good quantitative agreement. Two consecutive processes occur during the synthesis of Fe3O4-Au nanoparticles, the nucleation and the growth of spherical Fe3O4 nanoparticles on the surface of Au seeds during the heating stage and their faceting towards octahedral shape during reflux. The final nanoparticles with sizes of 15 nm Fe3O4 and 4 nm Au exhibit superparamagnetic behavior at ambient temperature. These are high-quality, close to stoichiometric Fe3O4 nanocrystals with nearly volumetric magnetic behavior as confirmed by the presence of the Verwey transition. Understanding the processes occurring during the synthesis allows the nanoparticle size and shape to be adjusted, improving their capabilities in biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulia A Nalench
- National University of Science and Technology "MISIS", Moscow, 119049, Russia and Department of Medical Nanobiotechnology, Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, 117997, Russia.
| | - Igor V Shchetinin
- National University of Science and Technology "MISIS", Moscow, 119049, Russia
| | | | - Pavel S Mogilnikov
- National University of Science and Technology "MISIS", Moscow, 119049, Russia
| | - Michael Farle
- Faculty of Physics and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, 47057, Germany.
| | | | - Alexander G Majouga
- National University of Science and Technology "MISIS", Moscow, 119049, Russia and Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia and D. Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, Moscow, 125047, Russia
| | - Maxim A Abakumov
- National University of Science and Technology "MISIS", Moscow, 119049, Russia and Department of Medical Nanobiotechnology, Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, 117997, Russia.
| | - Ulf Wiedwald
- National University of Science and Technology "MISIS", Moscow, 119049, Russia and Faculty of Physics and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, 47057, Germany.
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6
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Wallyn J, Anton N, Vandamme TF. Synthesis, Principles, and Properties of Magnetite Nanoparticles for In Vivo Imaging Applications-A Review. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:E601. [PMID: 31726769 PMCID: PMC6920893 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11110601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The current nanotechnology era is marked by the emergence of various magnetic inorganic nanometer-sized colloidal particles. These have been extensively applied and hold an immense potential in biomedical applications including, for example, cancer therapy, drug nanocarriers (NCs), or in targeted delivery systems and diagnosis involving two guided-nanoparticles (NPs) as nanoprobes and contrast agents. Considerable efforts have been devoted to designing iron oxide NPs (IONPs) due to their superparamagnetic (SPM) behavior (SPM IONPs or SPIONs) and their large surface-to-volume area allowing more biocompatibility, stealth, and easy bonding to natural biomolecules thanks to grafted ligands, selective-site moieties, and/or organic and inorganic corona shells. Such nanomagnets with adjustable architecture have been the topic of significant progresses since modular designs enable SPIONs to carry out several functions simultaneously such as local drug delivery with real-time monitoring and imaging of the targeted area. Syntheses of SPIONs and adjustments of their physical and chemical properties have been achieved and paved novel routes for a safe use of those tailored magnetic ferrous nanomaterials. Herein we will emphasis a basic notion about NPs magnetism in order to have a better understanding of SPION assets for biomedical applications, then we mainly focus on magnetite iron oxide owing to its outstanding magnetic properties. The general methods of preparation and typical characteristics of magnetite are reviewed, as well as the major biomedical applications of magnetite.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicolas Anton
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, CAMB UMR 7199, F-67000 Strasbourg, France;
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Efficient removal of methylene blue dye using cellulose capped Fe3O4 nanofluids prepared using oxidation-precipitation method. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2019.01.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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8
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Liebig F, Sarhan RM, Prietzel C, Thünemann AF, Bargheer M, Koetz J. Undulated Gold Nanoplatelet Superstructures: In Situ Growth of Hemispherical Gold Nanoparticles onto the Surface of Gold Nanotriangles. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:4584-4594. [PMID: 29617144 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b02898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Negatively charged flat gold nanotriangles, formed in a vesicular template phase and separated by an AOT-micelle-based depletion flocculation, were reloaded by adding a cationic polyelectrolyte, that is, a hyperbranched polyethylenimine (PEI). Heating the system to 100 °C in the presence of a gold chloride solution, the reduction process leads to the formation of gold nanoparticles inside the polymer shell surrounding the nanoplatelets. The gold nanoparticle formation is investigated by UV-vis spectroscopy, small-angle X-ray scattering, and dynamic light scattering measurements in combination with transmission electron microscopy. Spontaneously formed gold clusters in the hyperbranched PEI shell with an absorption maximum at 350 nm grow on the surface of the nanotriangles as hemispherical particles with diameters of ∼6 nm. High-resolution micrographs show that the hemispherical gold particles are crystallized onto the {111} facets on the bottom and top of the platelet as well as on the edges without a grain boundary. Undulated gold nanoplatelet superstructures with special properties become available, which show a significantly modified performance in SERS-detected photocatalysis regarding both reactivity and enhancement factor.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Radwan M Sarhan
- School of Analytical Sciences Adlershof (SALSA) , Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin , 10099 Berlin , Germany
| | | | - Andreas F Thünemann
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) , Unter den Eichen 87 , 12205 Berlin , Germany
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Patterson S, Arora P, Price P, Dittmar JW, Das VK, Pink M, Stein B, Morgan DG, Losovyj Y, Koczkur KM, Skrabalak SE, Bronstein LM. Oriented Attachment Is a Major Control Mechanism To Form Nail-like Mn-Doped ZnO Nanocrystals. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:14709-14717. [PMID: 29211482 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b03688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Here, we present a controlled synthesis of Mn-doped ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) with predominantly nail-like shapes, whose formation occurs via tip-to-base-oriented attachment of initially formed nanopyramids, followed by leveling of sharp edges that lead to smooth single-crystalline "nails". This shape is prevalent in noncoordinating solvents such as octadecene and octadecane. Yet, the double bond in the former promotes oriented attachment. By contrast, Mn-doped ZnO NP synthesis in a weakly coordinating solvent, benzyl ether, results in dendritic structures because of random attachment of initial NPs. Mn-doped ZnO NPs possess a hexagonal wurtzite structure, and in the majority of cases, the NP surface is enriched with Mn, indicating a migration of Mn2+ ions to the NP surface during the NP formation. When the NP formation is carried out without the addition of octadecyl alcohol, which serves as a surfactant and a reaction initiator, large, concave pyramid dimers are formed whose attachment takes place via basal planes. UV-vis and photoluminescence spectra of these NPs confirm the utility of controlling the NP shape to tune electro-optical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Lyudmila M Bronstein
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences , 28 Vavilov Street, Moscow 119991, Russia
- Faculty of Science, Department of Physics, King Abdulaziz University , Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
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10
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Mazon EE, Villa-Martínez E, Hernández-Sámano A, Córdova-Fraga T, Ibarra-Sánchez JJ, Calleja HA, Leyva Cruz JA, Barrera A, Estrada JC, Paz JA, Quintero LH, Cano ME. A high-resolution frequency variable experimental setup for studying ferrofluids used in magnetic hyperthermia. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2017; 88:084705. [PMID: 28863641 DOI: 10.1063/1.4998975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A scanning system for specific absorption rate of ferrofluids with superparamagnetic nanoparticles is presented in this study. The system contains an induction heating device designed and built with a resonant inverter in order to generate magnetic field amplitudes up to 38 mT, over the frequency band 180-525 kHz. Its resonant circuit involves a variable capacitor with 1 nF of capacitance steps to easily select the desired frequency, reaching from 0.3 kHz/nF up to 5 kHz/nF of resolution. The device performance is characterized in order to compare with the theoretical predictions of frequency and amplitude, showing a good agreement with the resonant inverters theory. Additionally, the setup is tested using a synthetic iron oxide with 10 ± 1 nm diameter suspended in liquid glycerol, with concentrations at 1%. Meanwhile, the temperature rise is measured to determine the specific absorption rate and calculate the dissipated power density for each f. This device is a suitable alternative to studying ferrofluids and analyzes the dependence of the power absorption density with the magnetic field intensity and frequency.
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Affiliation(s)
- E E Mazon
- Centro Universitario de la Ciénega, Universidad de Guadalajara, Av. Universidad 1115, Col. Linda Vista, Ocotlán, Jalisco C.P. 47820, Mexico
| | - E Villa-Martínez
- Departamento de Física, División de Ciencias e Ingenierías Campus León, Universidad de Guanajuato, Loma de Bosque 103, Col. Lomas del Campestre, C.P. 37150 Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - A Hernández-Sámano
- Centro Universitario de la Ciénega, Universidad de Guadalajara, Av. Universidad 1115, Col. Linda Vista, Ocotlán, Jalisco C.P. 47820, Mexico
| | - T Córdova-Fraga
- Departamento de Física, División de Ciencias e Ingenierías Campus León, Universidad de Guanajuato, Loma de Bosque 103, Col. Lomas del Campestre, C.P. 37150 Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - J J Ibarra-Sánchez
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta S/N, Noria Alta, 36050 Guanajuato, Gto., Mexico
| | - H A Calleja
- Centro Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico, Interior Internado Palmira S/N, Palmira, 62490 Cuernavaca, Mor., Mexico
| | - J A Leyva Cruz
- Centro Universitario de la Ciénega, Universidad de Guadalajara, Av. Universidad 1115, Col. Linda Vista, Ocotlán, Jalisco C.P. 47820, Mexico
| | - A Barrera
- Centro Universitario de la Ciénega, Universidad de Guadalajara, Av. Universidad 1115, Col. Linda Vista, Ocotlán, Jalisco C.P. 47820, Mexico
| | - J C Estrada
- Centro Universitario de la Ciénega, Universidad de Guadalajara, Av. Universidad 1115, Col. Linda Vista, Ocotlán, Jalisco C.P. 47820, Mexico
| | - J A Paz
- Centro Universitario de la Ciénega, Universidad de Guadalajara, Av. Universidad 1115, Col. Linda Vista, Ocotlán, Jalisco C.P. 47820, Mexico
| | - L H Quintero
- Centro Universitario de la Ciénega, Universidad de Guadalajara, Av. Universidad 1115, Col. Linda Vista, Ocotlán, Jalisco C.P. 47820, Mexico
| | - M E Cano
- Centro Universitario de la Ciénega, Universidad de Guadalajara, Av. Universidad 1115, Col. Linda Vista, Ocotlán, Jalisco C.P. 47820, Mexico
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11
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Kandasamy G, Surendran S, Chakrabarty A, Kale SN, Maity D. Facile synthesis of novel hydrophilic and carboxyl-amine functionalized superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles for biomedical applications. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra18567c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a one-step facile synthesis of novel water-soluble and functionalized SPIONs, which could be promising candidates for cancer theranostics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - S. N. Kale
- Department of Applied Physics
- Defence Institute of Advanced Technology
- Pune 411025
- India
| | - Dipak Maity
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- Shiv Nadar University
- India
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12
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Fernández-García M, Teixeira J, Machado P, Enis Leblebici M, Lopes J, Freire C, Araujo J. Monitoring in real time the production of Fe-oxide nanoparticles. Chem Eng Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2015.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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13
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Fernández-García MP, Teixeira JM, Machado P, Oliveira MRFF, Maia JM, Pereira C, Pereira AM, Freire C, Araujo JP. Automatized and desktop AC-susceptometer for the in situ and real time monitoring of magnetic nanoparticles' synthesis by coprecipitation. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2015; 86:043904. [PMID: 25933868 DOI: 10.1063/1.4918723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The main purpose of this work was to design, develop, and construct a simple desktop AC susceptometer to monitor in situ and in real time the coprecipitation synthesis of magnetic nanoparticles. The design incorporates one pair of identical pick-up sensing coils and one pair of Helmholtz coils. The picked up signal is detected by a lock-in SR850 amplifier that measures the in- and out-of-phase signals. The apparatus also includes a stirrer with 45°-angle blades to promote the fast homogenization of the reaction mixture. Our susceptometer has been successfully used to monitor the coprecipitation reaction for the synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Fernández-García
- IFIMUP and IN-Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Departamento de Física e Astronomía, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - J M Teixeira
- IFIMUP and IN-Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Departamento de Física e Astronomía, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - P Machado
- IFIMUP and IN-Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Departamento de Física e Astronomía, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - M R F F Oliveira
- Departamento de Ciência de Computadores, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - J M Maia
- IFIMUP and IN-Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Departamento de Física e Astronomía, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - C Pereira
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - A M Pereira
- IFIMUP and IN-Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Departamento de Física e Astronomía, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - C Freire
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - J P Araujo
- IFIMUP and IN-Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Departamento de Física e Astronomía, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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