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Rasouli S, Zabihi A, Fasihi M, Kharat GB. A Comprehensive Study on the Effect of Highly Thermally Conductive Fillers on Improving the Properties of SBR/BR-Filled Nano-Silicon Nitride. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:32701-32711. [PMID: 37720800 PMCID: PMC10500640 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c03548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
The effect of silicon nitride (Si3N4) as a thermally conductive material on the mechanical, microstructural, and physical properties as well as kinetics of the curing reaction of styrene-butadiene rubber/butadiene rubber (SBR/BR) was investigated in this work. The results showed an improvement in tensile, hardness, and compression features of the composite due to the presence of Si3N4. The properties were enhanced with the filler loading content; somehow, the composite including Si3N4 = 6 parts per hundred (phr) had the most significant performance, an increase of ∼15 and 20% in the maximum strain and toughness of the composite, respectively, an increase of almost 7% in the hardness, and an ∼13% reduction in the compression set. Also, the filler led to an increase in the crosslink density (calculated via the Flory-Rehner equation using swelling test) by 7.12 × 10-5 mol/g, proving the increment of the covalent bonds between the polymer chains during the curing reaction. The kinetic consideration revealed a reduction in the scorch and optimum curing times by ∼40 and ∼25%, respectively. In order to describe the kinetics of curing reaction of SBR/BR-Si3N4, an autocatalytic model based on the Kamal-Sourour model was applied on the rheometry results. The calculated kinetic parameters indicated that the thermally conductive Si3N4 accelerated the curing reaction by ∼40%, particularly at Si3N4 = 6 phr. After 6 phr of Si3N4, agglomeration of the filler particles decreased its performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajad Rasouli
- School
of Chemistry, Iran University of Science
and Technology (IUST), P.O. Box 16844, 3319613111 Tehran, Iran
| | - Amirreza Zabihi
- Compounding
Laboratory, Department of Technology, Kian
Tire Manufacturing Company, Tehran 401310, Iran
| | - Mohammad Fasihi
- School
of Chemical, Petroleum and Gas Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST), P.O. Box 16844, 13114 Tehran, Iran
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Rasouli S, Zabihi A, Fasihi M. Catalytic effect of high thermal conductive SiC on the kinetics and thermodynamics of vulcanization reaction of SBR/BR-filled nano-SiC. Sci Rep 2023; 13:14245. [PMID: 37648708 PMCID: PMC10469214 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41337-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Nano-silicon carbide (SiC) as a high thermal conductive material with an intrinsic thermal conductivity of ~ 490 W/m K was used to improve the cure characteristics, kinetics, and thermodynamics of curing reaction of styrene-butadiene rubber/butadiene rubber (SBR/BR) compounds. The considerations were carried out by non-isothermal differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Results revealed that the presence of SiC shifted the peak and end temperatures of the curing peak to lower temperatures. The calculated activation energy of the curing reaction based on the Kissinger approach showed a descent from 409.8 to 93.8 kJ/mol by adding SiC from 0 to 7.5 phr (part per hundred rubber). Moreover, the obtained Gibbs free energy variation and equilibrium constant of the curing reaction proved that the reaction was absolutely forced and irreversible, which can be increasingly characterized as a one-way process. According to the results, SiC accelerated the curing reaction because of the increment of heat transfer into the compound. This phenomenon caused the increment of enthalpy variation of the vulcanization reaction, particularly at the SiC content of 5 phr. The achieved kinetic parameters via fitting an autocatalytic model based on the Sestàk-Berggren model by the Màlek method to describe the kinetics of the curing reaction indicated that the SiC filler had a catalytic effect on the curing reaction of SBR/BR-SiC, particularly after 2.5 phr of the filler.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajad Rasouli
- School of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST), P.O. Box 16844-13114, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amirreza Zabihi
- Compounding Laboratory, Department of Technology, Kian Tire Manufacturing Company, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Fasihi
- School of Chemical, Petroleum and Gas Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST), P.O. Box 16844-13114, Tehran, Iran.
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Abstract
Condensable gases are the sum of condensable and volatile steam or organic compounds, including water vapor, which are discharged into the atmosphere in gaseous form at atmospheric pressure and room temperature. Condensable toxic and harmful gases emitted from petrochemical, chemical, packaging and printing, industrial coatings, and mineral mining activities seriously pollute the atmospheric environment and endanger human health. Meanwhile, these gases are necessary chemical raw materials; therefore, developing green and efficient capture technology is significant for efficiently utilizing condensed gas resources. To overcome the problems of pollution and corrosion existing in traditional organic solvent and alkali absorption methods, ionic liquids (ILs), known as "liquid molecular sieves", have received unprecedented attention thanks to their excellent separation and regeneration performance and have gradually become green solvents used by scholars to replace traditional absorbents. This work reviews the research progress of ILs in separating condensate gas. As the basis of chemical engineering, this review first provides a detailed discussion of the origin of predictive molecular thermodynamics and its broad application in theory and industry. Afterward, this review focuses on the latest research results of ILs in the capture of several important typical condensable gases, including water vapor, aromatic VOCs (i.e., BTEX), chlorinated VOC, fluorinated refrigerant gas, low-carbon alcohols, ketones, ethers, ester vapors, etc. Using pure IL, mixed ILs, and IL + organic solvent mixtures as absorbents also briefly expanded the related reports of porous materials loaded with an IL as adsorbents. Finally, future development and research directions in this exciting field are remarked.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoxuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy Environmental Catalysis, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Box 266, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Kai Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/State Key Laboratory Incubation Base for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Zhigang Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy Environmental Catalysis, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Box 266, Beijing 100029, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/State Key Laboratory Incubation Base for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Zhong Wei
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/State Key Laboratory Incubation Base for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
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Sun Y, Fan C, Zhao Y, Jia L. Peroxide-Cured Isobutylene-Isoprene Rubber Composite: Methacrylate Coagent and Enhanced Mechanical Properties by In Situ Formed Methacrylate Domains. Ind Eng Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.0c05987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Sun
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Chengkai Fan
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Yihong Zhao
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Li Jia
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
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Sharma RK, Mohanty S, Gupta V. Advances in butyl rubber synthesis via cationic polymerization: an overview. POLYM INT 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.6180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh K Sharma
- Reliance Research & Development Centre Reliance Corporate Park, Reliance Industries Limited Navi Mumbai India
| | - Subhra Mohanty
- Reliance Research & Development Centre Reliance Corporate Park, Reliance Industries Limited Navi Mumbai India
| | - Virendrakumar Gupta
- Reliance Research & Development Centre Reliance Corporate Park, Reliance Industries Limited Navi Mumbai India
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Rajasekhar T, Singh G, Kapur GS, Ramakumar SSV. Recent advances in catalytic chain transfer polymerization of isobutylene: a review. RSC Adv 2020; 10:18180-18191. [PMID: 35517218 PMCID: PMC9053765 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra01945c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This review presents the development of highly reactive polyisobutylene (HRPIB), a major commercial intermediate toward fuel and lubricant additives. Recent years have witnessed very substantial advances in the catalytic chain transfer polymerization (CCTP) of isobutylene/industrial Raffinate-1 (C4 Raffinate) to produce HRPIB, particularly in nonpolar solvents at elevated temperatures. The main subjects of this review are cationic polymerization of isobutylene, progress in HRPIB research and existing challenges, and recent advances of CCTP. New initiating/catalyst systems based on ionic liquids with Lewis acids are detailed, and this approach may open new views in the synthesis of HRPIB. Some current developments in CCTP of industrial Raffinate-1 and mechanistic studies are also described. This review strongly supports that the hydrocarbon soluble Lewis acid·ether (LA·ether) complex catalyzed CCTP will become the most popular technique for preparing HRPIB and could replace the traditional BF3 catalyzed industrial method. This review presents the development of highly reactive polyisobutylene (HRPIB), a major commercial intermediate toward fuel and lubricant additives.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Tota Rajasekhar
- R&D Center, Indian Oil Corporation Limited Sector-13 Faridabad-121007 Haryana India
| | - Gurmeet Singh
- R&D Center, Indian Oil Corporation Limited Sector-13 Faridabad-121007 Haryana India
| | - Gurpreet Singh Kapur
- R&D Center, Indian Oil Corporation Limited Sector-13 Faridabad-121007 Haryana India
| | - S S V Ramakumar
- R&D Center, Indian Oil Corporation Limited Sector-13 Faridabad-121007 Haryana India
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Lewis SP, Richards JA, Damodaran K. Indefinitely active aqueous cationic polymerizations, part I: Low cost, recyclable initiator systems. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20190197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Cao R, Zhao X, Zhao X, Wu X, Li X, Zhang L. Bromination Modification of Butyl Rubber and Its Structure, Properties, and Application. Ind Eng Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b03491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Deepak VD, Mahmud I, Gauthier M. Synthesis of carboxylated derivatives of poly(isobutylene-co-isoprene) by azide–alkyne “click” chemistry. Polym J 2018. [DOI: 10.1038/s41428-018-0130-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Vitiello R, Tesser R, Turco R, Santacesaria E, Compagnone G, Di Serio M. A critical review on analytical methods and characterization of butyl and bromobutyl rubber. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF POLYMER ANALYSIS AND CHARACTERIZATION 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/1023666x.2017.1297887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Vitiello
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II,” Naples, Italy
| | - R. Tesser
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II,” Naples, Italy
| | - R. Turco
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II,” Naples, Italy
| | | | | | - M. Di Serio
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II,” Naples, Italy
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McNeish JR, Parent JS, Whitney RA. Halogenated poly(isobutylene-co-isoprene): influence of halogen leaving-group and polymer microstructure on chemical reactivity. CAN J CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2013-0068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Brominated (BIIR) and chlorinated (CIIR) poly(isobutylene-co-isoprene) are commercially available materials commonly known as halobutyl rubbers. The effect of leaving-group ability on the reactivity of halogenated poly(isobutylene-co-isoprene) was studied to place iodobutyl rubber reactivity into context with these materials. The effect of microstructure on reactivity of existing commercial materials was studied through comparison to that of polymers containing rearranged halomethyl (r-CIIR, r-BIIR, and r-IIIR) microstructure (prepared from as-received BIIR). The effect of leaving group on both thermal stability and reactivity towards nucleophilic substitution with acetate, N-butylimidazole, and sulfur was examined. The material containing the iodomethyl microstructure (r-IIIR) readily underwent nucleophilic substitution at low temperatures; however, it was extremely sensitive towards dehydrohalogenation at temperatures above 65 °C. At temperatures between 100 and 135 °C, the material containing the bromomethyl microstructure (r-BIIR) demonstrated the greatest balance between reactivity toward nucleophilic substitution and elimination through dehydrohalogenation. Exceptional thermal stability at temperatures up to 190 °C was displayed by the material containing the chloromethyl microstructure (r-CIIR); however, its reactivity towards nucleophiles was variable and nucleophile dependent. Sulfur vulcanization studies showed a clear effect of microstructure on the ability to cure with sulfur. While commercial chlorobutyl rubber has no ability to cure with sulfur alone, when rearranged to its chloromethyl microstructure (r-CIIR), curing occurs readily. Both commercial (BIIR) and rearranged (r-BIIR) bromobutyl rubber readily vulcanize in the presence of sulfur; however, BIIR cures to a greater extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne R. McNeish
- Departments of Chemistry and of Chemical Engineering, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - J. Scott Parent
- Departments of Chemistry and of Chemical Engineering, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Ralph A. Whitney
- Departments of Chemistry and of Chemical Engineering, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
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Shanmugam KVS, Parent JS, Whitney RA. Design, Synthesis, and Characterization of Bismaleimide Co-Curing Elastomers. Ind Eng Chem Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ie300795b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karthik Vikram Siva Shanmugam
- Department of Chemical Engineering and ‡Department of
Chemistry, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario,
Canada K7L 3N6
| | - J. Scott Parent
- Department of Chemical Engineering and ‡Department of
Chemistry, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario,
Canada K7L 3N6
| | - Ralph A. Whitney
- Department of Chemical Engineering and ‡Department of
Chemistry, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario,
Canada K7L 3N6
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Imidazolium bromide derivatives of poly(isobutylene-co-isoprene): A new class of elastomeric ionomers. POLYMER 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2011.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Malmberg SM, Parent JS, Pratt DA, Whitney RA. Isomerization and Elimination Reactions of Brominated Poly(isobutylene-co-isoprene). Macromolecules 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/ma1018268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Iwama A, Hasue K, Takahashi T, Matsui K, Ishiura K. Hydrogenated Hydroxy-Terminated Polyisoprene as a Fuel Binder for composite solid propellants. PROPELLANTS EXPLOSIVES PYROTECHNICS 1996. [DOI: 10.1002/prep.19960210110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Flory PJ, Rehner J. Statistical Mechanics of Cross‐Linked Polymer Networks I. Rubberlike Elasticity. J Chem Phys 1943. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1723791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1619] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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