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Velty A, Corma A. Advanced zeolite and ordered mesoporous silica-based catalysts for the conversion of CO 2 to chemicals and fuels. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:1773-1946. [PMID: 36786224 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00456a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
For many years, capturing, storing or sequestering CO2 from concentrated emission sources or from air has been a powerful technique for reducing atmospheric CO2. Moreover, the use of CO2 as a C1 building block to mitigate CO2 emissions and, at the same time, produce sustainable chemicals or fuels is a challenging and promising alternative to meet global demand for chemicals and energy. Hence, the chemical incorporation and conversion of CO2 into valuable chemicals has received much attention in the last decade, since CO2 is an abundant, inexpensive, nontoxic, nonflammable, and renewable one-carbon building block. Nevertheless, CO2 is the most oxidized form of carbon, thermodynamically the most stable form and kinetically inert. Consequently, the chemical conversion of CO2 requires highly reactive, rich-energy substrates, highly stable products to be formed or harder reaction conditions. The use of catalysts constitutes an important tool in the development of sustainable chemistry, since catalysts increase the rate of the reaction without modifying the overall standard Gibbs energy in the reaction. Therefore, special attention has been paid to catalysis, and in particular to heterogeneous catalysis because of its environmentally friendly and recyclable nature attributed to simple separation and recovery, as well as its applicability to continuous reactor operations. Focusing on heterogeneous catalysts, we decided to center on zeolite and ordered mesoporous materials due to their high thermal and chemical stability and versatility, which make them good candidates for the design and development of catalysts for CO2 conversion. In the present review, we analyze the state of the art in the last 25 years and the potential opportunities for using zeolite and OMS (ordered mesoporous silica) based materials to convert CO2 into valuable chemicals essential for our daily lives and fuels, and to pave the way towards reducing carbon footprint. In this review, we have compiled, to the best of our knowledge, the different reactions involving catalysts based on zeolites and OMS to convert CO2 into cyclic and dialkyl carbonates, acyclic carbamates, 2-oxazolidones, carboxylic acids, methanol, dimethylether, methane, higher alcohols (C2+OH), C2+ (gasoline, olefins and aromatics), syngas (RWGS, dry reforming of methane and alcohols), olefins (oxidative dehydrogenation of alkanes) and simple fuels by photoreduction. The use of advanced zeolite and OMS-based materials, and the development of new processes and technologies should provide a new impulse to boost the conversion of CO2 into chemicals and fuels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Velty
- Instituto de Tecnología Química, Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avenida de los Naranjos s/n, 46022 València, Spain.
| | - Avelino Corma
- Instituto de Tecnología Química, Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avenida de los Naranjos s/n, 46022 València, Spain.
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In-Exchanged CHA Zeolites for Selective Dehydrogenation of Ethane: Characterization and Effect of Zeolite Framework Type. Catalysts 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/catal10070807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the characterization of In-exchanged CHA zeolite (In-CHA (SiO2/Al2O3 = 22.3)) was conducted by in-situ X-ray diffraction (XRD) and ammonia temperature-programmed desorption (NH3-TPD). We also prepared other In-exchanged zeolites with different zeolite structures (In-MFI (SiO2/Al2O3 = 22.3), In-MOR (SiO2/Al2O3 = 20), and In-BEA (SiO2/Al2O3 = 25)) and different SiO2/Al2O3 ratios (In-CHA(Al-rich) (SiO2/Al2O3 = 13.7)). Their catalytic activities in nonoxidative ethane dehydrogenation were compared. Among the tested catalysts, In-CHA(Al-rich) provided the highest conversion. From kinetic experiments and in-situ Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, [InH2]+ ions are formed regardless of SiO2/Al2O3 ratio, serving as the active sites.
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Synthesis, Characterization and Catalytic Evaluation of Chromium Oxide Deposited on Titania–Silica Mesoporous Nanocomposite for the Ethane Dehydrogenation with CO2. CRYSTALS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst10040322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Ti modification of mesoporous silica support has been reported as an effective way to enhance Cr–Ti–Si interactions that, in turn, impact the catalytic dehydrogenation of ethane with CO2. However, such modification necessitates a repeated, time-consuming and tedious process. In this work, a simple, fast and facile approach has been utilized to synthesize chromium-oxide-loaded titania–silica mesoporous nanocomposites. A series of Cr(y)/Ti(x)–Si mesoporous nanocomposite catalysts with varying Ti and Cr contents were prepared and tested in the dehydrogenation of ethane with carbon dioxide. The as-synthesized catalysts were characterized by XRD, TEM, SEM, BET, UV–Vis–DR, XPS and H2–TPR techniques. The effect of titanium content, as well as chromium loading on the performance of the prepared Cr(y)/Ti(x)–Si catalysts, was investigated. It was found that 2.2 and 8 wt % are the optimum titanium and chromium contents in the synthesized catalysts for obtaining the highest catalytic activity. The superior catalytic performance of the Cr(8)/Ti(2.2)–Si catalyst can be attributed to a higher dispersion of the Cr species, as well as a higher content of the redox Cr species on the surface of the Cr/Ti–Si catalyst. The results showed that the Cr(8)/Ti(2.2)–Si catalyst efficiently dehydrogenated C2H6 in the presence of CO2 giving a 52.3% ethane conversion and 48.0% ethylene yield at 700 °C reaction temperature.
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Synergetic Impact of Secondary Metal Oxides of Cr-M/MCM41 Catalyst Nanoparticles for Ethane Oxidative Dehydrogenation Using Carbon Dioxide. CRYSTALS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst10010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative dehydrogenation of alkanes to alkenes by a mild oxidant such as carbon dioxide is an active area of research. A series of MCM41-supported bimetallic oxide catalysts containing chromium oxide in addition to metal oxides (Ce, Co, Zn, V, Nb, and Mo) has been prepared. The binary catalysts have Cr metal oxide incorporated into MCM41 structure while the other oxides are either incorporated with Cr or impregnated on the MCM41 surface. The synthesized catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), N2 sorption, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), hydrogen temperature programmed reduction (H2-TPR), and Diffuse reflectance UV–vis spectroscopy (DRS). The catalytic activity of Cr(4)-M(4)/MCM-41 catalysts in the dehydrogenation of ethane with CO2 was investigated. The textural properties of the synthesized samples showed that the addition of the bimetallic oxides did not disturb the mesoporous structure of MCM41 and the prepared catalysts exhibited a high BET surface area; however, the lowest surface area was recorded for Cr(4)-Mo(4)/MCM41 catalyst at 701 m2/g. Among the prepared catalysts, H2-TPR profile of Cr(4)-Ce(4)/MCM41 revealed the increase in the concentration of Cr6+ species which interacted with the framework of siliceous support. On the other hand, H2-TPR profiles of Cr(4)-Co(4)/MCM41 showed wide reduction peaks centered at 400 °C which is ascribed to reduction of Cr6+ to Cr3+ species and Co3O4 to metallic Co. At the same time, Cr(4)-Mo(4)/MCM41 and Cr(4)-V(4)/MCM41 exhibited higher temperature reduction peaks, indicating these two catalysts require higher activation temperatures. The synergy between the Cr with Zn or Nb metals reduced the concentration of Cr6+ species which is reflected in their catalytic performance. Cr(4)-Ce(4)/MCM41 recorded the highest catalytic activity toward ethylene production where the ethane conversion and ethylene yield were 37.9% and 35.1%, respectively.
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Theoretical investigation of ethane oxidative dehydrogenation over MoVTeNbO catalyst in fixed-bed reactors with intermediate water removal. Chem Eng Res Des 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2019.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Stangland EE. Shale Gas Implications for C 2-C 3 Olefin Production: Incumbent and Future Technology. Annu Rev Chem Biomol Eng 2018; 9:341-364. [PMID: 29595999 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-060817-084345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Substantial natural gas liquids recovery from tight shale formations has produced a significant boon for the US chemical industry. As fracking technology improves, shale liquids may represent the same for other geographies. As with any major industry disruption, the advent of shale resources permits both the chemical industry and the community an excellent opportunity to have open, foundational discussions on how both public and private institutions should research, develop, and utilize these resources most sustainably. This review summarizes current chemical industry processes that use ethane and propane from shale gas liquids to produce the two primary chemical olefins of the industry: ethylene and propylene. It also discusses simplified techno-economics related to olefins production from an industry perspective, attempting to provide a mutually beneficial context in which to discuss the next generation of sustainable olefin process development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric E Stangland
- Corporate Research & Development, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan 48674, USA;
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Baroi C, Gaffney AM, Fushimi R. Process economics and safety considerations for the oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane using the M1 catalyst. Catal Today 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2017.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Mahamulkar S, Yin K, Agrawal PK, Davis RJ, Jones CW, Malek A, Shibata H. Formation and Oxidation/Gasification of Carbonaceous Deposits: A Review. Ind Eng Chem Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.6b02220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shilpa Mahamulkar
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Kehua Yin
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Pradeep K. Agrawal
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Robert J. Davis
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Christopher W. Jones
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Andrzej Malek
- Hydrocarbons R&D, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan 48674, United States
| | - Hirokazu Shibata
- Hydrocarbons R&D, Dow Chemicals Benelux, NL 4530 AA, Terneuzen, The Netherlands
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Mahamulkar S, Yin K, Davis RJ, Shibata H, Malek A, Jones CW, Agrawal PK. In Situ Generation of Radical Coke and the Role of Coke-Catalyst Contact on Coke Oxidation. Ind Eng Chem Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.6b00556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shilpa Mahamulkar
- School
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Kehua Yin
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Robert J. Davis
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Hirokazu Shibata
- Hydrocarbons R&D, Dow Benelux, NL 4530 AA, Terneuzen, Netherlands
| | - Andrzej Malek
- Hydrocarbons R&D, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan 48674, United States
| | - Christopher W. Jones
- School
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Pradeep K. Agrawal
- School
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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Gong T, Hui L, Zhang J, Sun D, Qin L, Du Y, Li C, Lu J, Hu S, Feng H. Atomic Layer Deposition of Alumina Passivation Layers in High-Aspect-Ratio Tubular Reactors for Coke Suppression during Thermal Cracking of Hydrocarbon Fuels. Ind Eng Chem Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/ie5047818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ting Gong
- Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, 168 E. Zhangba Road, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710065, China
| | - Longfei Hui
- Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, 168 E. Zhangba Road, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710065, China
| | - Jianwei Zhang
- Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, 168 E. Zhangba Road, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710065, China
| | - Daoan Sun
- Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, 168 E. Zhangba Road, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710065, China
| | - Lijun Qin
- Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, 168 E. Zhangba Road, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710065, China
| | - Yongmei Du
- Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, 168 E. Zhangba Road, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710065, China
| | - Chunying Li
- Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, 168 E. Zhangba Road, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710065, China
| | - Jian Lu
- Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, 168 E. Zhangba Road, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710065, China
| | - Shenlin Hu
- Beijing Power Machinery Institute, Yungang, Fengtai
District, P.O. Box 7208-23, Beijing 100074, China
| | - Hao Feng
- Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, 168 E. Zhangba Road, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710065, China
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Al-Ghamdi S, Moreira J, de Lasa H. Kinetic Modeling of Propane Oxidative Dehydrogenation over VOx/γ-Al2O3 Catalysts in the Chemical Reactor Engineering Center Riser Reactor Simulator. Ind Eng Chem Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ie404064j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Al-Ghamdi
- Chemical
Reactor Engineering Centre, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- Research & Development Center, Saudi Aramco Oil Company, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
| | - J. Moreira
- Chemical
Reactor Engineering Centre, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - H. de Lasa
- Chemical
Reactor Engineering Centre, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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12
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Al-Ghamdi SA, Hossain MM, de Lasa HI. Kinetic Modeling of Ethane Oxidative Dehydrogenation over VOx/Al2O3 Catalyst in a Fluidized-Bed Riser Simulator. Ind Eng Chem Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ie303305c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sameer A. Al-Ghamdi
- Chemical Reactor Engineering Centre
(CREC), Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B9
- Research & Development Center, Saudi Aramco Oil Company, Dhahran 31311, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad M. Hossain
- Department of Chemical Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hugo I. de Lasa
- Chemical Reactor Engineering Centre
(CREC), Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B9
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13
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Wang Z, Xu H, Zhou J, Luan X. Simulation of SiO2/S coating deposition in a pilot plant set-up for coking inhibition. Chem Eng Res Des 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2012.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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14
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Zhiyuan W, Hong X, Xiaojian L, Feng H, Jianxin Z. Effect of Potassium Acetate on Coke Growth during Light Naphtha Thermal Cracking. Ind Eng Chem Res 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/ie2001549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wang Zhiyuan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xu Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Luan Xiaojian
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Hou Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Zhou Jianxin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Process Enhancement and New Energy Resource Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Technology, Nanjing 210009, China
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15
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Chapter 7 Pyrolysis of Hydrocarbons. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-9244(09)02807-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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16
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17
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Determination of yield distribution in olefin production by thermal cracking of atmospheric gasoil. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s11814-008-0112-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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18
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Kinetic Modelling of Pyrolysis Processes in Gas and Condensed Phase. CHEMICAL ENGINEERING KINETICS 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2377(07)32002-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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19
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Brüning R, Scholz P, Morgenthal I, Andersen O, Scholz J, Nocke G, Ondruschka B. Innovative Catalysts for Oxidative Dehydrogenation in the Gas Phase - Metallic Short Fibers and Coated Glass Fabrics. Chem Eng Technol 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ceat.200500157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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20
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Brüning R, Scholz P, Ondruschka B, Weißbach A, Hollstein F, Morgenthal I, Waag U. Innovative Katalysatoren zur oxidativen Dehydrierung in der Gasphase - Beschichtete Eisenhohlkugeln. CHEM-ING-TECH 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.200407045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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21
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Lee WH, Jeong SM, Chae JH, Kang JH, Lee WJ. Coke Formation on KVO3−B2O3/SA5203 Catalysts in the Catalytic Pyrolysis of Naphtha. Ind Eng Chem Res 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/ie030522y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Won-Ho Lee
- CRD, LG Chemical Ltd./Research Park, 104-1, Moonji-dong, Yusong-gu, Daejeon, 305-380 Korea
| | - Sang Mun Jeong
- CRD, LG Chemical Ltd./Research Park, 104-1, Moonji-dong, Yusong-gu, Daejeon, 305-380 Korea
| | - Jong Hyun Chae
- CRD, LG Chemical Ltd./Research Park, 104-1, Moonji-dong, Yusong-gu, Daejeon, 305-380 Korea
| | - Jun-Han Kang
- CRD, LG Chemical Ltd./Research Park, 104-1, Moonji-dong, Yusong-gu, Daejeon, 305-380 Korea
| | - Woong-Jin Lee
- CRD, LG Chemical Ltd./Research Park, 104-1, Moonji-dong, Yusong-gu, Daejeon, 305-380 Korea
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22
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Shahrokhi M, Nejati A. Optimal Temperature Control of a Propane Thermal Cracking Reactor. Ind Eng Chem Res 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ie0106783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Shahrokhi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, P.O. Box 11365-9456, Azadi Avenue, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Nejati
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, P.O. Box 11365-9456, Azadi Avenue, Tehran, Iran
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Towfighi J, Sadrameli M, Niaei A. Coke Formation Mechanisms and Coke Inhibiting Methods in Pyrolysis Furnaces. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING OF JAPAN 2002. [DOI: 10.1252/jcej.35.923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jafar Towfighi
- Chemical Engineering Department, Tarbiat Modares University
| | | | - Aligholi Niaei
- Chemical Engineering Department, Tarbiat Modares University
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24
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Coke formation on the surface of α-Al2O3 in the catalytic pyrolysis of naphtha. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2001. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02705606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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25
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Iordanoglou D, Bodke A, Schmidt L. Oxygenates and Olefins from Alkanes in a Single-Gauze Reactor at Short Contact Times. J Catal 1999. [DOI: 10.1006/jcat.1999.2637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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