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Piskorz T, de Vries AH, De Feyter S, van Esch JH. Mechanism of Ostwald Ripening in 2D Physisorbed Assemblies at Molecular Time and Length Scale by Molecular Dynamics Simulations. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2018; 122:24380-24385. [PMID: 30774741 PMCID: PMC6369672 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.8b06432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Ostwald ripening can improve the long-range order of self-assembled monolayers by the growth of large domains and disassembly of smaller ones. Here, coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations are used to study the dynamics of the stable assembly and the coarsening of defects of physisorbed monolayers of long-chain functionalized alkanes. Our results show that the partial desorption from the surface of one or more adsorbent molecules is the essential process that allows other adsorbent molecules to rearrange on the surface and thereby improve alignment. We also show that the ripening process is faster at higher temperature because the rate of partial desorption is higher.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz
K. Piskorz
- Advanced
Soft Matter, Chemical Engineering, Delft
University of Technology, van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Alex H. de Vries
- Groningen
Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute and Zernike Institute
for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Steven De Feyter
- Department
of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan H. van Esch
- Advanced
Soft Matter, Chemical Engineering, Delft
University of Technology, van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
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Milchev A, Egorov SA, Binder K. Semiflexible polymers confined in a slit pore with attractive walls: two-dimensional liquid crystalline order versus capillary nematization. SOFT MATTER 2017; 13:1888-1903. [PMID: 28180230 DOI: 10.1039/c7sm00105c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Semiflexible polymers under good solvent conditions interacting with attractive planar surfaces are investigated by Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations and classical Density Functional Theory (DFT). A bead-spring type potential complemented by a bending potential is used, allowing variation of chain stiffness from completely flexible coils to rod-like polymers whose persistence length by far exceeds their contour length. Solvent is only implicitly included, monomer-monomer interactions being purely repulsive, while two types of attractive wall-monomer interactions are considered: (i) a strongly attractive Mie-type potential, appropriate for a strictly structureless wall, and (ii) a corrugated wall formed by Lennard-Jones particles arranged on a square lattice. It is found that in dilute solutions the former case leads to the formation of a strongly adsorbed surface layer, and the profile of density and orientational order in the z-direction perpendicular to the wall is predicted by DFT in nice agreement with MD. While for very low bulk densities a Kosterlitz-Thouless type transition from the isotropic phase to a phase with power-law decay of nematic correlations is suggested to occur in the strongly adsorbed layer, for larger densities a smectic-C phase in the surface layer is detected. No "capillary nematization" effect at higher bulk densities is found in this system, unlike systems with repulsive walls. This finding is attributed to the reduction of the bulk density (in the center of the slit pore) due to polymer adsorption on the attractive wall, for a system studied in the canonical ensemble. Consequently in a system with two attractive walls nematic order in the slit pore can occur only at a higher density than for a bulk system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Milchev
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Bulgarian Academia of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria. and Institut für Physik, Johannes Gutenberg Universität Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Sergei A Egorov
- Institut für Physik, Johannes Gutenberg Universität Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany and Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22901, USA
| | - Kurt Binder
- Institut für Physik, Johannes Gutenberg Universität Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany
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3
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He J, Fang C, Shelp RA, Zimmt MB. Tracking Invisible Transformations of Physisorbed Monolayers: LDI-TOF and MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry as Complements to STM Imaging. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:459-467. [PMID: 27989120 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b03252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Triphenyleneethynylene (TPEE) derivatives bearing one long aliphatic chain on each terminal aryl ring and two short aliphatic chains on the central aryl ring (core chains) self-assemble single component and 1-D patterned, two-component, crystalline monolayers at the solution-graphite interface. The monolayer morphology directs the core chains off the graphite, making them accessible for chemical reactions but invisible to imaging by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). This precludes using STM to monitor transformations of the core chains, either by reaction or solution-monolayer exchange of TPEE molecules. Laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LDI-TOF MS) successfully identifies TPEE compounds within physisorbed monolayers. The LDI-TOF spectra of TPEE monolayer-graphite samples exhibit strong molecular ion peaks and minimal fragmentation or background. LDI-TOF and STM techniques are combined to evaluate monolayer composition and morphology, track solution-monolayer exchange, to identify reaction products and to measure kinetics of chemical reactions at the solution-monolayer interface. LDI-TOF MS provides rapid qualitative evaluation of monolayer composition across a graphite substrate. Challenges to quantitative composition evaluation by LDI-TOF include compound-specific light absorption, surface desorption/ionization and fragmentation characteristics. For some, but not all, compounds, applying matrix onto a self-assembled monolayer increases molecular ion intensities and affords more accurate assessment of monolayer composition via matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) MS. Matrix addition precludes subsequent chemical or STM studies of the monolayer, whereas reactions and STM may be performed at nonirradiated regions following LDI-TOF measurements. LDI- and MALDI-TOF MS are useful complements to STM and are easily implemented tools for study of physisorbed monolayers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian He
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University , Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Chen Fang
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University , Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Russell A Shelp
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University , Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Matthew B Zimmt
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University , Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
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Spitzer S, Helmle O, Ochs O, Horsley J, Martsinovich N, Heckl WM, Lackinger M. What can be inferred from moiré patterns? A case study of trimesic acid monolayers on graphite. Faraday Discuss 2017; 204:331-348. [PMID: 28776616 DOI: 10.1039/c7fd00113d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Self-assembly of benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylic acid (trimesic acid – TMA) monolayers at the alkanoic acid–graphite interface is revisited. Even though this archetypal model system for hydrogen bonded porous networks is particularly well studied, the analysis of routinely observed superperiodic contrast modulations known as moiré patterns lags significantly behind. Fundamental questions remain unanswered such as, are moiré periodicity and orientation always the same, i.e. is exclusively only one specific moiré pattern observed? What are the geometric relationships (superstructure matrices) between moiré, TMA, and graphite lattices? What affects the moiré pattern formation? Is there any influence from solvent, concentration, or thermal treatment? These basic questions are addressed via scanning tunneling microscopy experiments at the liquid–solid interface, revealing a variety of different moiré patterns. Interestingly, TMA and graphite lattices were always found to be ∼5° rotated with respect to each other. Consequently, the observed variation in the moiré patterns is attributed to minute deviations (<2°) from this preferred orientation. Quantitative analysis of moiré periods and orientations facilitates the determination of the TMA lattice parameter with picometer precision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia Spitzer
- Department of Physics
- Technische Universität München
- 85748 Garching
- Germany
- Nanosystems-Initiative-Munich
| | - Oliver Helmle
- Department of Physics
- Technische Universität München
- 85748 Garching
- Germany
- Nanosystems-Initiative-Munich
| | - Oliver Ochs
- Department of Physics
- Technische Universität München
- 85748 Garching
- Germany
- Nanosystems-Initiative-Munich
| | - Joshua Horsley
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Sheffield
- Sheffield S3 7HF
- UK
| | | | - Wolfgang M. Heckl
- Department of Physics
- Technische Universität München
- 85748 Garching
- Germany
- Nanosystems-Initiative-Munich
| | - Markus Lackinger
- Department of Physics
- Technische Universität München
- 85748 Garching
- Germany
- Nanosystems-Initiative-Munich
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Tahara K, Gotoda J, Carroll CN, Hirose K, De Feyter S, Tobe Y. Square Tiling by Square Macrocycles at the Liquid/Solid Interface: Co-crystallisation with One- or Two-Dimensional Order. Chemistry 2015; 21:6806-16. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201500026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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6
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Wu H, Sotthewes K, Méndez-Ardoy A, Kudernac T, Huskens J, Lenferink A, Otto C, Schön PM, Vancso GJ, Zandvliet HJ. Dynamics of oligo(phenylene-ethynylene) self-assembled monolayers on Au(1 1 1). Chem Phys Lett 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2014.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Hibino M, Tsuchiya H. Self-assembled monolayers of cholesterol and cholesteryl esters on graphite. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2014; 30:6852-6857. [PMID: 24853476 DOI: 10.1021/la500944t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The molecular arrangements of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of cholesterol, cholesteryl laurate, and cholesteryl stearate adsorbed on a graphite surface were studied using scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) at the liquid-solid interface. The STM images of the SAMs showed two-dimensional periodic arrays of bright regions that corresponded to the sterol rings. However, individual sterol rings could not be observed in the bright regions in the STM images of the cholesterol monolayers. Nevertheless, by comparing the STM images and the crystallographic data, it is concluded that the cholesterol molecules are arranged in pairs oriented head-to-head owing to the hydrogen bonds between the hydroxyl groups. These dimers, in turn, are oriented parallel to each other, owing to the interactions between the sterol rings. The STM images of cholesteryl ester monolayers had molecular resolution and showed pairs of cholesteryl ester molecules oriented in an antiparallel manner, with their fatty acid chains located in the central regions. Furthermore, the fatty acid chains of cholesteryl stearate were observed to be oriented in the (1120) zigzag direction of the graphite lattice, whereas those of cholesteryl laurate were oriented in the (1010) armchair direction. These observations reveal that the interactions between the fatty acid chains affect the structure of the SAMs. The molecular arrangements also depend on the lengths of the fatty acid chains of the cholesterol esters and hence on the interactions between the alkyl chains and the graphite surface. The self-assembly at the liquid-solid interface is therefore controlled by the interactions between sterol rings, between alkyl chains, and between alkyl chains and the substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Hibino
- Department of Applied Science, Muroran Institute of Technology , 27-1 Mizumoto-cho, Muroran 050-8585, Japan
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8
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Payamyar P, Kaja K, Ruiz-Vargas C, Stemmer A, Murray DJ, Johnson CJ, King BT, Schiffmann F, Vandevondele J, Renn A, Götzinger S, Ceroni P, Schütz A, Lee LT, Zheng Z, Sakamoto J, Schlüter AD. Synthesis of a covalent monolayer sheet by photochemical anthracene dimerization at the air/water interface and its mechanical characterization by AFM indentation. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2014; 26:2052-8. [PMID: 24347495 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201304705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Revised: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Covalent monolayer sheets in 2 hours: spreading of threefold anthracene-equipped shape-persistent and amphiphilic monomers at the air/water interface followed by a short photochemical treatment provides access to infinitely sized, strictly monolayered, covalent sheets with in-plane elastic modulus in the range of 19 N/m.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payam Payamyar
- Department of Materials, Polymer Chemistry Group, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zürich, HCI J 541, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
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9
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Wang Y, Xu H, Wang H, Li S, Gan W, Yuan Q. Temperature dependent 2D self-assembled motif transition of copper–phthalocyanine derivates at air/HOPG interface: an STM study. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra46651e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanism of irreversible structure transition of a CuPcOC8 adlayer from quartic symmetry to hexagonal symmetry at the air/HOPG interface has been revealed by STM study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamin Wang
- Laboratory of Environmental Science and Technology
- Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics & Chemistry
- Key Laboratory of Functional Materials and Devices for Special Environments
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Urumqi 830011, China
| | - Hongbo Xu
- Laboratory of Environmental Science and Technology
- Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics & Chemistry
- Key Laboratory of Functional Materials and Devices for Special Environments
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Urumqi 830011, China
| | - HuanHuan Wang
- Laboratory of Environmental Science and Technology
- Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics & Chemistry
- Key Laboratory of Functional Materials and Devices for Special Environments
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Urumqi 830011, China
| | - Shouzhu Li
- Laboratory of Environmental Science and Technology
- Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics & Chemistry
- Key Laboratory of Functional Materials and Devices for Special Environments
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Urumqi 830011, China
| | - Wei Gan
- Laboratory of Environmental Science and Technology
- Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics & Chemistry
- Key Laboratory of Functional Materials and Devices for Special Environments
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Urumqi 830011, China
| | - Qunhui Yuan
- Laboratory of Environmental Science and Technology
- Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics & Chemistry
- Key Laboratory of Functional Materials and Devices for Special Environments
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Urumqi 830011, China
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10
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Xue Y, Kim MK, Pašková T, Zimmt MB. Odd or even? Monolayer domain size depends on diyne position in alkadiynylanthracenes. J Phys Chem B 2013; 117:15856-65. [PMID: 24063583 DOI: 10.1021/jp4084376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
1,5-(Alkadiynyl)anthracenes self-assemble single component and multicomponent monolayers at the solution-HOPG interface. An alkadiynyl chain's kinked shape constrains the molecular structures with which it can close-pack. This affords rudimentary molecular recognition that has been used to direct self-assembly of 1-D patterned, multicomponent monolayers. The unit cell building blocks of single- and multicomponent alkadiynylanthracene monolayers repeat with high fidelity for 100s of nanometers along the side chain direction. Unit cell repeat fidelity along the orthogonal, anthracene column direction of the monolayer depends on diyne location within the side chain; even-position diyne side chains produce high fidelity of unit cell repeats and wider domain widths along the anthracene columns, whereas odd-position diyne side chains produce more frequent domain interfaces that disrupt the anthracene columns. Alkadiynylanthracene monolayers may be viewed as stacks of 1-D molecular tapes. 1-D tape molecular composition, sequence, and intratape side chain alignment are dictated by shape complementarity of the kinked alkadiynyl side chains. Stacking alignments of adjacent 1-D tapes are controlled by shape matching of tape peripheries and determine repeat fidelity along the anthracene columns. Tapes stacked with a constant intertape alignment comprise crystalline domains that repeat along the anthracene columns. The 1-D tapes formed by anthracenes with odd-position diynes have triangle wave peripheries that close-pack in multiple stacking alignments. This reduces unit cell repeat fidelity and decreases the widths of crystalline domains along the anthracene columns. Even-position diyne side chains form 1-D tapes with trapezoid wave peripheries that close-pack in only one stacking alignment. This generates higher stacking fidelity, larger domain widths, and fewer domain interfaces along the anthracene columns of even-position diyne monolayers. Even- and odd-position diyne monolayers exhibit comparable densities of interfaces between enantiotopic domains and between domains aligned along different graphite symmetry axes. These interfaces likely arise through collisions of independently nucleated/growing domains and persist for lack of kinetically competent pathways that interconvert or merge the domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Xue
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University , Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
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11
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Tamaki Y, Muto K, Miyamura K. Odd–Even Effect in the Surface Structure of Alkyloxy-Substituted Anthraquinone on HOPG Observed by Scanning Tunneling Microscope. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2013. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20120283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori Tamaki
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science
| | - Kosuke Muto
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science
| | - Kazuo Miyamura
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science
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12
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Gentili D, Foschi G, Valle F, Cavallini M, Biscarini F. Applications of dewetting in micro and nanotechnology. Chem Soc Rev 2012; 41:4430-43. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cs35040h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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13
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Sakano T, Hasegawa JY, Higashiguchi K, Matsuda K. Chronological Change from Face-On to Edge-On Ordering of Zinc-Tetraphenylporphyrin at the Phenyloctane-Highly Oriented Pyrolytic Graphite Interface. Chem Asian J 2011; 7:394-9. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201100587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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14
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Bellec A, Arrigoni C, Schull G, Douillard L, Fiorini-Debuisschert C, Mathevet F, Kreher D, Attias AJ, Charra F. Solution-growth kinetics and thermodynamics of nanoporous self-assembled molecular monolayers. J Chem Phys 2011; 134:124702. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3569132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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15
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Tahara K, Balandina T, Furukawa S, De Feyter S, Tobe Y. Molecular pentagonal tiling: self-assemblies of pentagonal-shaped macrocycles at liquid/solid interfaces. CrystEngComm 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1ce05336a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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16
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Gutzler R, Cardenas L, Rosei F. Kinetics and thermodynamics in surface-confined molecular self-assembly. Chem Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1sc00531f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Molecular Dynamics in Two-Dimensional Supramolecular Systems Observed by STM. MATERIALS 2010; 3:4252-4276. [PMID: 28883328 PMCID: PMC5445828 DOI: 10.3390/ma3084252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2010] [Revised: 07/26/2010] [Accepted: 08/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Since the invention of scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), 2D supramolecular architectures have been observed under various experimental conditions. The construction of these architectures arises from the balance between interactions at the medium-solid interface. This review summarizes molecular motion observed in 2D-supramolecular structures on surfaces using nanospace resolution STM. The observation of molecular motion on surfaces provides a visual understanding of intermolecular interactions, which are the major driving force behind supramolecular arrangement.
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Tahara K, Inukai K, Hara N, Johnson C, Haley M, Tobe Y. Self-Assembled Monolayers of Alkoxy-Substituted Octadehydrodibenzo[12]annulenes on a Graphite Surface: Attempts at peri-Benzopolyacene Formation by On-Surface Polymerization. Chemistry 2010; 16:8319-28. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201000711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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19
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Bonini M, Zalewski L, Breiner T, Dötz F, Kastler M, Schädler V, Surin M, Lazzaroni R, Samorì P. Competitive physisorption among alkyl-substituted pi-conjugated oligomers at the solid-liquid interface: towards prediction of self-assembly at surfaces from a multicomponent solution. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2009; 5:1521-1526. [PMID: 19319916 DOI: 10.1002/smll.200801901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
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20
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Xu H, Minoia A, Tomović Z, Lazzaroni R, Meijer EW, Schenning APHJ, De Feyter S. A multivalent hexapod: conformational dynamics of six-legged molecules in self-assembled monolayers at a solid-liquid interface. ACS NANO 2009; 3:1016-1024. [PMID: 19361208 DOI: 10.1021/nn900131k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A molecular hexapod having a benzene core and six oligo(p-phenylene vinylene) (OPV) legs is an ideal system to probe various types of (intramolecular) dynamics of individual molecules in physisorbed self-assembled monolayers at a solid-liquid interface. Scanning tunneling microscopy reveals that molecules adsorb in 2D crystalline as well as disordered domains. Strikingly, not all molecules have the six OPV units in contact with the graphite substrate: 4% of the molecules in the 2D crystalline domains and up to 80% of the molecules in the disordered domains have one or two OPV units desorbed. In addition, the presence of such a defect promotes the coexistence of another defect adjacent to it. Time-dependent STM experiments and molecular dynamics simulations reveal in detail the different dynamics involved and the multivalent nature of the interactions between hexapod and surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Xu
- Division of Molecular and Nano Materials, Department of Chemistry, and Institute for Nanoscale Physics and Chemistry, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200 F, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium
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Tong W, Wei Y, Armbrust KW, Zimmt MB. Dipolar side chain control of monolayer morphology: symmetrically substituted 1,5-(mono- and diether) anthracenes at the solution-HOPG interface. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2009; 25:2913-2923. [PMID: 19239193 DOI: 10.1021/la803811w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) is used to determine the 2-D unit cell parameters of monolayers self-assembled by twelve symmetrical, 1,5-bis(linear aliphatic ether side chain) anthracenes at the solution-graphite interface. The standard morphology assembled by 1,5-bis(alkyloxymethyl) anthracenes consists of single-lamella domains containing columns of anthracene cores alternating with columns of interdigitated, aliphatic side chains. Adjacent side chains within the aliphatic columns adsorb in antiparallel orientations. The terminal methyl (omega-position) of each side chain lies in registration with the 2-positions of its two neighboring chains ((omega <--> 2)-packing). Anthracenes with diether side chains can generate repulsive or attractive dipole-dipole interactions between proximate ethers of adjacent aliphatic chains. Anthracenes bearing even length side chains with oxygens at the 2- and omega-1 positions or at the 3- and omega-2 positions do not assemble (omega <--> 2)-packed monolayers. Repulsive dipolar interactions between ethers in adjacent side chains raise the energy of (omega <--> 2) morphologies. These "self-repulsive" side chains drive assembly of (omega <--> l)- or (omega <--> 3)-packed morphologies, which enjoy stabilizing dipolar interactions between ethers in adjacent side chains. In stark contrast, anthracenes bearing odd length diether side chains assemble (omega <--> 2)-packed morphologies, regardless of whether adjacent chains suffer zero, one, or two sets of proximate dipole-dipole repulsions. The intrinsic energy gap from (omega <--> 2)- to non-(omega <--> 2)-packed morphologies of odd length side chain anthracenes is, apparently, larger than for even length side chain anthracenes. Overall, the twelve compounds self-assemble seven different morphologies. Distinguishing morphologies, understanding polymorphism within the monolayers, and evaluating the morphological consequences of side chain dipolar interactions is facilitated by viewing the monolayers as assemblies of 1-D, molecular tapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Tong
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
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Kumar AMS, Fox JD, Buerkle LE, Marchant RE, Rowan SJ. Effect of monomer structure and solvent on the growth of supramolecular nanoassemblies on a graphite surface. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2009; 25:653-6. [PMID: 19086887 PMCID: PMC2635022 DOI: 10.1021/la803369j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The self-assembly of high aspect ratio hierarchical surface assemblies, as observed by fluid tapping mode AFM, can be achieved through careful design of the supramolecular interactions between low-molecular-weight adsorbates. Needlelike assemblies of monotopic guanine end-capped alkanes grow on a graphite surface when deposited from a water/DMSO solution. The growth of these assemblies can be monitored by AFM in real time, and the growth rate along the two different axes can be understood (through molecular modeling) in terms of the specific adsorbate-adsorbate interactions along those axes. Additionally, through judicious solvent selection (e.g., use of non-H-bonding solvents such as o-dichlorobenzene), which allows the formation of hydrogen-bonding aggregates in solution and influences the surface-adsorbate interactions, dramatically different surface assemblies of these guanine derivatives are obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aryavarta M. S. Kumar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Justin D. Fox
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Lauren E. Buerkle
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Roger E. Marchant
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Stuart J. Rowan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
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23
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Wei Y, Tong W, Zimmt MB. Self-assembly of patterned monolayers with nanometer features: molecular selection based on dipole interactions and chain length. J Am Chem Soc 2008; 130:3399-405. [PMID: 18302370 DOI: 10.1021/ja075170r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Patterned cocrystal monolayers self-assemble on HOPG in contact with solutions containing complementary pairs of 1,5-chain-substituted anthracene derivatives. Monolayer unit cells containing three or four molecules and spanning 9-11 nm are generated. The monolayers consist of alternating aromatic and aliphatic columns. The designs and dimensions of the cocrystal patterns (unit cells) are determined by (i) the preferred packing alignment of identical length side chains, (ii) the selectivity of each side chain for neighboring chains, (iii) the identities of the two side chains on each anthracene, and (iv) the 2D-chirality of 1,5-substituted anthracenes. The aliphatic columns form by interdigitation of identical length side chains arrayed in an antiparallel alignment, with the nth heavy atom of one side chain in registration with the (omega+2-n)th heavy atom of two adjacent chains ((omega <--> 2) packing). Adjacent side chains are attached, alternately, to anthracenes in one of the two flanking aromatic columns. The preference for (omega <--> 2) packing optimizes side-chain van der Waals interactions. The composition and fidelity of patterning in the cocrystal monolayers requires an additional source of "molecular recognition" in addition to side-chain length. Dipolar interactions, both attractive and repulsive, between ether groups in neighboring, (omega <--> 2) packed side chains, constitute a second recognition element needed for cocrystal self-assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhu Wei
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
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24
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Two-Dimensional Nanotemplates as Surface Cues for the Controlled Assembly of Organic Molecules. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2008; 285:203-67. [DOI: 10.1007/128_2008_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
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25
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Palermo V, Morelli S, Simpson C, Müllen K, Samorì P. Self-organized nanofibers from a giant nanographene: effect of solvent and deposition method. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1039/b512137j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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26
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Fukumura H, I-I D, Uji-I H, Nishio S, Sakai H, Ohuchi A. Image Contrast Analysis of STM Images of Self-Assembled Dioctadecyl Chalcogenides on Graphite at the Liquid-Solid Interface. Chemphyschem 2005; 6:2383-8. [PMID: 16273571 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.200500215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The structures of self-assembled monolayers of dioctadecyl selenide (CH3(CH2)17)2Se and dioctadecyl telluride (CH3(CH2)17)2Te, as well as dioctadecyl ether (CH3(CH2)17)2O and dioctadecyl sulfide (CH3(CH2)17)2S, on graphite at the liquid-solid interface were systematically investigated by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). Both dioctadecyl selenide and telluride formed monolayer structures in which the tilt angle between the molecular axis of the alkyl chain and the lamellae axis was 90 degrees , while dioctadecyl ether assembled with a tilt angle of 60 degrees . Dioctadecyl sulfide was found to make two different self-assembled structures having tilt angles of 60 and 90 degrees . When selenide was embedded in ether compounds in mixed self-assembled monolayers, the alkyl chains of the selenide became blurred, implying that the alkyl chains in the monolayers were unstable. This is in contrast with the structure of co-adsorbed monolayers of the ether and sulfide compounds, where the images of all alkyl chains had high spatial resolution. For the co-adsorbed monolayers, the image contrast of chalcogen atoms was normalized compared with that of alkyl chains of the ether compound in the same image frame. The normalized image contrast was found to be independent of the measurement conditions involving tip shapes, having the following trend, Te>Se>S>C>O. The difference in the normalized image contrast among chalcogen atoms are discussed based on fundamental parameters like polarizability and atomic radii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Fukumura
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan.
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27
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Piot L, Marchenko A, Wu J, Müllen K, Fichou D. Structural Evolution of Hexa-peri-hexabenzocoronene Adlayers in Heteroepitaxy on n-Pentacontane Template Monolayers. J Am Chem Soc 2005; 127:16245-50. [PMID: 16287316 DOI: 10.1021/ja0548844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The growth and structure of self-assembled adlayers of hexakis(n-dodecyl)-peri-hexabenzocoronene (HBC-C12) adsorbed on highly ordered pyrolitic graphite (HOPG) decorated by an n-pentacontane (n-C50H102) monolayer have been investigated by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). Whereas on HOPG the HBC-C12 molecules readily self-assemble into a unique stable 2D structure, on the [n-C50H102 monolayer/graphite] system we observe morphological phase transitions with formation of time dependent alpha, beta, and gamma phases (alpha-->beta-->gamma). The initial alpha-phase is similar to that obtained on bare graphite, while intermediate beta- and final gamma-structures present molecular dimers and rows, respectively. The observed two-dimensional polymorphism is due to weak interaction between HBC-C12 molecules and n-C50H102-modified graphite substrate. Our results constitute an important step toward the control of the growth and structure of highly ordered monolayers of functional conjugated molecules by modifying the graphite surface with an n-alkane monolayer of appropriate chain length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc Piot
- CEA-Saclay, LRC Nanostructures et Semiconducteurs Organiques (CNRS-CEA-UPMC), SPCSI/DRECAM, 91191-Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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28
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Gong JR, Lei SB, Pan GB, Wan LJ, Fan QH, Bai CL. Monitoring molecular motion and structure near defect with STM. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2004.10.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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29
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Giancarlo LC, Flynn GW. Scanning tunneling and atomic force microscopy probes of self-assembled, physisorbed monolayers: peeking at the peaks. Annu Rev Phys Chem 2004; 49:297-336. [PMID: 15012431 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.physchem.49.1.297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The imaging and control of self-assembled, physisorbed monolayers have been the subject of numerous scanning tunneling microscopy and atomic force microscopy investigations. The successful interpretation of the structures observed in scanning probe images of molecules self-assembled at liquid-solid and gas-solid interfaces has benefited greatly from recent experimental and theoretical work. These studies are converging on a general tunneling mechanism that accounts for the images of weakly bound, insulating adsorbates. Experiments in which the dynamical behavior of these monolayers has been monitored as a function of time both statically and after the introduction of an external perturbation are described, and novel studies of the selective control of monolayer structure that make use of internal and external electric fields, photons, and solvent coadsorption are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- L C Giancarlo
- Chemistry Department and Columbia Radiation Laboratory, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
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30
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Hoeppener S, Chi L, Fuchs H. Molecular arrangement of fatty acids at the solid-liquid interface visualized by chemical decoration. Chemphyschem 2003; 4:494-8. [PMID: 12785265 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.200200584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Hoeppener
- Physikalisches Institut Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Wilhelm-Klemm-Strasse 10 48149 Münster, Germany.
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31
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2D self-assembling of 4, 5-didodecylthiolphthalonitrile on graphite surface. CHINESE SCIENCE BULLETIN-CHINESE 2003. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03187044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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32
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Uji-i H, Yoshidome M, Hobley J, Hatanaka K, Fukumura H. Structural variations in self-assembled monolayers of 1-pyrenehexadecanoic acid and 4,4′-bipyridyl on graphite at the liquid–solid interface. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2003. [DOI: 10.1039/b306957e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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33
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Padowitz DF, Sada DM, Kemer EL, Dougan ML, Xue WA. Molecular Tracer Dynamics in Crystalline Organic Films at the Solid−Liquid Interface. J Phys Chem B 2001. [DOI: 10.1021/jp011790h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David F. Padowitz
- Department of Chemistry, Amherst College, Amherst, Massachusetts 01002
| | - David M. Sada
- Department of Chemistry, Amherst College, Amherst, Massachusetts 01002
| | - Eric L. Kemer
- Department of Chemistry, Amherst College, Amherst, Massachusetts 01002
| | - Michael L. Dougan
- Department of Chemistry, Amherst College, Amherst, Massachusetts 01002
| | - W. Andrew Xue
- Department of Chemistry, Amherst College, Amherst, Massachusetts 01002
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34
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Ward MD. Bulk crystals to surfaces: combining X-ray diffraction and atomic force microscopy to probe the structure and formation of crystal interfaces. Chem Rev 2001; 101:1697-725. [PMID: 11709996 DOI: 10.1021/cr000020j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M D Ward
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Amundson Hall, 421 Washington Avenue, Southeast, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA.
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35
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Xu QM, Wan LJ, Wang C, Bai CL. Adlayer structure of 1-C18H37 SH molecules: scanning tunnelling microscopy study. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.1049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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36
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Xie Z, Xu X, Tang J, Mao B. Molecular packing in self-assembled monolayers of normal alkane on Au(111) surfaces. Chem Phys Lett 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2614(00)00501-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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37
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Qian P, Nanjo H, Yokoyama T, Suzuki TM. Characteristic Molecular Patterns Formed byN-Octadecylbenzamide andN-8-Quinolyloctadecanamide Self-assembled on a Graphite Surface. CHEM LETT 1999. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.1999.1229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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38
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Qian P, Nanjo H, Yokoyama T, Suzuki TM. STM Observation of Chiral 1,2-Dihydroxyoctadecane Monolayer Self-assembled on the Graphite Surface. CHEM LETT 1998. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.1998.1133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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39
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Laitenberger P, Claessens C, Kuipers L, Raymo F, Palmer R, Stoddart J. Building supramolecular nanostructures on surfaces: the influence of the substrate. Chem Phys Lett 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2614(97)01037-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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40
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van Esch J, De Feyter S, Kellogg RM, De Schryver F, Feringa BL. Self-Assembly of Bisurea Compounds in Organic Solvents and on Solid Substrates. Chemistry 1997. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.19970030811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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41
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Cyr DM, Venkataraman B, Flynn GW, Black A, Whitesides GM. Functional Group Identification in Scanning Tunneling Microscopy of Molecular Adsorbates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1021/jp9606467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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42
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Eichhorst-Gerner K, Stabel A, Moessner G, Declerq D, Valiyaveettil S, Enkelmann V, Müllen K, Rabe JP. Selbstorganisation eines Zweikomponentensystems über Wasserstoffbrückenbindung in zwei und drei Dimensionen: Vergleich von rastertunnelmikroskopischen Aufnahmen und Röntgenstrukturanalysen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1996. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.19961081313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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43
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Higgins DA, Kerimo J, Vanden Bout DA, Barbara PF. A Molecular Yarn: Near-Field Optical Studies of Self-Assembled, Flexible, Fluorescent Fibers. J Am Chem Soc 1996. [DOI: 10.1021/ja960105v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A. Higgins
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - Josef Kerimo
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - David A. Vanden Bout
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - Paul F. Barbara
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
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