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García-Jareño JJ, Agrisuelas J, Vicente F. Overview and Recent Advances in Hyphenated Electrochemical Techniques for the Characterization of Electroactive Materials. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:4226. [PMID: 37374409 DOI: 10.3390/ma16124226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
A hyphenated electrochemical technique consists of the combination of the coupling of an electrochemical technique with a non-electrochemical technique, such as spectroscopical and optical techniques, electrogravimetric techniques, and electromechanical techniques, among others. This review highlights the development of the use of this kind of technique to appreciate the useful information which can be extracted for the characterization of electroactive materials. The use of time derivatives and the acquisition of simultaneous signals from different techniques allow extra information from the crossed derivative functions in the dc-regime to be obtained. This strategy has also been effectively used in the ac-regime, reaching valuable information about the kinetics of the electrochemical processes taking place. Among others, molar masses of exchanged species or apparent molar absorptivities at different wavelengths have been estimated, increasing the knowledge of the mechanisms for different electrode processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Juan García-Jareño
- Department of Physical-Chemistry, University of Valencia, C/Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - Jerónimo Agrisuelas
- Department of Physical-Chemistry, University of Valencia, C/Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - Francisco Vicente
- Department of Physical-Chemistry, University of Valencia, C/Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
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Spectroelectrochemistry of Electroactive Polymer Composite Materials. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14153201. [PMID: 35956715 PMCID: PMC9370871 DOI: 10.3390/polym14153201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In this review, we have summarized the main advantages of the method of spectroelectrochemistry as applied to recent studies on electrosynthesis and redox processes of electroactive polymer composite materials, which have found wide application in designing organic optoelectronic devices, batteries and sensors. These polymer composites include electroactive polymer complexes with large unmovable dopant anions such as polymer electrolytes, organic dyes, cyclodextrins, poly(β-hydroxyethers), as well as polymer-inorganic nanocomposites. The spectroelectrochemical methods reviewed include in situ electron absorption, Raman, infrared and electron spin resonance spectroscopies.
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Kilic T, Gessner I, Cho YK, Jeong N, Quintana J, Weissleder R, Lee H. Zwitterionic Polymer Electroplating Facilitates the Preparation of Electrode Surfaces for Biosensing. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2107892. [PMID: 34890082 PMCID: PMC8881349 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202107892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Surface chemistry critically affects the diagnostic performance of biosensors. An ideal sensor surface should be resistant to nonspecific protein adsorption, yet be conducive to analytical responses. Here a new polymeric material, zwitterionic polypyrrole (ZiPPy), is reported to produce optimal surface condition for biosensing electrodes. ZiPPy combines two unique advantages: the zwitterionic function that efficiently hydrates electrode surface, hindering nonspecific binding of hydrophobic proteins; and the pyrrole backbone, which enables rapid (<7 min), controlled deposition of ZiPPy through electropolymerization. ZiPPy-coated electrodes show lower electrochemical impedance and less nonspecific protein adsorption (low fouling), outperforming bare and polypyrrole-coated electrodes. Moreover, affinity ligands for target biomarkers can be immobilized together with ZiPPy in a single-step electropolymerization. ZiPPy-coated electrodes are developed with specificity for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The prepared sensor detects SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in human saliva down to 50 ng mL-1 , without the need for sample purification or secondary labeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tugba Kilic
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Isabel Gessner
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Young Kwan Cho
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Kennedy College of Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, 01854, USA
| | - Naebong Jeong
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Jeremy Quintana
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Ralph Weissleder
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Hakho Lee
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
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Nešpůrek S, Kuberský P, Polanský R, Trchová M, Šebera J, Sychrovský V. Raman spectroscopy and DFT calculations of PEDOT:PSS in a dipolar field. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 24:541-550. [PMID: 34904593 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp03899k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The conductive polymer-electrolyte interface plays an important role in many electrochemical devices. An unusual situation arises when a solvent-free ionic liquid (SF-IL) is used as the electrolyte because it behaves as a molten salt rather than an electrolyte solution. On the basis of Raman spectra, it was found that the presence of ion pairs of SF-IL in the vicinity of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) results in a decrease in the oxidation level of the polymer and an increase in the HOMO-LUMO gap. The process of polymer "dedoping" and the modification of the electronic structure of the polymer are illustrated by quantum chemical calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav Nešpůrek
- Research and Innovation Centre for Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of West Bohemia, Univerzitni 8, 306 01 Plzen, Czech Republic.
| | - Petr Kuberský
- Research and Innovation Centre for Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of West Bohemia, Univerzitni 8, 306 01 Plzen, Czech Republic.
| | - Radek Polanský
- Research and Innovation Centre for Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of West Bohemia, Univerzitni 8, 306 01 Plzen, Czech Republic.
| | - Miroslava Trchová
- Central Laboratories, Laboratory of Molecular Spectroscopy, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Šebera
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Flemingovo Namesti 2, 166 10, Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Sychrovský
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Flemingovo Namesti 2, 166 10, Praha 6, Czech Republic
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Rojas-González EA, Niklasson GA. Setup for simultaneous electrochemical and color impedance measurements of electrochromic films: Theory, assessment, and test measurement. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2019; 90:085103. [PMID: 31472623 DOI: 10.1063/1.5115119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Combined frequency-resolved techniques are suitable to study electrochromic (EC) materials. We present an experimental setup for simultaneous electrochemical and color impedance studies of EC systems in transmission mode and estimate its frequency-dependent uncertainty by measuring the background noise. We define the frequency-dependent variables that are relevant to the combined measurement scheme, and a special emphasis is given to the complex optical capacitance and the complex differential coloration efficiency, which provide the relation between the electrical and optical responses. Results of a test measurement on amorphous WO3 with LED light sources of peak wavelengths of 470, 530, and 810 nm are shown and discussed. In this case, the amplitude of the complex differential coloration efficiency presented a monotonous increase down to about 0.3 Hz and was close to a constant value for lower frequencies. We study the effect of the excitation voltage amplitude on the linearity of the electrical and optical responses for the case of amorphous WO3 at 2.6 V vs Li/Li+, where a trade-off should be made between the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the optical signal and the linearity of the system. For the studied case, it was possible to increase the upper accessible frequency of the combined techniques (defined in this work as the upper threshold of the frequency region for which the SNR of the optical signal is greater than 5) from 11.2 Hz to 125.9 Hz while remaining in the linear regime with a tolerance of less than 5%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar A Rojas-González
- Department of Engineering Sciences, The Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 534, SE-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gunnar A Niklasson
- Department of Engineering Sciences, The Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 534, SE-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden
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A novel synthesis of (3,6-bis(2,3-dihydrothieno[3,4-b][1,4]dioxin-5-yl)-9-(4-vinylbenzyl)-9H-carbazole), alternating polymer formation, characterization, and capacitance measurements. J Solid State Electrochem 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-013-2117-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Evaluation of the interface aging process of polypyrrole–polysaccharide electrodes in a simulated physiological fluid. Electrochim Acta 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2012.01.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Wang X, Bernard M, Deslouis C, Joiret S, Rousseau P. A new transfer function in electrochemistry: Dynamic coupling between Raman spectroscopy and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Electrochim Acta 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2009.11.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Moghaddam RB, Pickup PG. Electrochemical impedance study of the polymerization of pyrrole on high surface area carbon electrodes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2010; 12:4733-41. [DOI: 10.1039/b925381e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Fang Y, Tan X, Shen Y, Xi N, Alici G. A scalable model for trilayer conjugated polymer actuators and its experimental validation. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2007.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Araci ZO, Runge AF, Doherty WJ, Saavedra SS. Potential Modulated Attenuated Total Reflectance Spectroscopy of Prussian Blue Films on ITO. Isr J Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1560/ijc_46_3_249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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14
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Ozkan Z, Runge A, Doherty W, Saavedra S. Potential Modulated Attenuated Total Reflectance Spectroscopy of Prussian Blue Films on ITO. Isr J Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1560/j311-g807-47t3-2318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Doherty WJ, Wysocki RJ, Armstrong NR, Saavedra SS. Potential-Modulated, Attenuated Total Reflectance Spectroscopy of Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) and Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene Methanol) Copolymer Films on Indium−Tin Oxide. J Phys Chem B 2006; 110:4900-7. [PMID: 16526729 DOI: 10.1021/jp056230n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We report the first application of a potential-modulated spectroelectrochemical ATR (PM-ATR) instrument utilizing multiple internal reflections at an optically transparent electrode to study the charge-transfer kinetics and electrochromic response of adsorbed films. A sinusoidally modulated potential waveform was applied to an indium-tin oxide (ITO) electrode while simultaneously monitoring the optical reflectivity of thin (2-6 equivalent monolayers) copolymer films of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene methanol) (PEDTM), previously characterized in our laboratory. At high modulation frequencies the measured response of the polymer film is selective toward the fastest electrochromic processes in the film, presumably those occurring within the first adsorbed monolayer. Quantitative determination of the electrochromic switching rate, derived from the frequency response of the attenuated reflectivity, shows a linear decrease in the rate, from 11 x 10(3) s(-1) to 3 x 10(3) s(-1), with increasing proportions of PEDTM in the copolymer, suggesting that interactions between the methanol substituent on EDTM and the ITO surface slow the switching process by limiting the rate of conformational change in the polymer film.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter J Doherty
- Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
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Sugimoto W, Iwata H, Yokoshima K, Murakami Y, Takasu Y. Proton and Electron Conductivity in Hydrous Ruthenium Oxides Evaluated by Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy: The Origin of Large Capacitance. J Phys Chem B 2005; 109:7330-8. [PMID: 16851839 DOI: 10.1021/jp044252o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was conducted on a series of hydrous ruthenium oxides, RuO(2).xH(2)O, (x = 0.5, 0.3, 0) and a layered ruthenic acid hydrate (H(0.2)RuO(2.1).nH(2)O) in order to evaluate their protonic and electronic conduction. The capacitor response frequency was observed at lower frequency for RuO(2).xH(2)O with higher water content, which was suggested to be due to electrolyte exhaustion within the film and/or utilization of hydrated interparticle micropores that have high ionic resistance. Analysis of the impedance data indicated that the charge-transfer resistance through the film is not significantly affected by the water content in RuO(2).xH(2)O, and the capacitor frequency response is dominated by the protonic conduction. The capacitor response frequency of layered H(0.2)RuO(2.1).nH(2)O was comparable to RuO(2).0.5H(2)O. The high specific capacitance at low frequency for layered H(0.2)RuO(2.1).nH(2)O is attributed to the utilization of the expandable hydrous interlayer, which accounts for the ionic conduction. The present results demonstrate the importance of hydrous regions (either interparticle or interlayer) to allow appreciable protonic conduction for high energy and high power electrochemical capacitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Sugimoto
- Department of Fine Materials Engineering, Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University, 3-15-1 Tokida, Ueda 386-8567, Japan.
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Effect of electrode morphology on the diffusion length of the doping process of electronically conducting polypyrrole films. Electrochem commun 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s1388-2481(03)00037-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Garcia-Belmonte G, Bisquert J. Impedance analysis of galvanostatically synthesized polypyrrole films. Correlation of ionic diffusion and capacitance parameters with the electrode morphology. Electrochim Acta 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0013-4686(02)00510-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Analysis of the kinetics of ion intercalation. Two state model describing the coupling of solid state ion diffusion and ion binding processes. Electrochim Acta 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0013-4686(02)00372-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Petit MA, Zante D, Colin C, Combellas C, Hennion MC. Evaluation of a Polypyrrole Film Containing Anti-Isoproturon Antibodies for the Detection of Isoproturon. ELECTROANAL 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/1521-4109(200106)13:10<856::aid-elan856>3.0.co;2-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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22
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Amrani M, Payne P. Multi-frequency interrogation technique applied to conducting polymer gas and odour sensors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1049/ip-smt:19990288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Sagara T, Murase H, Nakashima N. Frequency dependence of the electroreflectance signal for redox reaction of solution-phase species at the electrode surface: formulation and experimental verification. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-0728(98)00232-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Garcı́a-Jareño J, Navarro-Laboulais J, Sanmatı́as A, Vicente F. The correlation between electrochemical impedance spectra and voltammograms of PB films in aqueous NH4Cl and CsCl. Electrochim Acta 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0013-4686(97)00270-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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25
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Yang H, Kwak J. Mass Transport Investigated with the Electrochemical and Electrogravimetric Impedance Techniques. 3. Complex Charge Transport in PPy/PSS Films. J Phys Chem B 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/jp972820c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haesik Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Taejon 305-701, Korea
| | - Juhyoun Kwak
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Taejon 305-701, Korea
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Kim J, Tryk D, Amemiya T, Hashimoto K, Fujishima A. Color impedance and electrochemical impedance studies of WO3 thin films: H+ and Li+ transport. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-0728(97)00180-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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27
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Color impedance and electrochemical impedance studies of WO3 thin films: Behavior of thinner films in non-aqueous electrolyte. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-0728(97)00181-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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28
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Yang H, Kwak J. Mass Transport Investigated with the Electrochemical and Electrogravimetric Impedance Techniques. 2. Anion and Water Transport in PMPy and PPy Films. J Phys Chem B 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/jp970924h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haesik Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Taejon 305-701, Korea
| | - Juhyoun Kwak
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Taejon 305-701, Korea
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Yang H, Kwak J. Mass Transport Investigated with the Electrochemical and Electrogravimetric Impedance Techniques. 1. Water Transport in PPy/CuPTS Films. J Phys Chem B 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/jp962903d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haesik Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Taejon 305-701, Korea
| | - Juhyoun Kwak
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Taejon 305-701, Korea
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Charge transport processes in electrochemically deposited poly(pyrrole) and poly( N-methylpyrrole) thin films. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-0728(96)04730-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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31
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García-Jareño J, Navarro-Laboulais J, Vicente F. Electrochemical study of Nafion membranes/Prussian blue films on ITO electrodes. Electrochim Acta 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0013-4686(96)00121-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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32
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García-Jareño J, Navarro-Laboulais J, Vicente F. Charge transport in prussian blue films deposited on ito electrodes. Electrochim Acta 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0013-4686(95)00370-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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33
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In-situ impedance measurements during oxidation and reduction of conducting polymers: significance of the capactive currents. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0022-0728(94)03748-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Imabayashi SI, Nakamura T, Sagara T, Niki K. Electroreflectance study of redox reactions of methylene blue incorporated into polypyrrole coated on a pyrolytic graphite electrode. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0022-0728(94)87061-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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35
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Amemiya T, Hashimoto K, Fujishima A. Color impedance spectroscopy of polypyrrole films. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0022-0728(94)03458-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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