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Wan Q, Li J, Jiang R, Lin S. Construction of frustrated Lewis pairs on carbon nitride nanosheets for catalytic hydrogenation of acetylene. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:24349-24356. [PMID: 34676856 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp03592d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Here, we studied Al or B atom-doped carbon nitride (g-C3N4 and C2N) as catalysts for H2 activation and acetylene hydrogenation using density functional theory calculations. The Al or B could be assembled with the surface N atoms of carbon nitride to form diverse frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs). The results show that Al-N FLPs had lower barriers of H2 activation in comparison with B-N FLPs. The heterolytic H2 dissociation catalyzed by Al-N FLPs led to the formation of Al-H and N-H species. The Al-H species were highly active in the first hydrogenation of acetylene to C2H3*, yielding a mild barrier, while in the second hydrogenation step, the reaction between C2H3 and the H of N-H species caused a relatively high barrier. Electronic structure analysis demonstrated the electron transfer in the heterolytic H2 cleavage and explained the activity differences in various FLPs. The results suggest that Al with the surface N of carbon nitride can act as an FLP to catalyze the H2 activation and acetylene hydrogenation, thus providing a new strategy for the future development of noble metal-free hydrogenation catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Juan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Rong Jiang
- Institute of Advanced Energy Materials, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Sen Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350002, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China.
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Ehm C, Antinucci G, Budzelaar PH, Busico V. Catalyst activation and the dimerization energy of alkylaluminium compounds. J Organomet Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2014.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Downs AJ, Greene TM, Johnsen E, Pulham CR, Robertson HE, Wann DA. The digallane molecule, Ga2H6: experimental update giving an improved structure and estimate of the enthalpy change for the reaction Ga2H6(g) → 2GaH3(g). Dalton Trans 2010; 39:5637-42. [DOI: 10.1039/c000694g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Dedieu A, Mota AJ. Pd/X group interchange in the [Pd(Br)(PH3)(C6H5)(C6H5X)] system — Theoretical insights from the isolobal analogy perspective. CAN J CHEM 2009. [DOI: 10.1139/v09-010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
DFT-B3LYP calculations have been carried out to assess the fate of the Pd/X group intermolecular exchange in the [PdBr(PH3)(C6H5)(C6H5X)] system, where X is either H, an electropositive atom, or a group such as Li, Na, BH2, AlH2, BeH or BeCH3, and an electronegative atom, or a group such as F, Cl, Br, CH3, OH, and SH. The transfer of H is best viewed as involving the migration of a proton between the two phenyls. At variance with this result, the transfer of the more electropositive entities such as X = Li, Na, BH2, AlH2, BeH, or BeCH3 is not complete. It stops halfway to yield a stable structure in which X can experience interactions with the two phenyl groups that are quite ionic. These stable structures are rationalized through isolobal analogy arguments. In the case of beryllium, the correspondence has been made also with the experimentally known cyclopentadienylberyllium borohydride system, CpBeH4. The results of the DFT geometry optimization call for a re-examination of the gas-phase electron-diffraction structure determination, especially for the bond distances and angles that pertain to the two bridging hydrogens. For the halogen series X = F, Cl, or Br and for the electronegative groups CH3, OH, or SH, the transfer between the two phenyls takes place via a two-step Pd(II)/Pd(IV) oxidative addition/reductive elimination mechanism. The associated energy barriers are nevertheless quite high, except for Br and SH for which the process might be feasible. The dimerization of the PdBr(PH3)(C6H5) system is also analyzed within the isolobal analogy framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Dedieu
- Laboratoire de Chimie Quantique, Institut de Chimie, UMR 7177 CNRS/ULP, Université de Strasbourg, 4, rue Blaise Pascal, 67000 Strasbourg, France
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias. Universidad de Granada, Campus de Fuentenueva, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Antonio J. Mota
- Laboratoire de Chimie Quantique, Institut de Chimie, UMR 7177 CNRS/ULP, Université de Strasbourg, 4, rue Blaise Pascal, 67000 Strasbourg, France
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias. Universidad de Granada, Campus de Fuentenueva, 18071 Granada, Spain
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Goebbert DJ, Hernandez H, Francisco JS, Wenthold PG. The Binding Energy and Bonding in Dialane. J Am Chem Soc 2005; 127:11684-9. [PMID: 16104745 DOI: 10.1021/ja0424070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The binding energy of dialane, Al2H6, has been measured using mass spectrometric techniques to be 33 +/- 5 kcal/mol. This represents the first measurement of the thermochemical properties of dialane, which has only recently been observed in low-temperature matricies. High-level quantum mechanical calculations give a binding energy in agreement with the measured value. Experimental and quantum mechanical calculations show that dialane is chemically similar to diborane, B2H6, even though the bonding for these two systems shows significant differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Goebbert
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2084, USA
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Srinivas GN, Anoop A, Jemmis ED, Hamilton TP, Lammertsma K, Leszczynski J, Schaefer HF. Nonplanarity at Tri-coordinated Aluminum and Gallium: Cyclic Structures for X3Hnm (X = B, Al, Ga). J Am Chem Soc 2003; 125:16397-407. [PMID: 14692782 DOI: 10.1021/ja036868h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Structures and energies of X3H3(2-), X3H4-, X3H5, and X3H6+ (X = B, Al and Ga) were investigated theoretically at B3LYP/6-311G(d) level. The global minimum structures of B are not found to be global minima for Al and Ga. The hydrides of the heavier elements Al and Ga have shown a total of seven, six and eight minima for X3H3(2-), X3H(4-), and X3H5, respectively. However, X3H(6+) has three and four minima for Al and Ga, respectively. The nonplanar arrangements of hydrogens with respect to X3 ring is found to be very common for Al and Ga species. Similarly, species with lone pairs on heavy atoms dominate the potential energy surfaces of Al and Ga three-ring systems. The first example of a structure with tri-coordinate pyramidal arrangement at Al and Ga is found in X3H(4-) (2g), contrary to the conventional wisdom of C3H3+, B3H3, etc. The influence of pi-delocalization in stabilizing the structures decreases from X3H3(2-) to X3H6+ for heavier elements Al and Ga. In general, minimum energy structures of X3H4-, X3H5, and X3H6+ may be arrived at by protonating the minimum energy structures sequentially starting from X3H3(2-). The resonance stabilization energy (RSE) for the global minimum structures (or nearest structures to global minimum which contains pi-delocalization) is computed using isodesmic equations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gantasala N Srinivas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA
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Wang X, Andrews L, Tam S, DeRose ME, Fajardo ME. Infrared Spectra of Aluminum Hydrides in Solid Hydrogen: Al2H4 and Al2H6. J Am Chem Soc 2003; 125:9218-28. [PMID: 15369378 DOI: 10.1021/ja0353560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The reaction of laser-ablated Al atoms and normal-H(2) during co-deposition at 3.5 K produces AlH, AlH(2), and AlH(3) based on infrared spectra and the results of isotopic substitution (D(2), H(2) + D(2) mixtures, HD). Four new bands are assigned to Al(2)H(4) from annealing, photochemistry, and agreement with frequencies calculated using density functional theory. Ultraviolet photolysis markedly increases the yield of AlH(3) and seven new absorptions for Al(2)H(6) in the infrared spectrum of the solid hydrogen sample. These frequencies include terminal Al-H(2) and bridge Al-H-Al stretching and AlH(2) bending modes, which are accurately predicted by quantum chemical calculations for dibridged Al(2)H(6), a molecule isostructural with diborane. Annealing these samples to remove the H(2) matrix decreases the sharp AlH(3) and Al(2)H(6) absorptions and forms broad 1720 +/- 20 and 720 +/- 20 cm(-1) bands, which are due to solid (AlH(3))(n). Complementary experiments with thermal Al atoms and para-H(2) at 2.4 K give similar spectra and most product frequencies within 2 cm(-1). Although many volatile binary boron hydride compounds are known, binary aluminum hydride chemistry is limited to the polymeric (AlH(3))( solid. Our experimental characterization of the dibridged Al(2)H(6) molecule provides an important link between the chemistries of boron and aluminum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefeng Wang
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, P.O. Box 400319, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904-4319, USA
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Abstract
Although many volatile binary boron hydride compounds are known, binary aluminum hydride chemistry is limited to the polymeric (AlH3)(n) solid. The reaction of laser-ablated aluminum atoms and pure H2 during codeposition at 3.5 kelvin, followed by ultraviolet irradiation and annealing to 6.5 kelvin, allows dimerization of the intermediate AlH3 photolysis product to form Al2H6. The Al2H6 molecule is identified by seven new infrared absorptions that are accurately predicted by quantum chemical calculations for dibridged Al2H6, a molecule that is isostructural with diborane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lester Andrews
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Post Office Box 400319, Charlottesville, VA 22904-4319, USA.
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Rao BK, Jena P, Burkart S, Ganteför G, Seifert G. AlH(3) and Al(2)H(6): magic clusters with unmagical properties. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2001; 86:692-695. [PMID: 11177914 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.86.692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2000] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Enhanced stability, low electron affinity, and high ionization potential are the hallmarks of a "magic" cluster. With an electron affinity of 0.28 eV, ionization potential of 11.43 eV, and a large binding energy, AlH(3) satisfies these criteria. However, unlike other magic clusters that interact only weakly with each other, two AlH(3) clusters bind to each other with an energy of 1.54 eV. The resulting Al(2)H(6), while also a magic cluster in its own right, possesses the most unusual property that the difference between its adiabatic and vertical detachment energy is about 2 eV--the largest of any known cluster. These results, based on density functional theory, are verified experimentally through photodetachment spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- B K Rao
- Physics Department, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284-2000, USA
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Fan YB, Ding ZB, Wang QR, Tao FG. A DFT study on dissociation of diborane (B2H6) in dimethyl sulfide media. Chem Phys Lett 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2614(00)00886-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Hunt P, Schwerdtfeger P. Are the Compounds InH3 and TlH3 Stable Gas Phase or Solid State Species? Inorg Chem 1996. [DOI: 10.1021/ic950411u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Hunt
- Computational Materials Science and Engineering Unit (CMSE), Department of Chemistry, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92091, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Peter Schwerdtfeger
- Computational Materials Science and Engineering Unit (CMSE), Department of Chemistry, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92091, Auckland, New Zealand
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Barone V, Adamo C, Fliszár S, Russo N. Structural and energetic characteristics of electron deficient M2H6 compounds from a density functional approach. Chem Phys Lett 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0009-2614(94)00398-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Dai D, Balasubramanian K. Geometries and potential energies of electronic states of GaX2 and GaX3 (X=Cl, Br, and I). J Chem Phys 1993. [DOI: 10.1063/1.465807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Mains GJ, Bock CW, Trachtman M, Mastryukov VS. Geometrical structure of CH3ClX(μ-Cl)2XClCH3(X = Al, Ga): experimental versus ab initio calculations. J Mol Struct 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0022-2860(92)80163-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Shen M, Schaefer HF. The known and unknown group 13 hydride molecules M2H6: Diborane(6), dialane(6), and digallane(6). J Chem Phys 1992. [DOI: 10.1063/1.461983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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