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Wenger L, Hubbuch J. Investigation of Lysozyme Diffusion in Agarose Hydrogels Employing a Microfluidics-Based UV Imaging Approach. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:849271. [PMID: 35350183 PMCID: PMC8957962 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.849271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogels are polymer-based materials with a high water content. Due to their biocompatible and cell-friendly nature, they play a major role in a variety of biotechnological applications. For many of these applications, diffusibility is an essential property influencing the choice of material. We present an approach to estimate diffusion coefficients in hydrogels based on absorbance measurements of a UV area imaging system. A microfluidic chip with a y-junction was employed to generate a fluid-hydrogel interface and the diffusion of lysozyme from the fluid into the hydrogel phase was monitored. Employing automated image and data processing, analyte concentration profiles were generated from the absorbance measurements and fits with an analytical solution of Fick’s second law of diffusion were applied to estimate diffusion coefficients. As a case study, the diffusion of lysozyme in hydrogels made from different concentrations (0.5–1.5% (w/w)) of an unmodified and a low-melt agarose was investigated. The estimated diffusion coefficients for lysozyme were between 0.80 ± 0.04×10−10 m2 s−1 for 1.5% (w/w) low-melt agarose and 1.14 ± 0.02×10−10 m2 s−1 for 0.5% (w/w) unmodified agarose. The method proved sensitive enough to resolve significant differences between the diffusion coefficients in different concentrations and types of agarose. The microfluidic approach offers low consumption of analyte and hydrogel and requires only relatively simple instrumentation.
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Liu Z, Hui CY, Jagota A, Gong JP, Kiyama R. A surface flattening method for characterizing the surface stress, drained Poisson's ratio and diffusivity of poroelastic gels. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:7332-7340. [PMID: 34286785 DOI: 10.1039/d1sm00513h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
When a poroelastic gel is released from a patterned mold, surface stress drives deformation and solvent migration in the gel and flattens its surface profile in a time-dependent manner. Specifically, the gel behaves like an incompressible solid immediately after removal from the mold, and becomes compressible as the solvent is able to squeeze out of the polymer network. In this work, we use the finite element method (FEM) to simulate this transient surface flattening process. We assume that the surface stress is isotropic and constant, the polymer network is linearly elastic and isotropic, and that solvent flow obeys Darcy's law. The short-time and long-time surface profiles can be used to determine the surface stress and drained Poisson's ratio of the gel. Our analysis shows that the drained Poisson's ratio and the diffusivity of the gel can be obtained using interferometry and high-speed video microscopy, without mechanical measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zezhou Liu
- Field of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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Vanderheyden Y, Broeckhoven K, Desmet G. Alternative method to study the radial dispersion in liquid chromatography columns. Part I: Theory. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1618:460868. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.460868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Vanderheyden Y, Broeckhoven K, Desmet G. Alternative method to study the radial dispersion in liquid chromatography columns. Part II: Experimental. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1618:460870. [PMID: 31987526 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.460870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The present contribution reports on the practical implementation and validation of a new experimental method to determine the radial dispersion (Drad) in packed bed liquid chromatography columns, as well as on the results obtained with it. A first important validation was that the measured Drad-values were independent of the applied relative central flow rate (varied from 25% to 57%). The obtained Drad-values did not vary significantly when changing the concentration of the injected tracer to check potential mass overloading effects (25, 50 or 75 ppm of tracer for the acetophenone measurements; 12.5 and 25 ppm of tracer for the toluene measurements). And yet another important validation step was the observation that the Drad-values clearly converged to the value of Deff for velocities going to zero, as physically and theoretically expected. Plotting the obtained results as a plot of Drad/Dmol versus the reduced velocity ν, a quasi-linear relationship is obtained. The slope of the curve (β = 0.38 and β = 0.46 for toluene and acetophenone, respectively) is significantly larger than the value that is most frequently cited in engineering literature. However, the obtained β-values and Drad/Dmol-values still fall within the broad range of β- and Drad/Dmol-values cited in literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoachim Vanderheyden
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Department of Chemical Engineering, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ken Broeckhoven
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Department of Chemical Engineering, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gert Desmet
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Department of Chemical Engineering, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.
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Analysis of R-Limonene separation in RP-HPLC (reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography) by Moment method and Van Deemter equation. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-014-0573-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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6
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Sha Y, Adachi S. Swelling Pressure of Tapioca Starch Gel Estimated from Distribution Coefficients of Non-electrolytes. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH 2015. [DOI: 10.3136/fstr.21.509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Sha
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University
| | - Shuji Adachi
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University
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Insulin diffusion and self-association characterized by real-time UV imaging and Taylor dispersion analysis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2014; 92:203-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2014.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Revised: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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8
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Sedláček P, Smilek J, Klučáková M. How the interactions with humic acids affect the mobility of ionic dyes in hydrogels – 2. Non-stationary diffusion experiments. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2013.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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9
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10
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Surface diffusion in reversed-phase liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:1713-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.12.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2009] [Revised: 11/30/2009] [Accepted: 12/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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11
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Evaluation of in vivo antioxidant activities of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides in STZ-diabetic rats. Food Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.11.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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12
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Miyabe K. Moment analysis of chromatographic behavior in reversed-phase liquid chromatography. J Sep Sci 2009; 32:757-70. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200800607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Cu Y, Saltzman WM. Mathematical modeling of molecular diffusion through mucus. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2009; 61:101-14. [PMID: 19135488 PMCID: PMC2646819 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2008.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2008] [Accepted: 09/22/2008] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The rate of molecular transport through the mucus gel can be an important determinant of efficacy for therapeutic agents delivered by oral, intranasal, intravaginal/rectal, and intraocular routes. Transport through mucus can be described by mathematical models based on principles of physical chemistry and known characteristics of the mucus gel, its constituents, and of the drug itself. In this paper, we review mathematical models of molecular diffusion in mucus, as well as the techniques commonly used to measure diffusion of solutes in the mucus gel, mucus gel mimics, and mucosal epithelia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen Cu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511
| | - W. Mark Saltzman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511
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Schröder M, von Lieres E, Hubbuch J. Direct quantification of intraparticle protein diffusion in chromatographic media. J Phys Chem B 2006; 110:1429-36. [PMID: 16471694 DOI: 10.1021/jp0542726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Diffusion coefficients of proteins in chromatographic media are important parameters for the rational design of stationary phases and purification schemes. In contrast to free diffusion, intraparticle diffusion is hindered by the porous structure of the media. Direct intraparticle diffusion analysis (IDA) is a novel approach for the determination of intraparticle protein diffusion coefficients. IDA is based on the evaluation of spatially and temporally resolved intraparticle concentration profiles. To prevent adsorption and to study diffusion only, the chromatographic media are investigated in underivatized form. With IDA, intraparticle concentration profiles are measured in a microcolumn by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). From this dynamic data, the diffusion coefficients are determined by parameter estimation, using a spheric diffusion model. The boundary condition is given by the measured protein concentration in the bulk phase. IDA is applied to determine intraparticle diffusion coefficients of seven different proteins in Sepharose 6 FF. The results show excellent congruence of experimental data and simulation results. Moreover, the determined diffusion coefficients lie well within the range of data published in the literature. Given that the material in question allows optical analysis, IDA is a general approach for studying protein diffusion in porous particles and is easily adapted to different proteins, solution conditions and stationary phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnus Schröder
- Institute of Biotechnology, Research Centre Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
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17
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Guiochon G. The limits of the separation power of unidimensional column liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1126:6-49. [PMID: 16908026 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2006] [Revised: 07/06/2006] [Accepted: 07/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The practical limit of the separation power of HPLC depends on time, money, and skill. That is it depends on the time available for the analysis, on the quality and performance of the pump and hardware and particularly on the maximum pressure at which the pump can deliver the mobile phase to the column, and on the temperature at which the column can be operated. It also depends on the properties of the packing material selected (e.g., its particle size, its pore geometry, and its connectivity) and on the packing method used since it affects the coefficients of the HETP equation. Finally, it depends on the thermal stability of the sample and the packing material. The complexity of the sample also plays an important role in that it determines whether the analysis should be made under isocratic, isothermal conditions, in gradient elution, in temperature programming, or with a combination of both types of programming. The various phenomena that affect column properties and separation performance are discussed. Past achievements suggest that columns providing efficiencies in excess of a million plates in less than 1 day are within the grasp of current technology. The possibility of further advances are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georges Guiochon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996-1600, USA.
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Bujalski R, Cantwell FF. Measurement of Desorption Rates from Octadecylsilyl Bonded-Phase HPLC Particles and Its Characterization in Terms of Pore, Surface, and Film Diffusion. Anal Chem 2006; 78:1593-605. [PMID: 16503612 DOI: 10.1021/ac051609r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An instrument is developed to measure rates of desorption of solutes from particulate HPLC packing materials for processes that are quantitatively complete in a few tenths of a second. The instrument is a modified, pressure-driven, stopped-flow device. The major modifications include positioning a very short (0.6 mm) bed of the particles just upstream of the detector cell, eliminating the mixing chamber, and adding high-speed switching valves in order to allow sequential continuous flow of individual solutions. Instantaneous rate curves are measured for the desorption of 1,2-dimethyl-4-nitrobenzene (DMNB) from 12-microm-diameter porous particles of the bonded-phase packing Luna C-18 employing high linear velocities of the eluting solvent. The same experiment is performed for the nonsorbed compound phloroglucinol (PG) The PG rate curve is used in two ways (i.e., subtraction and deconvolution) in order to correct the observed rate curve of DMNB for experimental artifacts such as bed hold-up volume and instrument band broadening. The cumulative desorption rate curve of DMNB is obtained by integration. It is accurately described (R2 > 0.999) by a theoretical model that invokes both intraparticle diffusion (including both hindered pore diffusion and surface diffusion) and external film diffusion. The surface diffusion coefficient is (3.2 +/- 0.8) x 10(-6) cm(2)/s and the diffusion film thickness is 0.5 microm. The validity, of both the experimental technique and the theoretical model, is demonstrated by excellent agreement between a predicted and an observed chromatographic elution peak for DMNB on a 25-cm-long commercial column of Luna C-18.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Bujalski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2G2
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19
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de Carvalho JRFG, Delgado JMPQ. Lateral dispersion in liquid flow through packed beds atPem < 1,400. AIChE J 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.690460520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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20
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Varzakas TH, Leach GC, Israilides CJ, Arapoglou D. Theoretical and experimental approaches towards the determination of solute effective diffusivities in foods. Enzyme Microb Technol 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2004.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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21
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Kosto KB, Deen WM. Hindered convection of macromolecules in hydrogels. Biophys J 2005; 88:277-86. [PMID: 15516521 PMCID: PMC1305006 DOI: 10.1529/biophysj.104.050302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2004] [Accepted: 10/04/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hindered convection of macromolecules in gels was studied by measuring the sieving coefficient (theta) of narrow fractions of Ficoll (Stokes-Einstein radius, r(s) = 2.7-5.9 nm) in agarose and agarose-dextran membranes, along with the Darcy permeability (kappa). To provide a wide range of kappa, varying amounts of dextran (volume fractions < or = 0.011) were covalently attached to agarose gels with volume fractions of 0.040 or 0.080. As expected, theta decreased with increasing r(s) or with increasing concentrations of either agarose or dextran. For each molecular size, theta plotted as a function of kappa fell on a single curve for all gel compositions studied. The dependence of theta on kappa and r(s) was predicted well by a hydrodynamic theory based on flow normal to the axes of equally spaced, parallel fibers. Values of the convective hindrance factor (K(c), the ratio of solute to fluid velocity), calculated from Theta and previous equilibrium partitioning data, were unexpectedly large; although K(c) < or = 1.1 in the fiber theory, its apparent value ranged generally from 1.5 to 3. This seemingly anomalous result was explained on the basis of membrane heterogeneity. Convective hindrances in the synthetic gels were quite similar to those in glomerular basement membrane, when compared on the basis of similar solid volume fractions and values of kappa. Overall, the results suggest that convective hindrances can be predicted fairly well from a knowledge of kappa, even in synthetic or biological gels of complex composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly B. Kosto
- Department of Chemical Engineering, and Biological Engineering Division, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - William M. Deen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, and Biological Engineering Division, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
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23
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24
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Miyabe K, Guiochon G. Measurement of the parameters of the mass transfer kinetics in high performance liquid chromatography. J Sep Sci 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200390024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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25
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Johnston ST, Deen WM. Hindered Convection of Ficoll and Proteins in Agarose Gels. Ind Eng Chem Res 2001. [DOI: 10.1021/ie010085s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Scott T. Johnston
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Division of Bioengineering and Environmental Health, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - William M. Deen
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Division of Bioengineering and Environmental Health, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
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26
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Diffusion of Nonadsorbing Polymers within Hierarchically Structured Colloidal Aggregates. J Colloid Interface Sci 2000. [DOI: 10.1006/jcis.2000.6844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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27
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Tallarek U, Vergeldt FJ, As HV. Stagnant Mobile Phase Mass Transfer in Chromatographic Media: Intraparticle Diffusion and Exchange Kinetics. J Phys Chem B 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/jp990828b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Tallarek
- Laboratory of Molecular Physics and Wageningen NMR Centre, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Wageningen Agricultural University, Dreijenlaan 3, 6703 HA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Frank J. Vergeldt
- Laboratory of Molecular Physics and Wageningen NMR Centre, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Wageningen Agricultural University, Dreijenlaan 3, 6703 HA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Henk Van As
- Laboratory of Molecular Physics and Wageningen NMR Centre, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Wageningen Agricultural University, Dreijenlaan 3, 6703 HA Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Tallarek U, van Dusschoten D, Van As H, Bayer E, Guiochon G. Study of Transport Phenomena in Chromatographic Columns by Pulsed Field Gradient NMR. J Phys Chem B 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/jp980250q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Tallarek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany, Department of Molecular Physics, Wageningen Agricultural University, and Wageningen NMR Center, Dreijenlaan 3, 6703 HA Wageningen, The Netherlands, Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, 37996-1600, and Chemical and Analytical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tenneesee 37831
| | - Dagmar van Dusschoten
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany, Department of Molecular Physics, Wageningen Agricultural University, and Wageningen NMR Center, Dreijenlaan 3, 6703 HA Wageningen, The Netherlands, Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, 37996-1600, and Chemical and Analytical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tenneesee 37831
| | - Henk Van As
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany, Department of Molecular Physics, Wageningen Agricultural University, and Wageningen NMR Center, Dreijenlaan 3, 6703 HA Wageningen, The Netherlands, Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, 37996-1600, and Chemical and Analytical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tenneesee 37831
| | - Ernst Bayer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany, Department of Molecular Physics, Wageningen Agricultural University, and Wageningen NMR Center, Dreijenlaan 3, 6703 HA Wageningen, The Netherlands, Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, 37996-1600, and Chemical and Analytical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tenneesee 37831
| | - Georges Guiochon
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany, Department of Molecular Physics, Wageningen Agricultural University, and Wageningen NMR Center, Dreijenlaan 3, 6703 HA Wageningen, The Netherlands, Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, 37996-1600, and Chemical and Analytical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tenneesee 37831
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Abstract
Developing hydrogel membranes and coatings of appropriate permeability characteristics is key to the success of a number bioartificial organ technologies. Key principles relevant to the design and application of hydrogels for such applications were reviewed. The first key point is that permeability is a function of both transport and thermodynamic properties, the diffusion coefficient and partition coefficient, respectively, and that these parameters can be evaluated separately. Although the aspect of partitioning often emphasized is size exclusion, this review points out that many other relevant interactions come into play, especially hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions, and that these phenomena can dominate size exclusion. Similarly, while the diffusion coefficient also is strongly dependent upon size, other interactions can also cause diffusivity to deviate from theories which consider only solute size and gel swelling. For example, the heterogeneity of hydrogel networks can result in permeabilities that fail to decline as much as might be anticipated if networks were uniform.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Gehrke
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Ohio 45221-0171, USA.
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31
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Mitchell NS, Hagel L, Fernandez EJ. In situ analysis of protein chromatography and column efficiency using magnetic resonance imaging. J Chromatogr A 1997; 779:73-89. [PMID: 9335119 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(97)00457-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging has been used to visualize size-based protein separations inside operating chromatography columns. The effects of flow nonuniformity have been observed and analyzed quantitatively through concentration profiles of tracers measured inside the column. Analysis of these profiles provides local and averaged intracolumn plate height values for characterization of dispersion and flow nonuniformity. The magnetic resonance measurements compare favorably with conventional chromatographic measurements of column efficiency and provide more detailed insights into nonideal column performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- N S Mitchell
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville 22903, USA
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Coffman JL, Lightfoot EN, Root TW. Protein Diffusion in Porous Chromatographic Media Studied by Proton and Fluorine PFG-NMR. J Phys Chem B 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/jp962585i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan L. Coffman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, 1415 Johnson Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Edwin N. Lightfoot
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, 1415 Johnson Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Thatcher W. Root
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, 1415 Johnson Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
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Diffusion and adsorption of proteins in a model pore in the surface forces apparatus. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0927-7757(95)03435-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Lightfoot E, Athalye A, Coffman J, Roper D, Root T. Nuclear magnetic resonance and the design of chromatographic separations. J Chromatogr A 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(95)00077-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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35
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Baumeister E, Klose U, Albert K, Bayer E, Guiochon G. Determination of the apparent transverse and axial dispersion coefficients in a chromatographic column by pulsed field gradient nuclear magnetic resonance. J Chromatogr A 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(94)01062-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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36
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