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Ferrari P, Hansen K, Lacinbala O, Janssens E, Lievens P. Fragmentation channels of non-fullerene cationic carbon clusters. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:31118-31124. [PMID: 37947317 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp03930g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
The unimolecular fragmentation channels of highly excited small cationic carbon clusters have been measured with a time-of-flight mass spectrometer after photofragmentation. The dominant channel is loss of the neutral trimer, for all CN+N = 10-27 clusters except for N = 11, 12 which decay by monomer emission, and C25+ which shows competing loss of C2 and C3. The results permit to quantify the role of the rotational entropy in the competition between monomer and trimer decays with the help of energies calculated with density functional theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piero Ferrari
- Quantum Solid-State Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Klavs Hansen
- Center for Joint Quantum Studies and Department of Physics, School of Science, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, China.
- Lanzhou Center for Theoretical Physics, Key Laboratory of Theoretical Physics of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Ozan Lacinbala
- Quantum Solid-State Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ewald Janssens
- Quantum Solid-State Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter Lievens
- Quantum Solid-State Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
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Chen FQ, Kono N, Suzuki R, Furukawa T, Tanuma H, Ferrari P, Azuma T, Matsumoto J, Shiromaru H, Zhaunerchyk V, Hansen K. Radiative cooling of cationic carbon clusters, C N+, N = 8, 10, 13-16. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:1587-1596. [PMID: 30620033 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp06368k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The radiative cooling of highly excited carbon cluster cations of sizes N = 8, 10, 13-16 has been studied in an electrostatic storage ring. The cooling rate constants vary with cluster size from a maximum at N = 8 of 2.6 × 104 s-1 and a minimum at N = 13 of 4.4 × 103 s-1. The high rates indicate that photon emission takes place from electronically excited ions, providing a strong stabilizing cooling of the molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- F-Q Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
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3
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Canagaratna MR, Massoli P, Browne EC, Franklin JP, Wilson KR, Onasch TB, Kirchstetter TW, Fortner EC, Kolb CE, Jayne JT, Kroll JH, Worsnop DR. Chemical compositions of black carbon particle cores and coatings via soot particle aerosol mass spectrometry with photoionization and electron ionization. J Phys Chem A 2015; 119:4589-99. [PMID: 25526741 DOI: 10.1021/jp510711u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Black carbon is an important constituent of atmospheric aerosol particle matter (PM) with significant effects on the global radiation budget and on human health. The soot particle aerosol mass spectrometer (SP-AMS) has been developed and deployed for real-time ambient measurements of refractory carbon particles. In the SP-AMS, black carbon or metallic particles are vaporized through absorption of 1064 nm light from a CW Nd:YAG laser. This scheme allows for continuous "soft" vaporization of both core and coating materials. The main focus of this work is to characterize the extent to which this vaporization scheme provides enhanced chemical composition information about aerosol particles. This information is difficult to extract from standard SP-AMS mass spectra because they are complicated by extensive fragmentation from the harsh 70 eV EI ionization scheme that is typically used in these instruments. Thus, in this work synchotron-generated vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) light in the 8-14 eV range is used to measure VUV-SP-AMS spectra with minimal fragmentation. VUV-SP-AMS spectra of commercially available carbon black, fullerene black, and laboratory generated flame soots were obtained. Small carbon cluster cations (C(+)-C5(+)) were found to dominate the VUV-SP-AMS spectra of all the samples, indicating that the corresponding neutral clusters are key products of the SP vaporization process. Intercomparisons of carbon cluster ratios observed in VUV-SP-AMS and SP-AMS spectra are used to confirm spectral features that could be used to distinguish between different types of refractory carbon particles. VUV-SP-AMS spectra of oxidized organic species adsorbed on absorbing cores are also examined and found to display less thermally induced decomposition and fragmentation than spectra obtained with thermal vaporization at 200 °C (the minimum temperature needed to quantitatively vaporize ambient oxidized organic aerosol with a continuously heated surface). The particle cores tested in these studies include black carbon, silver, gold, and platinum nanoparticles. These results demonstrate that SP vaporization is capable of providing enhanced organic chemical composition information for a wide range of organic coating materials and IR absorbing particle cores. The potential of using this technique to study organic species of interest in seeded laboratory chamber or flow reactor studies is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjula R Canagaratna
- †Center for Aerosol and Cloud Chemistry, Aerodyne Research Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts 01821, United States
| | - Paola Massoli
- †Center for Aerosol and Cloud Chemistry, Aerodyne Research Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts 01821, United States
| | - Eleanor C Browne
- ‡Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jonathan P Franklin
- ‡Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Kevin R Wilson
- ∥Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Timothy B Onasch
- †Center for Aerosol and Cloud Chemistry, Aerodyne Research Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts 01821, United States
| | - Thomas W Kirchstetter
- ⊥Environmental Energy and Technologies Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,#Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Edward C Fortner
- †Center for Aerosol and Cloud Chemistry, Aerodyne Research Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts 01821, United States
| | - Charles E Kolb
- †Center for Aerosol and Cloud Chemistry, Aerodyne Research Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts 01821, United States
| | - John T Jayne
- †Center for Aerosol and Cloud Chemistry, Aerodyne Research Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts 01821, United States
| | - Jesse H Kroll
- ‡Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Douglas R Worsnop
- †Center for Aerosol and Cloud Chemistry, Aerodyne Research Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts 01821, United States
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Sandler P, Peres T, Weissman G, Lifshitz C. The Application of Thermal Kinetics to Carbon Ion Clusters. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/bbpc.19920960922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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6
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Fernandéz-Lima FA, Ponciano CR, da Silveira EF, Nascimento MAC. Experimental and theoretical characterization of the Cn=2,16- clusters produced by 337nm UV laser. Chem Phys Lett 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2007.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Fulara J, Riaplov E, Batalov A, Shnitko I, Maier JP. Electronic and infrared absorption spectra of linear and cyclic C6+ in a neon matrix. J Chem Phys 2004; 120:7520-5. [PMID: 15267665 DOI: 10.1063/1.1683119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Electronic and infrared absorption spectra of mass-selected C6+, generated by dissociative electron impact ionization of C6Cl6 and C6Br6, have been recorded in 6 K neon matrices. Linear and cyclic forms of C6+ have been observed. The 2Pig<--Chi2Piu electronic transition of linear C6+ has its origin band at 646 nm whereas for the (2) 2B2<--Chi2A1 system of the cyclic isomer it lies at 570 nm. An infrared active fundamental mode in the ground electronic state of C6+ is observed at 2092 and 1972 cm(-1) for the linear and cyclic isomer, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Fulara
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 80, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
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Affiliation(s)
- A Van Orden
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley 94720, USA
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Hennrich FH, Michel RH, Fischer A, Richard-Schneider S, Gilb S, Kappes MM, Fuchs D, Bürk M, Kobayashi K, Nagase S. Isolierung und Charakterisierung von C80. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1996. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.19961081535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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12
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Gotts NG, von Helden G, Bowers MT. Carbon cluster anions: structure and growth from C5− to C62−. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0168-1176(95)04251-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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von Helden G, Gotts NG, Palke WE, Bowers MT. Structures and energies of small carbon clusters: what experiment and theory have to say about C+8, C+9 and C+10. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0168-1176(94)04031-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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McElvany SW, Ross MM. Mass spectrometry and fullerenes. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 1992; 3:268-280. [PMID: 24243037 DOI: 10.1016/1044-0305(92)87054-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/1991] [Revised: 01/06/1992] [Accepted: 01/07/1992] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This article presents, from amass spectrometry perspective, an historical account of research on gas-phase carbon clusters, which has led to the discovery of another form of carbon, fullerenes. In addition, more recent mass spectrometric studies on analysis of fullerene derivatives and synthesis of doped fullerenes are described. The early, strong evidence for certain "magic number" carbon clusters, most notably C60 (buckminsterfullerene), was obtained largely from mass spectrometric experiments. These studies led to the controversial postulation of the soccerball structure for C60, which provoked increased experimental and theoretical efforts. This research eventually resulted in the discovery of a simple method by which large quantities of fullerenes can be produced. The availability of these new, all-carbon molecules has motivated a broad range of synthetic and characterization studies that are expanding at a frenetic pace. Mass spectrometry not only played a critical role in the discovery of fullerenes but also now is crucial for determination of the unusual chemical and physical properties of fullerenes and fullerene-based materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- S W McElvany
- Chemistry Division/Code 6113, Naval Research Laboratory, 20375-5000, Washington DC
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Campagnola PJ, Posey LA, Johnson MA. Controlling the internal energy content of size‐selected cluster ions: An experimental comparison of the metastable decay rate and photofragmentation methods of quantifying the internal excitation of (H2O)−n. J Chem Phys 1991. [DOI: 10.1063/1.461330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Thermal bimolecular reactions of size selected transition metal cluster ions: Nb+n + O2, n = 1–6. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/0168-1176(91)85096-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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20
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Liang C, Schaefer HF. Carbon clusters: The structure of C10 studied with configuration interaction methods. J Chem Phys 1990. [DOI: 10.1063/1.459223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Radi PP, Hsu MT, Rincon ME, Kemper PR, Bowers MT. On the structure, reactivity and relative stability of the large carbon cluster ions C+62, C+60 and C+58. Chem Phys Lett 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/0009-2614(90)85336-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Liang C, Schaefer HF. Electronic structures of linear C4, C6, C8, and C10 carbon clusters and a symmetry breaking phenomenon. Chem Phys Lett 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/0009-2614(90)85180-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Radi PP, Hsu MT, Brodbelt‐Lustig J, Rincon M, Bowers MT. Evaporation of covalent clusters: Unimolecular decay of energized size‐selected carbon cluster ions (C+n, 5≤n≤100). J Chem Phys 1990. [DOI: 10.1063/1.457698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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