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Rossino G, Marrubini G, Brindisi M, Granje M, Linciano P, Rossi D, Collina S. A green Heck reaction protocol towards trisubstituted alkenes, versatile pharmaceutical intermediates. Front Chem 2024; 12:1431382. [PMID: 39050371 PMCID: PMC11266092 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2024.1431382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The Heck reaction is widely employed to build a variety of biologically relevant scaffolds and has been successfully implemented in the production of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). Typically, the reaction with terminal alkenes gives high yields and stereoselectivity toward the trans-substituted alkenes product, and many green variants of the original protocol have been developed for such substrates. However, these methodologies may not be applied with the same efficiency to reactions with challenging substrates, such as internal olefins, providing trisubstituted alkenes. In the present work, we have implemented a Heck reaction protocol under green conditions to access trisubstituted alkenes as final products or key intermediates of pharmaceutical interest. A set of preliminary experiments performed on a model reaction led to selecting a simple and green setup based on a design of experiments (DoE) study. In such a way, the best experimental conditions (catalyst loading, equivalents of alkene, base and tetraalkylammonium salt, composition, and amount of solvent) have been identified. Then, a second set of experiments were performed, bringing the reaction to completion and considering additional factors. The protocol thus defined involves using EtOH as the solvent, microwave (mw) irradiation to achieve short reaction times, and the supported catalyst Pd EnCat®40, which affords an easier recovery and reuse. These conditions were tested on different aryl bromides and internal olefines to evaluate the substrate scope. Furthermore, with the aim to limit as much as possible the production of waste, a simple isomerization procedure was developed to convert the isomeric byproducts into the desired conjugated E alkene, which is also the thermodynamically favoured product. The approach herein disclosed represents a green, efficient, and easy-to-use handle towards different trisubstituted alkenes via the Heck reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Rossino
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | | | | | - Marc Granje
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Daniela Rossi
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Simona Collina
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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2
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Process optimization for production and purification of γ-decalactone from ricinoleic acid using Yarrowia lipolytica NCIM 3590. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2022.102285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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3
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Alvarado SK, Miller MD, Bhardwaj M, Thorson JS, Van Lanen SG, Phillips GN. Structural characterization of DynU16, a START/Bet v1-like protein involved in dynemicin biosynthesis. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2021; 77:328-333. [PMID: 34605436 PMCID: PMC8488855 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x21008943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The 1.5 Å resolution crystal structure of DynU16, a protein identified in the dynemicin-biosynthetic gene cluster, is reported. The structure adopts a di-domain helix-grip fold with a uniquely positioned open cavity connecting the domains. The elongated dimensions of the cavity appear to be compatible with the geometry of a linear polyene, suggesting the involvement of DynU16 in the upstream steps of dynemicin biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah K. Alvarado
- Department of BioSciences, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Mitchell D. Miller
- Department of BioSciences, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Minakshi Bhardwaj
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Jon S. Thorson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
- Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Steven G. Van Lanen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - George N. Phillips
- Department of BioSciences, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX 77005, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX 77005, USA
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Liu Z, Liao P, Bi X. Lewis and Brønsted Acid Cocatalyzed Reductive Deoxyallenylation of Propargylic Alcohols with 2-Nitrobenzenesulfonylhydrazide. Chemistry 2014; 20:17277-81. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201404692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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5
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O-Protecting groups as long-range stereocontrolling elements in the addition of acetylides to 4-substituted quinolines. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0957-4166(02)00711-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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6
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Rawat DS, Benites PJ, Incarvito CD, Rheingold AL, Zaleski JM. The contribution of ligand flexibility to metal center geometry modulated thermal cyclization of conjugated pyridine and quinoline metalloenediynes of copper(I) and copper(II). Inorg Chem 2001; 40:1846-57. [PMID: 11312741 DOI: 10.1021/ic010014l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We report the syntheses, reactivities, and structure evaluations of a series of Cu(I) and Cu(II) metalloenediynes of conjugated 1,6-bis(pyridine-3)hex-3-ene-1,5-diyne (PyED, 7) and 1,6-bis(quinoline-3)hex-3-ene-1,5-diyne (QnED, 8) enediyne ligands, as well as their benzoenediyne analogues. Differential scanning calorimetry demonstrates that the [Cu(PyED)(2)](NO(3))(2) (11) exhibits a Bergman cyclization temperature (156 degrees C) which is dramatically reduced from that of the corresponding [Cu(PyED)(2)](PF(6)) (19) analogue (326 degrees C), indicating that large differences in the reactivities of these metalloenediynes can be accessed by variations in metal oxidation state. The distorted, 4-coordinate dichloride compound Cu(PyED)(Cl)(2) (15) exhibits a cyclization temperature (265 degrees C) between those of 11 and 19, suggesting that variation in geometry of the copper center is responsible for the wide range of reactivities. Similar results are obtained for the benzoenediyne and quinoline analogues. The structures of the Cu(II) systems have also been evaluated by a combination of electronic absorption and EPR spectroscopies which reveal tetragonal, 6-coordinate structures for the bis(enediyne) complexes, and tetrahedrally distorted 4-coordinate Cu(enediyne)Cl(2) species. For the bis(quinoline) enediyne derivatives 12 and 14 the larger g-anisotropy (g( parallel) = 2.27-2.28; g( perpendicular) = 2.06-2.07) indicates strong oxygen coordination from counterion. Molecular mechanics/dynamics calculations reveal that the geometries of these metal centers force the alkyne termini to a wide range of distances (3.85-4.20 A), thereby accounting for the variability in Bergman cyclization temperatures. Overall, the results show that ligand rigidity plays a prominent role in the conformational response of the enediyne to metal center geometry, which results in enhanced variations in the Bergman cyclization temperatures between complexes of different geometries.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Rawat
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
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7
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Bradley PM, Fu PKL, Turro C. Excited State Properties of Rh2(O2CCH3)4: Solution Photochemistry and Photoinitiated DNA Cleavage. COMMENT INORG CHEM 2001. [DOI: 10.1080/02603590108050878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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8
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Domínguez B, Pazos Y, de Lera AR. Stereocontrolled synthesis of 6-s-cis- and 6-s-trans-locked 9Z-retinoids by hydroxyl-accelerated Stille coupling of (Z)-tri-n-butylstannylbut-2-en-1-ol and bicyclic dienyl triflates. J Org Chem 2000; 65:5917-25. [PMID: 10987922 DOI: 10.1021/jo9917588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Analogues of 9-cis-retinoic acid with locked 6-s-cis and 6-s-trans conformations have been stereoselectively synthesized using a Stille coupling reaction between bicyclic dienyl triflates (5and 6, respectively) and (Z)-tributylstannylbut-2-en-1-ol (7) to stablish the Z geometry of the polyenic side chain. The mild conditions (25 degrees C, 30 min) of this coupling stand in contrast to the reluctance of the isomeric (E)-tributylstannylbut-2-en-1-ol (18) to react with triflates 5/6. The significant rate differences experimentally observed in Stille reactions between isomeric (Z)- and (E)-tri-n-butylstannylalkenols in favor of the former isomer, even with highly hindered alkenyl triflates, is ascribed to internal coordination of palladium to the heteroatom in the presumably rate-limiting transmetalation step. Dienals and trienals with an E geometry, which are not efficiently available by direct coupling of the corresponding triflates and E-stannanes, can in turn be obtained by isomerization of their Z-isomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Domínguez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Vigo, 36200 Vigo, Spain
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9
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Benites PJ, Rawat DS, Zaleski JM. Metalloenediynes: Ligand Field Control of Thermal Bergman Cyclization Reactions. J Am Chem Soc 2000. [DOI: 10.1021/ja0017918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro J. Benites
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405
| | - Diwan S. Rawat
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405
| | - Jeffrey M. Zaleski
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405
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10
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Domínguez B, Iglesias B, de Lera AR. A comprehensive survey of stille-type Csp2-Csp2 single bond forming processes in the synthesis of retinoic acid and analogs. Tetrahedron 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(99)00962-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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11
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12
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Mohler DL, Dain DR, Kerekes AD, Nadler WR, Scott TL. Organometallic photonucleases: a novel class of DNA-cleaving agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1998; 8:871-4. [PMID: 9871557 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(98)00127-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The first demonstration of DNA cleavage by an organic radical generated via homolysis of a metal-alkyl bond in a Cp-metal complex is presented. Irradiation of CpW(CO)3CH3 (1.5 molecules/base pair) produced methyl radical, giving single-strand cleavage of pBR322 DNA. This process was inhibited by the general radical trap cysteine and by TEMPO, which traps carbon radicals but not oxygen-centered radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Mohler
- Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown 26506-6045, USA
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13
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Piers E, McEachern EJ, Romero MA. Copper Chloride-Catalyzed and Hydrochloric Acid-Mediated Chemoselective Protiodestannylations of Alkyl (Z)- or (E)-2,3-Bis(trimethylstannyl)-2-alkenoates. Stereoselective Preparation of Alkyl (E)- and (Z)-3-Trimethylstannyl-2-alkenoates. J Org Chem 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/jo9707693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Edward Piers
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, University Campus, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z1
| | - Ernest J. McEachern
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, University Campus, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z1
| | - Miguel A. Romero
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, University Campus, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z1
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14
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15
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16
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Myers AG, Kort ME, Cohen SB, Tom NJ. Enzymatic activation of DNA cleavage by dynemicin A and synthetic analogs. Biochemistry 1997; 36:3903-8. [PMID: 9092820 DOI: 10.1021/bi962976n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Dynemicin A (1), a member of the enediyne family of natural products, binds to double-stranded DNA (K(B) approximately 10(4) M(-1)) and in the presence of millimolar concentrations of a reducing cofactor such as NADPH or GSH reacts to cleave DNA. In this work, we show that the two flavin-based enzymes ferredoxin-NADP+ reductase and xanthine oxidase catalyze the reductive activation of 1 by NADPH and NADH, respectively. The enzyme-catalyzed reductive activation of 1 leads to more rapid and efficient cleavage of DNA, even with 10-20-fold lower concentrations of the stoichiometric reductant. Significantly, the enzymatic systems are also found to activate the tight-binding (K(B) > or = 10(6) M(-1)) synthetic dynemicin analogs 3 and 5 toward DNA cleavage. These same analogs do not undergo reductive activation with NADPH or NADH alone, where evidence has been obtained to support the proposal that the DNA-bound drugs are protected from reductive activation. The new enzymatic activation processes described may have important implications for chemistry occurring with 1 and synthetic analogs in vivo, as well as for the future development of dynemicin-based anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Myers
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena 91125, USA
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17
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Grissom JW, Gunawardena GU, Klingberg D, Huang D. The chemistry of enediynes, enyne allenes and related compounds. Tetrahedron 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0040-4020(96)00016-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 307] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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18
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Nishikawa T, Yoshikai M, Obi K, Kawai T, Unno R, Jomori T, Isobe M. Synthesis and biological evaluation of both enantiomers of dynemicin a model compound. Tetrahedron 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0040-4020(95)00521-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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