Iron-hydroperoxide-induced phenylselenization of hydrocarbons (Fenton chemistry)

Electrochemical oxidation of cholesterol

Indirect cholesterol electrochemical oxidation in the presence of various mediators leads to electrophilic addition to the double bond, oxidation at the allylic position, oxidation of the hydroxy group, or functionalization of the side chain. Recent studies have proven that direct electrochemical oxidation of cholesterol is also possible and affords different products depending on the reaction conditions.

Degradation pathway of the naphthalene azo dye intermediate 1-diazo-2- naphthol-4-sulfonic acid using Fenton's reagent

Degradation of naphthalene dye intermediate 1-diazo-2- naphthol-4-sulfonic acid (1,2,4-Acid) by Fenton process has been studied in depth for the purpose of learning more about the reactions involved in the oxidation of 1,2,4-Acid. During 1,2,4-Acid oxidation, the solution color initially takes on a dark red, then to dark black associated with the formation of quinodial-type structures, and then goes to dark brown and gradually disappears, indicating a fast degradation of azo group. The observed color changes of the solution are a result of main reaction intermediates, which can be an indicator of the level of oxidization reached. Nevertheless, complete TOC removal is not accomplished, in accordance with the presence of resistant carboxylic acids at the end of the reaction. The intermediates generated along the reaction time have been identified and quantified. UPLC-(ESI)-TOF-HRMS analysis allows the detection of 19 aromatic compounds of different size and complexity. Some of them share the same accurate mass but appear at different retention time, evidencing their different molecular structures. Heteroatom oxidation products like SO(4)(2-) have also been quantified and explanations of their release are proposed. Short-chain carboxylic acids are detected at long reaction time, as a previous step to complete the process of dye mineralization. Finally, considering all the findings of the present study and previous related works, the evolution from the original 1,2,4-Acid to the final products is proposed in a general reaction scheme.

Signal enhancement in ESR spin-trapping for hydroxyl radicals

In an ESR spin-trapping measurement of hydroxyl radicals formed in a Fenton reaction, the trapping efficiency with DMPO increased by about 300 times in a sodium trifluoroacetate solution, whereas it was little changed in a phosphate buffer.

Iron(II)/hydroperoxide (Fenton reagent)-induced activation of dioxygen for (A) the direct ketonization of methylenic carbon and (B) the dioxygenation of cis-stilbene

Several iron complexes [FeII(PA)2 (PA = picolinate), FeII(bpy)2(2+), FeII(OPPh3)4(2+), FeII(MeCN)4(2+), (Cl8TPP)FeII(py)2 (Cl8TPP = tetrakis(2,6-dichlorophenyl)porphyrin), and FeIIICl3] in combination with R'OOH (R' = H, t-Bu) catalytically activate O2 to oxygenate hydrocarbons [e.g., c-C6H12-->c-C6H10(O) [9 O2 turnovers per FeII(PA)2 or FeII(bpy)2(2+), and 13 per (Cl8TPP)-FeII(py)2]; PhCH2CH3-->PhC(O)CH3 (up to 25 O2 turnovers per FeIILx); c-C6H10-->c-C6H8(O) (up to 9 O2 turnovers per FeIILx); PhCH(Me)2-->PhC(O)Me, Ph(Me)2COH, and Ph(Me)C = CH2 (up to 5 O2 turnovers per FeIILx); and cis-PhCH = CHPh-->2PhCH(O) (up to 2 O2 turnovers per FeLx)]. With large R'OOH/FeLx ratios spontaneous decomposition occurs to give free O2 that is incorporated into the substrates. The product profiles for the various FeIILx/R'OOH, O2/RH systems and their electrochemical characterization during steady-state turnover confirm that the first-formed intermediate is a one-to-one R'OOH/FeIILx adduct (e.g., [(PA)2-FeIIOOR' + pyH+] (1)) (Fenton reagent), which reacts with (a) excess FeII(PA)2 to give (PA)2FeIIIOR', (b) excess c-C6H12 to give (c-C6H11)py (kinetic isotope effect, [KIE] = kc-C6H12/kc-C6D12, 4.6 with t-BuOOH and 1.7 with HOOH), (c) excess R'OOH to give [(PA)2FeIV(OH)(OOR')] (3), then [(PA)2FeIV(O2)] (7) and O2, and (d) O2 to form an adduct, [(PA)2-FeIII(O2)(OOR') + pyH+] (5), that reacts with c-C6H12 to form c-C6H10(O), [K] = 8.2 (t-BuOOH) and 2.1 (HOOH). When PhCH2CH3 or c-C6H10 are the substrates (RH), 5 reacts to form [(PA)2FeIV(OH)(OOR)] (6), which in turn reacts with RH and O2 in a catalytic cycle to give PhC(O)Me or c-C6H8(O) [up to 7 O2 turnovers per iron with FeII(OPPh3)4(2+)]. Species 7 reacts with cis-PhCH = CHPh to give PhCH(O).

Metals and lipid oxidation. Contemporary issues

Lipid oxidation is now recognized to be a critically important reaction in physiological and toxicological processes as well as in food products. This provides compelling reasons to understand what causes lipid oxidation in order to be able to prevent or control the reactions. Redox-active metals are major factors catalyzing lipid oxidation in biological systems. Classical mechanisms of direct electron transfer to double bonds by higher valence metals and of reduction of hydroperoxides by lower valence metals do not always account for patterns of metal catalysis of lipid oxidation in multiphasic or compartmentalized biological systems. To explain why oxidation kinetics, mechanisms, and products in molecular environments which are both chemically and physically complex often do not follow classical patterns predicted by model system studies, increased consideration must be given to five contemporary issues regarding metal catalysis of lipid oxidation: hypervalent non-heme iron or iron-oxygen complexes, heme catalysis mechanism(s), compartmentalization of reactions and lipid phase reactions of metals, effects of metals on product mixes, and factors affecting the mode of metal catalytic action.