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Oyagi K, Ogasawara S, Tamiaki H. Intramolecular axial α/β-coordination of the 13 2-terminal pyridyl group to the central zinc atom in chlorophyll- a derivatives. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:6339-6350. [PMID: 35815555 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob00903j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Chlorophyll(Chl)-a derivatives possessing a zinc center and a C132-alkanoate residue with a terminal pyridyl group were synthesized. Their C132-epimerically pure products were isolated by preparative reverse phase HPLC. The C132-stereochemistry resulted in two directed terminal pyridinyl groups that coordinate with the central zinc atom in each stereoisomeric molecule: α/β-intramolecular axial coordination. The asymmetric axial coordinations mimic the immobilization manner of Chl-a in photosynthetically active proteins. The diastereomerically dependent conformers in solution were characterized by 1D/2D NMR, UV-visible absorption, and fluorescence emission as well as circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy. The 1H NMR and DOSY spectra revealed that the stereoselectively intramolecular coordination occurred in less coordinative deuterated chloroform, whereas a highly coordinative deuterated pyridine molecule replaced the terminal pyridine moiety as the axial ligand to form a mixture of α/β-coordinated species. Their optical spectra in pyridine were nearly independent of the C132-stereochemistry and the linkers in the C132-substituents. The CD bands of β-coordinated species in chloroform were more intense than those of the corresponding α-coordinated stereoisomers, indicating that the former had a larger distortion of the chlorin π-plane than the latter. Therefore, the α-coordinated Chl complex is more conformationally stable than the β-complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kagari Oyagi
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan.
| | - Shin Ogasawara
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan.
| | - Hitoshi Tamiaki
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan.
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2
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Nakano T, Tamiaki H. Palladium-Catalyzed Acylation of Terminal Alkynes toward 3-Ynone-Linked Chlorophyll- a Derivatives and Their Optical Properties. J Org Chem 2019; 84:16116-16123. [PMID: 31714080 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b02607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The Pd-catalyzed acylation reactions of terminal 3-ethynyl moieties of chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) derivatives are described herein. Both acyl chlorides and acid anhydrides were valuable reagents for the coupling, resulting in the formation of π-conjugation extended Chl-a derivatives possessing a carbonyl-ethynyl group at the C3-position. The ultraviolet-visible absorption and fluorescence emission data were obtained in solution to evaluate the optical properties of the 3-ynone-linked Chl-a derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeo Nakano
- Graduate School of Life Sciences , Ritsumeikan University , Kusatsu , Shiga 525-8577 , Japan
| | - Hitoshi Tamiaki
- Graduate School of Life Sciences , Ritsumeikan University , Kusatsu , Shiga 525-8577 , Japan
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Kim K, Tsuji K, Kinoshita Y, Miyatake T, Tamiaki H. Synthesis of monovinyl- and divinyl-chlorophyll analogs and their physical properties. Tetrahedron 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2016.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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4
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Yu Y, Furuyama T, Tang J, Wu ZY, Chen JZ, Kobayashi N, Zhang JL. Stable iso-bacteriochlorin mimics from porpholactone: effect of a β-oxazolone moiety on the frontier π-molecular orbitals. Inorg Chem Front 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5qi00054h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A β-oxazolone moiety on porpholactone plays an important role in stabilizing such hydroporphyrin structures through tuning energy gaps between the frontier π-molecular orbitals, which is verified by MCD studies combined with TD-DFT calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Peking University
- Beijing 100871
| | - Taniyuki Furuyama
- Department of Chemistry
- Graduate School of Science
- Tohoku University
- Sendai 980-8578
- Japan
| | - Juan Tang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Peking University
- Beijing 100871
| | - Zhuo-Yan Wu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Peking University
- Beijing 100871
| | - Jia-Zhen Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Peking University
- Beijing 100871
| | - Nagao Kobayashi
- Department of Chemistry
- Graduate School of Science
- Tohoku University
- Sendai 980-8578
- Japan
| | - Jun-Long Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Peking University
- Beijing 100871
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Ryan AA, Senge MO. How green is green chemistry? Chlorophylls as a bioresource from biorefineries and their commercial potential in medicine and photovoltaics. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2015; 14:638-60. [DOI: 10.1039/c4pp00435c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Chlorophylls are the natural green pigments par excellence and offer potential as therapeutics and in energy generation. This perspective outlines the state-of-the-art, their possible applications and indicates future directions in the context of green chemistry and their production from biorefineries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aoife A. Ryan
- School of Chemistry
- SFI Tetrapyrrole Laboratory
- Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute
- 152-160 Pearse Street
- Trinity College Dublin
| | - Mathias O. Senge
- School of Chemistry
- SFI Tetrapyrrole Laboratory
- Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute
- 152-160 Pearse Street
- Trinity College Dublin
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Canniffe DP, Hunter CN. Engineered biosynthesis of bacteriochlorophyll b in Rhodobacter sphaeroides. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2014; 1837:1611-6. [PMID: 25058304 PMCID: PMC4331041 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2014.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Revised: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Bacteriochlorophyll b has the most red-shifted absorbance maximum of all naturally occurring photopigments. It has a characteristic ethylidene group at the C8 position in place of the more common ethyl group, the product of a C8-vinyl reductase, which is carried by the majority of chlorophylls and bacteriochlorophylls used in photosynthesis. The subsequent and first step exclusive to bacteriochlorophyll biosynthesis, the reduction of the C7 = C8 bond, is catalyzed by chlorophyllide oxidoreductase. It has been demonstrated that the enzyme from bacteriochlorophyll a-utilizing bacteria can catalyze the formation of compounds carrying an ethyl group at C8 from both ethyl- and vinyl-carrying substrates, indicating a surprising additional C8-vinyl reductase function, while the enzyme from organisms producing BChl b could only catalyze C7 = C8 reduction with a vinyl substrate, but this product carried an ethylidene group at the C8 position. We have replaced the native chlorophyllide oxidoreductase-encoding genes of Rhodobacter sphaeroides with those from Blastochloris viridis, but the switch from bacteriochlorophyll a to b biosynthesis is only detected when the native conventional C8-vinyl reductase is absent. We propose a non-enzymatic mechanism for ethylidene group formation based on the absence of cellular C8-vinyl reductase activity. We engineer the production of a foreign photopigment in Rhodobacter sphaeroides. Native COR-encoding genes are replaced with those from Blastochloris viridis. Bacteriochlorophyll b is produced upon additional deletion of conventional 8VR. We propose that loss of 8VR activity by COR leads to ethylidene bond formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P Canniffe
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK.
| | - C Neil Hunter
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
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Photoreduction of zinc 8-vinylated chlorophyll derivative to bacteriochlorophyll-b/g analog possessing an 8-ethylidene group. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:2377-9. [PMID: 23489618 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.02.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2012] [Revised: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 02/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
When a pyridine solution of zinc methyl 8-vinyl-mesopyropheophorbide-a was irradiated with visible light in the presence of ethanol, ascorbic acid and diazabicylo[2.2.2]octane under nitrogen at room temperature, zinc (7R/S,8E)-8-ethylidene-bacteriochlorin was obtained via 1,4-hydrogenation. The 1,4-photoreduction is similar to the enzymatic reduction of 8-vinyl-chlorophyllides to (E)-8-ethylidene-bacteriochlorins in anoxygenic photosynthetic bacteria producing bacteriochlorophylls-b/g. The resulting zinc 8-ethylidene-bacteriochlorin was readily isomerized to the chemically more stable 8-ethyl-chlorin by further illumination. As a by-product, zinc 8-vinyl-7,8-cis-bacteriochlorin was slightly formed by photoinduced 1,2-hydrogenation of zinc 8-vinyl-chlorin.
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Tamiaki H, Xu M, Machida S. Photoreduced Deformylation of Zinc Chlorophyll-d Derivative. CHEM LETT 2012. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.2012.820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Meiyun Xu
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University
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Photoreduction of zinc 3-acetyl-chlorophyll derivative to prepare chemically stable isobacteriochlorin. Tetrahedron Lett 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2012.03.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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TAMIAKI HITOSHI, WATANABE TAKUYA, MIYATAKE TOMOHIRO. Facile Synthesis of 131-Oxo-porphyrins Possessing Reactive 3-Vinyl or 3-Formyl Group, Protochlorophyll-a/dDerivatives by 17,18-Dehydrogenation of Chlorins. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1099-1409(199901)3:1<45::aid-jpp101>3.0.co;2-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Methyl protopyropheophorbides-a/d were prepared by modification of readily available chlorophyll-a. The key step was oxidation of 131-oxo-chlorin to the corresponding porphyrin, and 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-p-benzoquinone was effective for 17,18-dehydrogenation. A reduction in oxidation potential of the chlorin was necessary for the oxidation. Facile oxidation was achieved by insertion of zinc as the central metal, reduction of the 13-carbonyl group and/or aggregation by high concentration. The synthetic 131-oxo-porphyrins had vinyl and formyl groups at the 3-position. These groups were very reactive in the molecule and selectively converted to other functional groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- HITOSHI TAMIAKI
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
| | - TAKUYA WATANABE
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
| | - TOMOHIRO MIYATAKE
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
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12
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Tamiaki H, Amakawa M, Shimono Y, Tanikaga R, Holzwarth AR, Schaffner K. Synthetic Zinc and Magnesium Chlorin Aggregates as Models for Supramolecular Antenna Complexes in Chlorosomes of Green Photosynthetic Bacteria. Photochem Photobiol 1996. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1996.tb02997.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 300] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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13
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Engman L, Persson J. Mild Reduction of Tellurium(IV) and Selenium(IV) Compounds by Sodium Ascorbate. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 1993. [DOI: 10.1080/00397919308009800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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14
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Iturraspe J, Gossauer A. Dependence of the Regioselectivity of Photo-oxidative Ring Opening of the Chlorophyll Macrocycle on the Complexed Metal Ion. Helv Chim Acta 1991. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.19910740812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Iakovides P, Simpson DJ, Smith KM. Regioselective photoreduction of zinc(II) porphyrins to give chlorins. Photochem Photobiol 1991; 54:335-43. [PMID: 1784634 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1991.tb02025.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The ascorbic acid/organic base photoreduction of zinc(II) porphyrins was investigated. It was established that certain substituents can direct the photoreduction to the site of the macrocycle to which they are attached. For example, zinc(II) vinylporphyrins (8, 12, 16, 20) are photoreduced with cis stereochemistry on the ring bearing the vinyl group to give the corresponding chlorins. Zinc(II) acetylporphyrins (22, 24) were likewise reduced to chlorins such that cis-hydrogenation took place on the ring bearing the acetyl group. Zinc(II) formylporphyrins 33 also appear to reduce at the ring bearing the formyl group. When the zinc(II) acrylic porphyrin 28 was photoreduced, reduction did take place at the ring bearing the acrylic side chain, but migration of the acrylate double bond was very rapid, and the product isolated was the corresponding porphyrin propionate 30. Reduction of a zinc(II) porphyrin 35 bearing both a vinyl group and a nuclear carboxylic ester took place at the ring bearing the carboxylic ester. The reaction provides a general method for regioselective synthesis of chlorins from zinc(II) porphyrins without any evidence of formation of over-reduction products characteristic of many other procedures for formation of chlorins from porphyrin precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Iakovides
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis 95616
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Iturraspe J, Gossauer A. FORMATION OF OXONIACHLORINS ON PHOTOOXIDATION OF 20-TRIFLUOROACETOXY- AND 20-CHLORO-CHLOROPHYLL DERIVATIVES. Photochem Photobiol 1991. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1991.tb01983.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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17
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Chapter 6 The structure and biosynthesis of bacteriochlorophylls. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-7306(08)60113-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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