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Abstract
A fundamental need in chemistry is understanding the chemical bond, for which the most quantitative measure is the bond dissociation energy (BDE). While BDEs of chemical bonds formed from the lighter main group elements are generally well-known and readily calculated by modern computational chemistry, chemical bonds involving the transition metals, lanthanides, and actinides remain computationally extremely challenging. This is due to the simultaneous importance of electron correlation, spin-orbit interaction, and other relativistic effects, coupled with the large numbers of low-lying states that are accessible in systems with open d or f subshells. The development of efficient and accurate computational methods for these species is currently a major focus of the field. An obstacle to this effort has been the scarcity of highly precise benchmarks for the BDEs of M-X bonds. For most of the transition metal, lanthanide, or actinide systems, tabulated BDEs of M-X bonds have been determined by Knudsen effusion mass spectrometric measurements of high-temperature equilibria. The measured ion signals are converted to pressures and activities of the species involved in the equilibrium, and the equilibrium constants are then analyzed using a van't Hoff plot or the third-law method to extract the reaction enthalpy, which is extrapolated to 0 K to obtain the BDE. This procedure introduces errors at every step and ultimately leads to BDEs that are typically uncertain by 2-20 kcal mol-1 (0.1-1 eV). A second method in common use employs a thermochemical cycle in which the ionization energies of the MX molecule and M atom are combined with the BDE of the M+-X bond, obtained via guided ion beam mass spectrometry, to yield the BDE of the neutral, M-X. When accurate values of all three components of the cycle are available, this method yields good results-but only rarely are all three values available. We have recently implemented a new method for the precise measurement of BDEs in molecules with large densities of electronic states that is based on the rapid predissociation of these species as soon as the ground separated atom limit is exceeded. When a sharp predissociation threshold is observed, its value directly provides the BDE of the system. With this method, we are able in favorable cases to determine M-X BDEs to an accuracy of ∼0.1 kcal mol-1 (0.004 eV). The method is generally applicable to species that have a high density of states at the ground separated atom limit and has been used to measure the BDEs of more than 50 transition metal-main group MX molecules thus far. In addition, a number of metal-metal BDEs have also been measured with this method. There are good prospects for the extension of the method to polyatomic systems and to lanthanide and actinide-containing molecules. These precise BDE measurements provide chemical trends for the BDEs across the transition metal series, as well as crucial benchmarks for the development of efficient and accurate computational methods for the d- and f-block elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D. Morse
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
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Johnson EL, Davis QC, Morse MD. Predissociation measurements of bond dissociation energies: VC, VN, and VS. J Chem Phys 2016; 144:234306. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4953782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Eric L. Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
| | - Quincy C. Davis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
| | - Michael D. Morse
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
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Schlangen M, Schröder D, Schwarz H. Gas-Phase Reactions of Homo- and Heteronuclear Clusters MM′+ (M, M′=Fe, Co, Ni) with Linear Alkanenitriles. Helv Chim Acta 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.200590113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Waters T, O'Hair RAJ, Wedd AG. Gas-Phase Reactivity of Heterobinuclear Oxometalate Anions [CrMoO6(OR)]-, [CrWO6(OR)]-, and [MoWO6(OR)]- (R = H, nBu). Inorg Chem 2005; 44:3356-66. [PMID: 15847446 DOI: 10.1021/ic050288z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Heterobinuclear oxometalate anions based upon [CrMoO7]2-, [CrWO7]2-, and [MoWO7]2- were generated and transferred to the gas phase by the electrospray process from acetonitrile solutions containing two of the salts (Bu4N)2[MO4] (M = Cr, Mo, W). Their reactivities were examined and compared with those of the related homobinuclear anions based upon [M2O7]2- (M = Cr, Mo, W). Particular emphasis was placed upon reactions relevant to gas-phase catalytic cycles described previously for oxidation of alcohols by [Mo2O6(OH)]- (Waters, T.; O'Hair, R. A. J.; Wedd, A. G. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 3384-3396). The protonated anions [MM'O6(OH)]- each reacted with methanol with loss of water to form [MM'O6(OCH3)]- at a rate that was intermediate between those of [M2O6(OH)]- and [M'2O6(OH)]-. The butylated anions [MM'O6(OBu)]- were generated by collisional activation of the ion-pairs {Bu4N+ [MM'O7]2-}-. Collisional activation of [MM'O6(OBu)]- resulted in either the loss of butanal (redox reaction) or the loss of butene (elimination reaction), with the detailed nature of the observations depending on the nature of both M and M'. Selective 18O labeling indicated that the butoxo ligands of [CrMoO6(OBu)]- and [CrWO6(OBu)]- were located on molybdenum and tungsten, respectively. This structural insight allowed a more detailed comparison of reactivity with the homobinuclear species, and highlighted the importance of the neighboring metal center in these reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Waters
- School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, 3010
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Gas-phase reactivity of lanthanide and actinide cations with the archetypal organometallic complexes Fe(CO)5 and Fe(C5H5)2. J Organomet Chem 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-328x(01)00798-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Abstract
This review discusses the reactivities and thermodynamics of small-size-specific transition metal clusters and focuses on thermodynamic information, which has not been comprehensively discussed before. Because of this focus, guided-ion-beam mass spectrometry was used to acquire much of the data. The details of this technique and the associated data analysis methods are provided. Results on the stabilities of bare transition metal clusters are provided for neutral, cationic, and anionic species. Implications for the electronic and geometrical structures are discussed, as well as the extrapolation of these values to bulk phase behavior. Detailed results for reactions of transition metal clusters with D2 and the oxygen donors O2 and CO2 are reviewed. Available bond energies between size-specific clusters and one D atom and one and two O atoms are compiled, and their implications are evaluated and favorably compared with bulk phase analogs. Several additional thermodynamic studies of various cluster systems are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Armentrout
- Chemistry Department, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA.
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Harvey JN, Schröder D, Schwarz H. Generation of mixed iron chalcogenide clusters MFeXn+ (M = V, Fe; X = O, S; n=2,3) in the gas phase. Inorganica Chim Acta 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0020-1693(97)06009-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Dunbar RC, Klippenstein SJ, Hrušák J, Stöckigt D, Schwarz H. Binding Energy of Al(C6H6)+ from Analysis of Radiative Association Kinetics. J Am Chem Soc 1996. [DOI: 10.1021/ja953235x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert C. Dunbar
- Contribution from the Chemistry Department, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, and Institut für Organische Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Stephen J. Klippenstein
- Contribution from the Chemistry Department, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, and Institut für Organische Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jan Hrušák
- Contribution from the Chemistry Department, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, and Institut für Organische Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Detlef Stöckigt
- Contribution from the Chemistry Department, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, and Institut für Organische Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Helmut Schwarz
- Contribution from the Chemistry Department, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, and Institut für Organische Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
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Kronseder C, Schindler T, Berg C, Fischer R, Niedner-Schatteburg G, Bondybey VE. Generation and gas-phase reactivity of CoGa+. J Organomet Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0022-328x(94)84029-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Sato H. Laser ablation-molecular beam (LAMB) method. Reactions of metal ions with organic and inorganic molecules and clusters: Novel organometallic chemistry and its astrophysical significance. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 1993. [DOI: 10.1163/156856793x00532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Wadepohl H. Benzol und seine Derivate als Brückenliganden in Übergangsmetallkomplexen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1992. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.19921040304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Bishea GA, Arrington CA, Behm JM, Morse MD. Resonant two‐photon ionization spectroscopy of coinage metal trimers: Cu2Ag, Cu2Au, and CuAgAu. J Chem Phys 1991. [DOI: 10.1063/1.461212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Heteronuclear diatomic transition-metal cluster ions in the gas phase: Reactivity and thermochemistry of AgFe+. J CLUST SCI 1991. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00702934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Laser photochemistry of organometallic compounds related to applications in microelectronics. Appl Organomet Chem 1989. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.590030502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Oka T, Toya K, Kasatani K, Kawasaki M, Sato H. Laser Ablation-Molecular Beam Method: A Versatile Diagnosis for the Reactions of Metal Ions with Molecules in the Gas Phase. Dimanganese Decacarbonyl. CHEM LETT 1988. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.1988.1865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Fu Z, Lemire GW, Hamrick YM, Taylor S, Shui J, Morse MD. Spectroscopic studies of the jet‐cooled aluminum trimer. J Chem Phys 1988. [DOI: 10.1063/1.453900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Freas RB, Dunlap BI, Waite BA, Campana JE. The role of cluster ion structure in reactivity and collision‐induced dissociation: Application to cobalt/oxygen cluster ions in the gas phase. J Chem Phys 1987. [DOI: 10.1063/1.452217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Loh S, Hales DA, Armentrout P. A continuous source for production of cold, mass-selected transition metal-cluster ions. Chem Phys Lett 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/0009-2614(86)80394-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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