1
|
|
2
|
Kelly KD, Fares HM, Abou Shaheen S, Schlenoff JB. Intrinsic Properties of Polyelectrolyte Multilayer Membranes: Erasing the Memory of the Interface. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:3874-3883. [PMID: 29560720 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b00336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Polyelectrolyte multilayers (PEMUs) are ultrathin membranes made by alternating adsorption of oppositely charged polyelectrolytes on substrates. Although PEMUs have shown exceptional selectivity for certain ion-filtering applications, they usually contain an excess of one of the polyelectrolytes due to the history- and condition-dependent mode of PEMU assembly. This excess charge provides fixed sites for ion exchange, enhancing the concentration of oppositely charged ions. Thus, the ion-permselective properties of PEMUs cannot be compared unless they are assembled under identical conditions. This work demonstrates the enhanced permeability of PEMUs as-made from poly(diallyldimethylammonium) (PDADMA), and poly(styrene sulfonate) (PSS) to ferricyanide as an example of an anion. Annealing by NaCl followed by pairing of excess PDADMA with additional PSS produces an almost stoichiometric film that better reflects the intrinsic transport properties of PEMUs. This pairing, observed in real time using electrochemical methods, occurs at the PEMU/solution interface under countercurrent transport of PSS from solution and excess PDADMA paired with a counterion, termed PDADMA*, from the PEMU bulk. A quantitative comparison of PSS and PDADMA* diffusion reveals the conditions under which PEMU assembly depends on PSS molecular weight and concentration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristopher D Kelly
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , The Florida State University , Tallahassee , Florida 32306-4390 , United States
| | - Hadi M Fares
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , The Florida State University , Tallahassee , Florida 32306-4390 , United States
| | - Samir Abou Shaheen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , The Florida State University , Tallahassee , Florida 32306-4390 , United States
| | - Joseph B Schlenoff
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , The Florida State University , Tallahassee , Florida 32306-4390 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yaqub M, Imar S, Laffir F, Armstrong G, McCormac T. Investigations into the electrochemical, surface, and electrocatalytic properties of the surface-immobilized polyoxometalate, TBA3K[SiW10O36(PhPO)2]. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:1046-56. [PMID: 25478678 DOI: 10.1021/am5017864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Surface anchoring of an organic functionalized POM, TBA3K[SiW10O36(PhPO)2] was carried out by two methods, the layer-by-layer (LBL) assembly technique by employing a pentaerythritol-based ruthenium(II) metallodendrimer as a cationic moiety and also by entrapping the POM in a conducting polypyrrole film. The redox behavior of the constructed films was studied by using cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The surface morphologies of the constructed multilayers were examined by scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was conducted to confirm the elements present within the fabricated films. The multilayer assembly was also investigated for its catalytic efficiency towards the reduction of nitrite.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mustansara Yaqub
- Electrochemistry Research Group, Department of Applied Science, Dundalk Institute of Technology , Dundalk, County Louth, Ireland
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kilan K, Warszyński P. Thickness and permeability of multilayers containing alginate cross-linked by calcium ions. Electrochim Acta 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2014.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
5
|
Potje-Kamloth K, Josowicz M. Electrochemical preparation of semipermeable polymer membranes on carbon fiber microelectrodes for selective amperometric detection of cations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/bbpc.19920960809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
6
|
Plamper FA. Changing Polymer Solvation by Electrochemical Means: Basics and Applications. POROUS CARBONS – HYPERBRANCHED POLYMERS – POLYMER SOLVATION 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/12_2014_284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
7
|
Investigation of sol-derived Co-phenylene diamine/carbon materials as oxygen reduction catalysts in alkaline media. Electrochim Acta 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2013.03.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
8
|
Voltammetric studies of colloidal particle monolayer on a gold rotating disk electrode. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2012.03.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
9
|
Electrocatalytic Reduction of Carbon Dioxide Using Pt∕C-TiO2 Nanocomposite Cathode. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1149/2.008201esl] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
10
|
Menegazzo N, Kranz C, Mizaikoff B. Investigation of the anion uptake properties of cathodically electropolymerized poly(4-vinylpyridine) membranes. NEW J CHEM 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2nj40156h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
11
|
Ghostine RA, Schlenoff JB. Ion diffusion coefficients through polyelectrolyte multilayers: temperature and charge dependence. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2011; 27:8241-8247. [PMID: 21650172 DOI: 10.1021/la2015258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The diffusion coefficient is a fundamental parameter for devices exploiting the ion transport properties of polyelectrolyte multilayers (PEMUs) and complexes. Here, the transport of ferricyanide through a multilayer made from poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDADMA) and polystyrene sulfonate (PSS) was studied as a function of temperature or salt concentration. Accurate and precise measurements of ion diffusion coefficients were obtained using steady-state electrochemistry to determine the flux and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy to measure the PEMU concentration. It was found that the concentration of ferricyanide inside the film decreased with temperature. Membrane transport is strongly thermally activated with activation energy 98 kJ mol(-1). A potential shift with decreasing salt concentration in cyclic voltammograms was translated into a differential flux caused by significantly higher diffusion coefficients for ferricyanide as compared to ferrocyanide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ramy A Ghostine
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Lehaf AM, Moussallem MD, Schlenoff JB. Correlating the compliance and permeability of photo-cross-linked polyelectrolyte multilayers. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2011; 27:4756-4763. [PMID: 21443175 PMCID: PMC3075366 DOI: 10.1021/la200229h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Photo-cross-linkable polyelectrolyte multilayers were made from poly(allylamine) (PAH) and poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) modified with a photosensitive benzophenone. Nanoindentation, using atomic force microscopy (AFM) of these and unmodified PAH/PAA multilayers, was used to assess their mechanical properties in situ under an aqueous buffer. Under the conditions employed (and a 20 nm radius AFM tip), reliable nanoindentations that appeared to be decoupled from the properties of the silicon substrate were obtained for films greater than 150 nm in thickness. A strong difference in the apparent modulus was observed for films terminated with positive as compared to negative polyelectrolytes. Films terminated with PAA were more glassy, suggesting better charge matching of polyelectrolytes. Multilayers irradiated for up to 100 min showed a smooth, controlled increase in the modulus with little change in the water contact angle. The permeability to iodide ion, measured electrochemically, also decreased in a controlled fashion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ali M Lehaf
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Rothwell SA, O'Neill RD. Effects of applied potential on the mass of non-conducting poly(ortho-phenylenediamine) electro-deposited on EQCM electrodes: comparison with biosensor selectivity parameters. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:5413-21. [PMID: 21359356 DOI: 10.1039/c0cp02341h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An electrochemical quartz-crystal microbalance (EQCM) was used to determine the mass of poly-(o-phenylenediamine) (PoPD) layers electro-deposited at different applied potentials in neutral buffered monomer solution, conditions that produce the insulating form of the polymer used as a permselective membrane in biosensor applications. There was a systematic increase in the total, steady state PoPD mass deposited for fixed applied potentials from 0.05 to 0.6 V vs. SCE, followed by a plateau up to 0.8 V. Comparison of PoPD mass and permselectivity parameters indicates that the ability of the passivating form of PoPD to block interference species in biosensor applications is not related in a simple way to the mass of material deposited on the surface. Instead, effects of the applied electropolymerisation potential in driving the electro-oxidation of oPD dimers and oligomers formed during the electro-deposition process are likely to have a more direct impact on the selectivity characteristics of the PoPD layer. The results highlight the usefulness of apparent permeabilities, especially of ascorbic acid, in revealing differences between PoPD layers electro-deposited under different conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sharon A Rothwell
- UCD School of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Sawangphruk M, Foord JS. Permselective properties of polystyrene opal films at diamond electrode surfaces. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2010; 12:7856-64. [DOI: 10.1039/b926005f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
15
|
Effects of polymerization potential on the permselectivity of poly(o-phenylenediamine) coatings deposited on Pt–Ir electrodes for biosensor applications. Electrochim Acta 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2009.09.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
16
|
Rodríguez Presa MJ, Gassa LM, Azzaroni O, Gervasi CA. Estimating Diffusion Coefficients of Probe Molecules into Polyelectrolyte Brushes by Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy. Anal Chem 2009; 81:7936-43. [DOI: 10.1021/ac9009808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. J. Rodríguez Presa
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas (INIFTA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Sucursal 4-C.C. 16, (1900) La Plata, Argentina−CONICET, and Laboratorio de Ingeniería de Corrosión y Tecnología Electroquímica, LICTE, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, 1 y 47, (1900), La Plata, Argentina
| | - L. M. Gassa
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas (INIFTA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Sucursal 4-C.C. 16, (1900) La Plata, Argentina−CONICET, and Laboratorio de Ingeniería de Corrosión y Tecnología Electroquímica, LICTE, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, 1 y 47, (1900), La Plata, Argentina
| | - O. Azzaroni
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas (INIFTA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Sucursal 4-C.C. 16, (1900) La Plata, Argentina−CONICET, and Laboratorio de Ingeniería de Corrosión y Tecnología Electroquímica, LICTE, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, 1 y 47, (1900), La Plata, Argentina
| | - C. A. Gervasi
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas (INIFTA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Sucursal 4-C.C. 16, (1900) La Plata, Argentina−CONICET, and Laboratorio de Ingeniería de Corrosión y Tecnología Electroquímica, LICTE, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, 1 y 47, (1900), La Plata, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Redox mediation and permeation processes at deactivated poly(o-aminophenol) films. A study applying rotating disc electrode voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2009.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
18
|
Rothwell SA, Kinsella ME, Zain ZM, Serra PA, Rocchitta G, Lowry JP, O'Neill RD. Contributions by a novel edge effect to the permselectivity of an electrosynthesized polymer for microbiosensor applications. Anal Chem 2009; 81:3911-8. [PMID: 19371060 DOI: 10.1021/ac900162c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Pt electrodes of different sizes (2 x 10(-5)-2 x 10(-2) cm(2)) and geometries (disks and cylinders) were coated with the ultrathin non-conducting form of poly(o-phenylenediamine), PPD, using amperometric electrosynthesis. Analysis of the ascorbic acid (AA) and H(2)O(2) apparent permeabilities for these Pt/PPD sensors revealed that the PPD deposited near the electrode insulation (Teflon or glass edge) was not as effective as the bulk surface PPD for blocking AA access to the Pt substrate. This discovery impacts on the design of implantable biosensors where electrodeposited polymers, such as PPD, are commonly used as the permselective barrier to block electroactive interference by reducing agents present in the target medium. The undesirable "edge effect" was particularly marked for small disk electrodes which have a high edge density (ratio of PPD-insulation edge length to electrode area), but was essentially absent for cylinder electrodes with a length of >0.2 mm. Sample biosensors, with a configuration based on these findings (25 microm diameter Pt fiber cylinders) and designed for brain neurotransmitter L-glutamate, behaved well in vitro in terms of Glu sensitivity and AA blocking.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sharon A Rothwell
- UCD School of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Dong H, Cao X, Li CM. Functionalized polypyrrole film: synthesis, characterization, and potential applications in chemical and biological sensors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2009; 1:1599-1606. [PMID: 20355967 DOI: 10.1021/am900267e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we report the synthesis of a carboxyl-functionalized polypyrrole derivative, a poly(pyrrole-N-propanoic acid) (PPPA) film, by electrochemical polymerization, and the investigation of its basic properties via traditional characterization techniques such as confocal-Raman, FTIR, SEM, AFM, UV-vis, fluorescence microscopy, and contact-angle measurements. The experimental data show that the as-prepared PPPA film exhibits a hydrophilic nanoporous structure, abundant -COOH functional groups in the polymer backbone, and high fluorescent emission under laser excitation. On the basis of these unique properties, further experiments were conducted to demonstrate three potential applications of the PPPA film in chemical and biological sensors: a permeable and permselective membrane, a membrane with specific recognition sites for biomolecule immobilization, and a fluorescent conjugated polymer for amplification of fluorescence quenching. Specifically, the permeability and permselectivity of ion species through the PPPA film are detected by means of rotating-disk-electrode voltammetry; the specific recognition sites on the film surface are confirmed with protein immobilization, and the amplification of fluorescence quenching is measured by the addition of a quenching agent with fluorescence microscopy. The results are in good agreement with our expectations.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Biosensing Techniques
- Electrochemistry/methods
- Microscopy, Atomic Force/methods
- Microscopy, Confocal/methods
- Microscopy, Electron, Scanning/methods
- Microscopy, Fluorescence/methods
- Models, Chemical
- Organic Chemicals/chemistry
- Polymers/chemistry
- Pyrroles/chemistry
- Spectrometry, Fluorescence/methods
- Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet/methods
- Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared/methods
- Spectrum Analysis, Raman/methods
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hua Dong
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University and University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Combellas C, Kanoufi F, Sanjuan S, Slim C, Tran Y. Electrochemical and spectroscopic investigation of counterions exchange in polyelectrolyte brushes. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2009; 25:5360-5370. [PMID: 19358586 DOI: 10.1021/la8034177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) is employed to characterize the transport of redox-active probe ions through quenched polyelectrolyte brushes. The counterion exchange through polyelectrolyte brushes is also investigated by infrared spectroscopy in attenuated total reflection (FTIR-ATR), X-ray photolectron spectroscopy (XPS), and cyclic voltammetry (CV). The synthesis of poly(methacryloyloxy)ethyl trimethylammonium chloride (PMETAC) brushes is performed using surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization followed by in situ quaternization reaction. The chloride (Cl(-)) counterions of the positively charged polymer brush are exchanged by ferrocyanide (Fe(CN)(6)(4-)) and ferricyanide (Fe(CN)(6)(3-)) ions that are both detectable by spectroscopy and electrochemically active. A good agreement is found when comparing the results obtained by spectroscopic (FTIR-ATR and XPS) and electrochemical (SECM and CV) methods. The counterions exchange is completely reversible and reproducible. We show that (Fe(CN)(6)(4-)) and (Fe(CN)(6)(3-)) species form stable ion pairs with the quaternary ammonium groups of the polymer brush. The transport of iodide (I(-)) redox-active ions is also investigated. In all cases (ferrocyanide, ferricyanide, or iodide), we find that chloride counterions are partially replaced by electroactive ions. This partial exchange may be attributed to an osmotic effect, since the external salt concentration for the exchange is much lower than the counterion concentration inside the brush.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Combellas
- Laboratoire Environnement et Chimie Analytique, ESPCI, CNRS UMR 712, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75231 Paris cedex 05, France
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Mamidi SS, Meas B, Farhat TR. Rotational Hydrodynamic Diffusion System To Study Mass Transport Across Boundaries. Anal Chem 2008; 80:8109-14. [DOI: 10.1021/ac800889d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sai Sree Mamidi
- Department of Chemistry, Analytical Division, University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee 38152-3550
| | - Bo Meas
- Department of Chemistry, Analytical Division, University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee 38152-3550
| | - Tarek R. Farhat
- Department of Chemistry, Analytical Division, University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee 38152-3550
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Spruijt E, Choi EY, Huck WTS. Reversible electrochemical switching of polyelectrolyte brush surface energy using electroactive counterions. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2008; 24:11253-11260. [PMID: 18778088 DOI: 10.1021/la801994b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Polyelectrolyte brushes with electroactive counterions provide an effective platform for surfaces with electrochemically switchable wetting properties. Polycationic poly(2-(methacryloyloxy)-ethyl-trimethyl-ammonium chloride) (PMETAC) brushes with ferricyanide ions ([Fe(CN)6] 3-) were used as the electrochemically addressable surface. After a negative potential of -0.5 V was applied to the [Fe(CN)6](3-)-coordinated PMETAC brushes, the [Fe(CN)6](3-) species were reduced to [Fe(CN)6](4-), and the surface became more hydrophilic. By application of alternating negative and positive potentials, PMETAC brushes were switched reversibly between the reduced state ([Fe(CN)6]4-) and oxidized state ([Fe(CN)6]3-), resulting in reversible changes in water contact angles. The time required for a complete contact angle change can be tuned from 1 to 20 s, by changing the brush thickness and the concentration of supporting electrolyte. We present an electrochemical brush transport model that includes the electrochemical reaction at the charged electrode and describes ion transport through the brush phase covering the electrode. The model quantitatively describes the response of the contact angle (hydrophilicity) to the applied voltage as a function of background ionic strength and brush thickness, supporting the proposed mechanism of ion transport through the brush and electrochemical reaction at the electrode. A typical diffusion constant for ferricyanide in a PMETAC brush of any thickness in 5 mM KCl supporting electrolyte was found to be 2 x 10(-15) m2 s(-1), 5 to 6 orders of magnitude smaller than its bulk solution value.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Evan Spruijt
- Melville Laboratory for Polymer Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
The mediation reaction between the external couple Ferri/Ferrocyanide and Os(II) bipyridile poly-vinylpyridile films coated onto glassy carbon electrodes. Electrochim Acta 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2008.01.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
24
|
|
25
|
Ybarra GO, Moina CA, Inés Florit M, Posadas D. Redox mediation at electroactive polymer coated electrodes: Mechanistic diagnosis criteria from steady state polarization curves. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2007.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
26
|
Kingsborough RP, Swager TM. Transition Metals in Polymeric π-Conjugated Organic Frameworks. PROGRESS IN INORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/9780470166499.ch2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
|
27
|
Electrochemistry and blocking properties of thin films of platinum phenylethynyl complexes. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2006.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
28
|
Senthil Kumar S, Chandrasekara Pillai K. Cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide surfactant-assisted morphological and electrochemical changes in electrochemically prepared nanoclustered iron(III) hexacyanoferrate. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2006.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
29
|
Jaber JA, Schlenoff JB. Polyelectrolyte Multilayers with Reversible Thermal Responsivity. Macromolecules 2005. [DOI: 10.1021/ma0485235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jad A. Jaber
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Materials Research and Technology (MARTECH), The Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390
| | - Joseph B. Schlenoff
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Materials Research and Technology (MARTECH), The Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Mano N, Mao F, Heller A. On the parameters affecting the characteristics of the “wired” glucose oxidase anode. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2004.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
31
|
Spatially limited diffusion coupled with ohmic potential drop and/or slow interfacial exchange: a new method to determine the diffusion time constant and external resistance from potential step (PITT) experiments. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2003.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
32
|
Massari AM, Gurney RW, Schwartz CP, Nguyen ST, Hupp JT. Walljet electrochemistry: quantifying molecular transport through metallopolymeric and zirconium phosphonate assembled porphyrin square thin films. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2004; 20:4422-9. [PMID: 15969148 DOI: 10.1021/la049900+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
By employing redox-active probes, condensed-phase molecular transport through nanoporous thin films can often be measured electrochemically. Certain kinds of electrode materials (e.g. conductive glass) are difficult to fabricate as rotatable disks or as ultramicroelectrodes-the configurations most often used for electrochemical permeation measurements. These limitations point to the need for a more materials-general measurement method. Herein, we report the application of walljet electrochemistry to the study of molecular transport through model metallopolymeric films on indium tin oxide electrodes. A quantitative expression is presented that describes the transport-limited current at the walljet electrode in terms of mass transport through solution and permeation through the film phase. A comparison of the film permeabilities for a series of redox probes measured using the walljet electrode and a rotating disk electrode establishes the accuracy of the walljet method, while also demonstrating similar precision for the two methods. We apply this technique to a system consisting of zirconium phosphonate assembled films of a porphyrinic molecular square. Transport through films comprising three or more layers is free from significant contributions from pinhole defects. Surprisingly, transport through films of this kind is 2-3 orders of magnitude slower than through films constructed via interfacial polymerization of nearly identical supramolecular square building blocks (Keefe; et al. Adv. Mater. 2003, 15, 1936). The zirconium phosphate assembled films show good size exclusion behavior. The details of the observed dependence of permeation rates on probe molecule size can be rationalized with a model that assumes that the walls of the squares are slightly tilted from a strictly vertical geometry, consistent with atomic force microscopy measurements, and assumes that the individual wall geometries are locked by rigid interlayer linkages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron M Massari
- Department of Chemistry and the Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
The change of the electron scattering at the gold film–poly-(o-aminophenol) film interface after partial degradation of the polymer film: its relation with the electron transport process within the polymer film. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2003.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
34
|
Rectified Ion Currents Through Ultrathin Polyelectrolyte Complex: Toward Chemical Transistors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1149/1.1799954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
35
|
Rmaile HH, Farhat TR, Schlenoff JB. pH-Gated Permeability of Variably Charged Species through Polyelectrolyte Multilayer Membranes. J Phys Chem B 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/jp035921l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hassan H. Rmaile
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Materials Research and Technology (MARTECH), The Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390
| | - Tarek R. Farhat
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Materials Research and Technology (MARTECH), The Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390
| | - Joseph B. Schlenoff
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Materials Research and Technology (MARTECH), The Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Rmaile HH, Schlenoff JB. Optically active polyelectrolyte multilayers as membranes for chiral separations. J Am Chem Soc 2003; 125:6602-3. [PMID: 12769548 DOI: 10.1021/ja035251x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Ultrathin films of chiral polyelectrolyte complex, prepared by the multilayering process, exhibit selectivity in the membrane separations of optically active compounds, such as l- and d-ascorbic acid. The flux through these polyelectrolyte multilayers, PEMUs, is exceptionally high and may be controlled by the concentration of salt present in the permeating solutions. Both in-situ ATR-FTIR and chiral capillary electrochromatography indicate that flux selectivity is mainly kinetically controlled, stemming from a difference in diffusion rates of various enantiomers through PEMUs, rather than a difference in partitioning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hassan H Rmaile
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Materials Research and Technology (MARTECH), The Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Farhat TR, Schlenoff JB. Doping-controlled ion diffusion in polyelectrolyte multilayers: mass transport in reluctant exchangers. J Am Chem Soc 2003; 125:4627-36. [PMID: 12683835 DOI: 10.1021/ja021448y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A new paradigm for nonlinear doping-controlled ion transport in soft condensed matter is presented, where the mobility of a minority "probe" ion is controlled by majority "salt" ion. The class of materials to which this paradigm applies is represented by ultrathin films of polyelectrolyte complexes, or multilayers. Intersite hopping of probe ions of charge nu occurs only when the charge of the destination site, produced by clustering of monovalent salt ions, is at least -nu, conserving electroneutrality. Salt ions are reversibly "doped" into the multilayer under the influence of external salt concentration. In situ ATR-FTIR reveals that the doping level, y, is proportional to salt concentration. Because hopping requires coincidence, or clustering, of salt, a strongly nonlinear dependence of flux, J, on salt concentration is observed: J approximately [NaCl](nu) approximately y(nu). This scaling was reproduced both by Monte Carlo simulations of ion hopping and by continuum probability expressions. The theory also predicts the observed scaling, though it underestimates the magnitude, of the strong selectivity of multilayers for ions of different charge.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tarek R Farhat
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Materials Research and Technology (MARTECH), The Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Tucceri R. Specularity change on a thin gold film surface coated with poly(o-aminophenol) during the polymer redox conversion. The pH effect on the redox sites distribution at the metal∣polymer interface. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-0728(02)01482-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
39
|
Lagrost C, Carrié, D, Vaultier M, Hapiot P. Reactivities of Some Electrogenerated Organic Cation Radicals in Room-Temperature Ionic Liquids: Toward an Alternative to Volatile Organic Solvents? J Phys Chem A 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/jp026907w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Lagrost
- Synthèse et Electrosynthèse Organiques, UMR CNRS 6510, Institut de chimie de Rennes, Université de Rennes 1, Campus de Beaulieu, Av. Gal. Leclerc, 35042 Rennes CEDEX, France
| | - D. Carrié,
- Synthèse et Electrosynthèse Organiques, UMR CNRS 6510, Institut de chimie de Rennes, Université de Rennes 1, Campus de Beaulieu, Av. Gal. Leclerc, 35042 Rennes CEDEX, France
| | - M. Vaultier
- Synthèse et Electrosynthèse Organiques, UMR CNRS 6510, Institut de chimie de Rennes, Université de Rennes 1, Campus de Beaulieu, Av. Gal. Leclerc, 35042 Rennes CEDEX, France
| | - P. Hapiot
- Synthèse et Electrosynthèse Organiques, UMR CNRS 6510, Institut de chimie de Rennes, Université de Rennes 1, Campus de Beaulieu, Av. Gal. Leclerc, 35042 Rennes CEDEX, France
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Vilas-Boas M, Pereira E, Freire C, Hillman A. Oxidation of ferrocene derivatives at a poly[Ni(saltMe)] modified electrode. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-0728(02)01097-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
41
|
Wei M, Li M, Li N, Gu Z, Zhou X. Electrocatalytic Oxidation of Ascorbic Acid at a Reduced C60-[dimethyl-(β-cyclodextrin)]2 and Nafion Chemically Modified Electrode. ELECTROANAL 2002. [DOI: 10.1002/1521-4109(200201)14:2<135::aid-elan135>3.0.co;2-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
42
|
Gutierrez-Fernandez S, Lobo-Castañón MJ, Miranda-Ordieres AJ, Tuñón-Blanco P, Carriedo GA, Garcia-Alonso FJ, Fidalgo JI. Molecularly Imprinted Polyphosphazene Films as Recognition Element in a Voltammetric Rifamycin SV Sensor. ELECTROANAL 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/1521-4109(200111)13:17<1399::aid-elan1399>3.0.co;2-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
43
|
Moreno G, Pariente F, Lorenzo E. Electrocatalytic oxidation of ascorbate at glassy carbon electrodes modified with electrodeposited films derived from dihydroxybenzaldehyde isomers. Anal Chim Acta 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(00)01011-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
44
|
Imaging size-selective permeation through micropatterned thin films using scanning electrochemical microscopy. Anal Chem 2000; 72:3122-8. [PMID: 10939376 DOI: 10.1021/ac9914622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes a new approach for quantification of rates of molecular transport through patterned, or otherwise heterogeneous, porous films supported on conductive substrates. Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy (SECM) has been used to image molecular sieving of redox active probes by thin, electropolymerized films of Fe(5-amino-1,10-phenanthroline)3(2+) on micropatterned and microdisk array electrodes. Films as thin as 12 nm completely block redox mediators with average molecular diameters greater than 12 A, whereas smaller diameter probes (radii 5-8 A) were observed to permeate selectively. SECM tip currents measured for three different redox permeants/mediators are observed to decrease with increasing polymer thickness, consistent with a transport model that includes partitioning into and diffusion within the polymer films. Permeabilities, PDf, within the poly[Fe(5-NH2-phen)3(2+)] films have been quantitatively determined from the SECM tip currents and are in excellent agreement with data previously obtained from rotatingdisk electrochemistry. This new methodology provides a versatile approach for quantitative investigation of membrane transport and permeation selectivity with good lateral spatial resolution.
Collapse
|
45
|
Potentiostatic formation of semipenetrable polymeric acrylamideformaldehyde films and the electrochemical behavior of electrodes modified by such films. RUSS J ELECTROCHEM+ 2000. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02756945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
46
|
Affiliation(s)
- Kenji KANO
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University
| | - Tokuji IKEDA
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Ehler TT, Walker JW, Jurchen J, Shen Y, Morris K, Sullivan B, Noe LJ. In situ surface plasmon study of the electropolymerization of Fe(vbpy)32+ onto a gold surface. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-0728(99)00449-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
48
|
Bonfranceschi A, Pérez Córdoba A, Keunchkarian S, Zapata S, Tucceri R. Transport across poly(o-aminophenol) modified electrodes in contact with media containing redox active couples. A study using rotating disc electrode voltammetry. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-0728(99)00368-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
49
|
Bélanger S, Hupp JT. Auf Porphyrinen basierende molekulare Dünnfilmmaterialien mit genau einstellbaren Nanoporositäten und Permeabilitätseigenschaften. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1999. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1521-3757(19990802)111:15<2360::aid-ange2360>3.0.co;2-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
50
|
|