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Steenackers B, Campagnol N, Fransaer J, Hermans I, De Vos D. Electron transfer-initiated epoxidation and isomerization chain reactions of β-caryophyllene. Chemistry 2015; 21:2146-56. [PMID: 25430783 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201404711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The abundant sesquiterpene β-caryophyllene can be epoxidized by molecular oxygen in the absence of any catalyst. In polar aprotic solvents, the reaction proceeds smoothly with epoxide selectivities exceeding 70 %. A mechanistic study has been performed and the possible involvement of free radical, spin inversion, and electron transfer mechanisms is evaluated using experimental and computational methods. The experimental data-including a detailed reaction product analysis, studies on reaction parameters, solvent effects, additives and an electrochemical investigation-all support that the spontaneous epoxidation of β-caryophyllene constitutes a rare case of unsensitized electron transfer from an olefin to triplet oxygen under mild conditions (80 °C, 1 bar O2 ). As initiation of the oxygenation reaction, the formation of a caryophyllene-derived radical cation via electron transfer is proposed. This radical cation reacts with triplet oxygen to a dioxetane via a chain mechanism with chain lengths exceeding 100 under optimized conditions. The dioxetane then acts as an in situ-formed epoxidizing agent. Under nitrogen atmosphere, the presence of a one-electron acceptor leads to the selective isomerization of β-caryophyllene to isocaryophyllene. Observations indicate that this isomerization reaction is a novel and elegant synthetic pathway to isocaryophyllene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart Steenackers
- Centre for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 23, 3001 Leuven (Belgium), Fax: (+32) 6321998
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Akaba R, Iso N, Kishida A, Kamata M. Unexpected observation of carbonyl oxide radical cations from peroxy radical cations. A new isomerism of oxygen-containing radical cations. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.3020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryoichi Akaba
- Department of Chemistry; Gunma College of Technology; 580 Toriba-machi Maebashi Gunma 371-8530 Japan
| | - Noriaki Iso
- Department of Chemistry; Gunma College of Technology; 580 Toriba-machi Maebashi Gunma 371-8530 Japan
| | - Akira Kishida
- Department of Chemistry; Gunma College of Technology; 580 Toriba-machi Maebashi Gunma 371-8530 Japan
| | - Masaki Kamata
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Education; Niigata University; 8050 Ikarashi Niigata Niigata 950-2181 Japan
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Kazakov VP, Ostakhov SS, Alyab’ev AS, Osina IO. Fluorescence quenching of the uranyl ion by adamantylideneadamantane and its photosensitized oxidation products. High Energy Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1134/s0018143906040084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Adam W, Cilento G. Viergliedrige cyclische Peroxide als Äquivalente angeregter Zustände: Eine neue Dimension der Bioorganischen Chemie. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.19830950704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Abstract
[reaction: see text] Photocatalytic oxygenation of tetraphenylethylene (TPE) with oxygen occurs efficiently via electron-transfer reactions of TPE and oxygen with a photogenerated electron transfer state of 9-mesityl-10-methylacridniium ion, followed by the radical-coupling reaction between TPE radical cation and O2*- to produce 1,2-dioxetane selectively. The further photocatalytic cleavage of the O-O bond of dioxetane affords benzophenone as the final oxygenated product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Ohkubo
- Department of Material and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, SORST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Abstract
[reaction: see text] 2-Nitrobenzyl enol ethers, when photolyzed in the presence of air, result in an oxidative C=C bond scission, forming a ketone as the major product (>60% yield). Enol release leads to the aldehyde as the minor product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Promise K Yong
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58202-9024, USA
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Dhiman A, Zhang Z, West R, Becker JY. Electrochemical oxidation germacyclopentadienes (germoles). J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2004; 573:139-146. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2004.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Ohkubo K, Suga K, Morikawa K, Fukuzumi S. Selective Oxygenation of Ring-Substituted Toluenes with Electron-Donating and -Withdrawing Substituents by Molecular Oxygen via Photoinduced Electron Transfer. J Am Chem Soc 2003; 125:12850-9. [PMID: 14558834 DOI: 10.1021/ja036645r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A ring-substituted toluene with an electron-withdrawing substituent, p-tolunitrile, is oxygenated by molecular oxygen to yield the corresponding aldehyde with tetrafluoro-p-dicyanobenzene as a photocatalyst under photoirradiation with an Hg lamp (lambda > 300 nm). The oxygenation of a ring-substituted toluene with an electron-donating substituent, p-xylene, by molecular oxygen is also achieved with 10-methyl-9-phenylacridinium ion as a photocatalyst under visible light irradiation, yielding p-tolualdehyde exclusively as the final oxygenated product. Both the oxygenation reactions are initiated by photoinduced electron transfer from the ring-substituted toluene to the singlet excited state of the photocatalyst. The reason for the high selectivity in the photocatalytic oxygenation of various toluene derivatives by molecular oxygen is discussed on the basis of the photoinduced electron transfer mechanism that does not involve the autoxidation process (radical chain reactions). The reactive intermediates in the photocatalytic cycle are successfully detected as the transient absorption spectra and the electron spin resonance spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Ohkubo
- Department of Material and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, CREST, Japan Science and Technology Corporation, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Suga K, Ohkubo K, Fukuzumi S. Oxygenation of α-Methylstyrene with Molecular Oxygen, Catalyzed by 10-Methylacridinium Ion via Photoinduced Electron Transfer. J Phys Chem A 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/jp034213x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kyou Suga
- Department of Material and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, CREST, Japan Science and Technology Corporation (JST), Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kei Ohkubo
- Department of Material and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, CREST, Japan Science and Technology Corporation (JST), Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shunichi Fukuzumi
- Department of Material and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, CREST, Japan Science and Technology Corporation (JST), Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Rathore R, Lindeman SV, Zhu CJ, Mori T, Schleyer PVR, Kochi JK. Steric hindrance as a mechanistic probe for olefin reactivity: variability of the hydrogenic canopy over the isomeric adamantylideneadamantane/sesquihomoadamantene pair (a combined experimental and theoretical study). J Org Chem 2002; 67:5106-16. [PMID: 12126394 DOI: 10.1021/jo0200724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Access to each C=C face of adamantylideneadamantane (AA) and sesquihomoadamantene (SA) is hindered by the hydrogenic canopy consisting of four beta-hydrogens; otherwise, these olefins have quite normal environments. X-ray crystallography and density functional (DFT) calculations show a 0.5 A larger annular opening in the protective cover of AA than that in SA. This contributes to the remarkable differences in reactivity toward various reagents, not only by limiting access to the olefin site in SA but also by inhibiting reactions which force these hydrogens closer together. Thus, AA is subject to typical olefin-addition reactions with bromine, sulfuryl chloride, m-chloroperbenzoic acid, dioxygen, and so forth, albeit sometimes at attenuated rates. On the other hand, SA is singularly unreactive under identical reaction conditions, except for the notable exceptions that include Brønsted (protonic) acids, a nitrosonium cation, and dichlorine. The exceptions are characterized as three sterically limited (electrophilic) reagents whose unique reactivity patterns are shown to be strongly influenced by steric access to the C=C center. As such, the different degrees of steric encumbrance in the isomeric donors AA and SA shed considerable light on the diverse nature of olefinic reactions. In particular, they evoke mechanistic features in electrophilic addition versus electron transfer, which are otherwise not readily discernible with other less hindered olefinic donors. Transient structures of the olefinic-reaction intermediates such as the protonated carbocations AA-H+ and SA-H+ as well as the cation radicals AA*+ and SA*+ are probed by the combination of X-ray crystallographic analyses and density functional theoretical computations.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Rathore
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, USA
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Zhang ZR, Becker JY, West R. Electrochemical oxidation of a silole: 1,1-bis(trimethylsilyl)-2,3,4,5-tetraphenyl-1-silacyclopentadiene. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-0728(01)00365-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Kochi J, Rathore R, Zhu, and C, Lindeman S. Structural Characterization of Novel Olefinic Cation Radicals: X-ray Crystallographic Evidence of σ–π Hyperconjugation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/1521-3757(20001016)112:20<3817::aid-ange3817>3.0.co;2-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Kochi J, Rathore R, Zhu, and C, Lindeman S. Structural Characterization of Novel Olefinic Cation Radicals: X-ray Crystallographic Evidence of σ–π Hyperconjugation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/1521-3773(20001016)39:20<3671::aid-anie3671>3.0.co;2-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Zhang Z, Y. Becker J, West R. Electrochemical oxidation of three- and four-membered cyclic polysilanes: (Mes2Si)3 and [t-Bu(Me)Si]4†. Electrochim Acta 1997; 42:1985-92. [DOI: 10.1016/s0013-4686(97)85471-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Backer JY, Shen M, West R. Electrochemical oxidation of deca-n-propylcyclopentasilane [(n-Pr) 2Si]5, dodecamethylcyclohexasilane (Me2Si) 6 and tetradecaethylcycloheptasilane (Et2Si) 7. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-0728(96)04748-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Sugiyama T, Nagatomi E, Yamada R, Tanimoto S, Sugimori A, Sakaguchi Y, Nakamura J, Hayashi H. Selective photomethoxylation of 1-methyl-4- methoxycarbonylpyridinium in methanol in the presence of oxygen. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/1010-6030(92)85274-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Dapperheld S, Steckhan E, Brinkhaus KG, Esch T. Organic Electron Transfer Systems, II Substituted Triarylamine Cation-Radical Redox Systems – Synthesis, Electrochemical and Spectroscopic Properties, Hammet Behavior, and Suitability as Redox Catalysts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991; 124:2557-67. [DOI: 10.1002/cber.19911241127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Takahashi Y, Wakamatsu K, Kikuchi K, Miyashi T. Role of exciplex and ion pair in the photosensitized oxygenation of 1,4-diphenyl-1,3-butadiene. J PHYS ORG CHEM 1990. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.610030805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Lopez L, Troisi L, Rashid S, Schaap A. Synthesis of 1,2-dioxetanes via 9,10-dicyanoanthracene-sensitized chain electron-transfer photooxygenations. Tetrahedron Lett 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(00)95235-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Sharipov GL, Voloshin AI, Lerman BM, Kazakov VP, Tolstikov GA. Radiation chemical oxidation of adamantylideneadamantane with the formation of a dioxetane. Russ Chem Bull 1988; 37:2000-2006. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00953393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Voloshin AI, Sharipov GL, Kazakov VP, Tolstikov GA. Photosensitized synthesis of adamantylidenadamantane-1,2-dioxetane using uranyl. Russ Chem Bull 1987; 36:2634-2636. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00957252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Tsuchiya M, Ebbesen TW, Nishimura Y, Sakuragi H, Tokumaru K. Kinetic Study on Electron Transfer Photooxygenation of Aromatic Olefins. Quenching Rates of Olefin Radical Cations by Oxygen and Superoxide Anion. CHEM LETT 1987. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.1987.2121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Voloshin AN, Sharipov GL, Kazakov VP, Tolstikov GA. Formation of adamantylidenadamantane-1,2-dioxetane by a photoinitiated electron transfer reaction involving tetracyanoethylene. Russ Chem Bull 1987. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00960166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Russell GA. Free Radical Chain Processes in Aliphatic Systems involving an Electron Transfer Reaction. Advances in Physical Organic Chemistry Volume 23. Elsevier; 1987. pp. 271-322. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-3160(08)60205-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Jefford CW, Estrada MJ, Barchietto G. The reaction of adamantylideneadamantane with singlet oxygen mediated by rose bengal and charge transfer complexes. Tetrahedron 1987; 43:1737-45. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(01)90285-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Tsuchiya M, Akaba R, Aihara S, Sakuragi H, Tokumaru K. Effects of Oxygen on Cyclic Voltammetry of Olefins. A Diagnostic Tool for Elucidating the Reactivity of Olefin Radical Cations with Molecular Oxygen. CHEM LETT 1986. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.1986.1727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Gollnick K, Schnatterer A. 9, 10-DICYANOANTHRACENE-SENSITIZED PHOTOOXYGENATION OF α,α'-DIMETHYLSTILBENES. MECHANISM AND KINETICS OF THE COMPETING SINGLET OXYGEN AND ELECTRON TRANSFER PHOTOOXYGENATION REACTIONS. Photochem Photobiol 1986. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1986.tb05617.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Onodera K, Furusawa GI, Kojima M, Tsuchiya M, Aihara S, Akaba R, Sakuragi H, Tokumaru K. Mechanistic considerations on photoreaction of organic compounds via excitation of contact charge transfer complexes with oxygen. Tetrahedron 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(01)96595-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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