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Mandal S. Nucleation of diamond films on heterogeneous substrates: a review. RSC Adv 2021; 11:10159-10182. [PMID: 35423515 PMCID: PMC8695650 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra00397f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Diamond thin films are known to have properties similar to bulk diamond and have applications in both industry and fundamental studies in academia. The high surface energy of diamond makes it extremely difficult to grow diamond films on foreign substrates. Hence, to grow diamond films on non-diamond substrates, a nucleation step is needed. In this review various techniques used for diamond nucleation/seeding will be discussed. At present electrostatic seeding by diamond nanoparticles is the most commonly used seeding technique for nanocrystalline growth. In this technique the substrate is dipped in a nanodiamond solution to form a mono layer of diamond seeds. These seeds when exposed to appropriate conditions grow to form diamond layers. This technique is suitable for most substrates. For heteroepitaxial growth, bias enhanced nucleation is the primary technique. In this technique the substrate is biased to form diamond nuclei in the initial stages of growth. This technique can be used for any conducting flat surface. For growth on ceramics, polishing by diamond grit or electrostatic seeding can be used. Polishing the ceramics with diamond powder leaves small diamond particles embedded in the substrate. These small particles then act as seeds for subsequent diamond growth. Apart from these techniques, chemical nucleation, interlayer driven nucleation and mixed techniques have been discussed. The advantages and disadvantages of individual techniques have also been discussed. Growth of diamond film on heterogeneous substrates assisted by nucleation/seeding.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumen Mandal
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University Cardiff UK
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Ebeling D, Šekutor M, Stiefermann M, Tschakert J, Dahl JEP, Carlson RMK, Schirmeisen A, Schreiner PR. London Dispersion Directs On-Surface Self-Assembly of [121]Tetramantane Molecules. ACS NANO 2017; 11:9459-9466. [PMID: 28846392 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b05204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
London dispersion (LD) acts between all atoms and molecules in nature, but the role of LD interactions in the self-assembly of molecular layers is still poorly understood. In this study, direct visualization of single molecules using atomic force microscopy with CO-functionalized tips revealed the exact adsorption structures of bulky and highly polarizable [121]tetramantane molecules on Au(111) and Cu(111) surfaces. We determined the absolute molecular orientations of the completely sp3-hybridized tetramantanes on metal surfaces. Moreover, we demonstrate how LD drives this on-surface self-assembly of [121]tetramantane hydrocarbons, resulting in the formation of a highly ordered 2D lattice. Our experimental findings were underpinned by a systematic computational study, which allowed us to quantify the energies associated with LD interactions and to analyze intermolecular close contacts and attractions in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Ebeling
- Institute of Applied Physics, Justus-Liebig University , Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Marina Šekutor
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus-Liebig University , Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Marvin Stiefermann
- Institute of Applied Physics, Justus-Liebig University , Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Jalmar Tschakert
- Institute of Applied Physics, Justus-Liebig University , Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Jeremy E P Dahl
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences , Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Robert M K Carlson
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences , Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - André Schirmeisen
- Institute of Applied Physics, Justus-Liebig University , Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Peter R Schreiner
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus-Liebig University , Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392 Giessen, Germany
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Balaban AT, Young DC, Plavec J, Pečnik K, Pompe M, Dahl JE, Carlson RMK. NMR spectral properties of the tetramantanes - nanometer-sized diamondoids. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2015; 53:1003-1018. [PMID: 26286373 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.4289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Revised: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Tetramantanes, and all diamondoid hydrocarbons, possess carbon frameworks that are superimposable upon the cubic diamond lattice. This characteristic is invaluable in assigning their (1)H and (13)C NMR spectra because it translates into repeating structural features, such as diamond-cage isobutyl moieties with distinctively complex methine to methylene signatures in COSY and HMBC data, connected to variable, but systematic linkages of methine and quaternary carbons. In all tetramantane C22H28 isomers, diamond-lattice structures result in long-range (4)JHH, W-coupling in COSY data, except where negated by symmetry; there are two highly symmetrical and one chiral tetramantane (showing seven (4)JHH). Isobutyl-cage methines of lower diamondoids and tetramantanes are the most shielded resonances in their (13)C spectra (<29.5 ppm). The isobutyl methylenes are bonded to additional methines and at least one quaternary carbon in the tetramantanes. W-couplings between these methines and methylenes clarify spin-network interconnections and detailed surface hydrogen stereochemistry. Vicinal couplings of the isobutyl methylenes reveal positions of the quaternary carbons: HMBC data then tie the more remote spin systems together. Diamondoid (13) C NMR chemical shifts are largely determined by α and β effects, however γ-shielding effects are important in [123]tetramantane. (1)H NMR chemical shifts generally correlate with numbers of 1,3-diaxial H-H interactions. Tight van der Waals contacts within [123]tetramantane's molecular groove, however, form improper hydrogen bonds, deshielding hydrogen nuclei inside the groove, while shielding those outside, indicated by Δδ of 1.47 ppm for geminal hydrogens bonded to C-3,21. These findings should be valuable in future NMR studies of diamondoids/nanodiamonds of increasing size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandru T Balaban
- Texas A&M University at Galveston, Department of Marine Sciences, 200 Seawolf Parkway, Galveston, TX, 77553, USA
| | | | - Janez Plavec
- Slovenian NMR Centre, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Klemen Pečnik
- Slovenian NMR Centre, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Matevž Pompe
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Aškerčeva 5, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jeremy E Dahl
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, Stanford University, 476 Lomita Mall, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Robert M K Carlson
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, Stanford University, 476 Lomita Mall, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
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Zhuk TS, Koso T, Pashenko AE, Hoc NT, Rodionov VN, Serafin M, Schreiner PR, Fokin AA. Toward an Understanding of Diamond sp2-Defects with Unsaturated Diamondoid Oligomer Models. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:6577-86. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b01555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana S. Zhuk
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Kiev Polytechnic Institute, pr. Pobedy 37, 03056 Kiev, Ukraine
| | - Tatyana Koso
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Justus-Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 58, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Alexander E. Pashenko
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Kiev Polytechnic Institute, pr. Pobedy 37, 03056 Kiev, Ukraine
| | - Ngo Trung Hoc
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Kiev Polytechnic Institute, pr. Pobedy 37, 03056 Kiev, Ukraine
| | - Vladimir N. Rodionov
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Kiev Polytechnic Institute, pr. Pobedy 37, 03056 Kiev, Ukraine
| | - Michael Serafin
- Institute
of Inorganic Chemistry, Justus-Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 58, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Peter R. Schreiner
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Justus-Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 58, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Andrey A. Fokin
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Kiev Polytechnic Institute, pr. Pobedy 37, 03056 Kiev, Ukraine
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Justus-Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 58, 35392 Giessen, Germany
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Fokin AA, Yurchenko RI, Tkachenko BA, Fokina NA, Gunawan MA, Poinsot D, Dahl JEP, Carlson RMK, Serafin M, Cattey H, Hierso JC, Schreiner PR. Selective Preparation of Diamondoid Phosphonates. J Org Chem 2014; 79:5369-73. [DOI: 10.1021/jo500793m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrey A. Fokin
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Kiev Polytechnic Institute, pr. Pobedy 37, 03056 Kiev, Ukraine
| | - Raisa I. Yurchenko
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Kiev Polytechnic Institute, pr. Pobedy 37, 03056 Kiev, Ukraine
| | | | | | - Maria A. Gunawan
- Institut
de Chimie Moléculaire de l’Université de Bourgogne
(ICMUB), UMR CNRS 6302, Université de Bourgogne, 9 avenue
Alain Savary, 21078 cedex, Dijon, France
| | - Didier Poinsot
- Institut
de Chimie Moléculaire de l’Université de Bourgogne
(ICMUB), UMR CNRS 6302, Université de Bourgogne, 9 avenue
Alain Savary, 21078 cedex, Dijon, France
| | - Jeremy E. P. Dahl
- Stanford Institute for Materials & Energy Science, Stanford University, 476 Lomita Mall, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Robert M. K. Carlson
- Stanford Institute for Materials & Energy Science, Stanford University, 476 Lomita Mall, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | | | - Hélène Cattey
- Institut
de Chimie Moléculaire de l’Université de Bourgogne
(ICMUB), UMR CNRS 6302, Université de Bourgogne, 9 avenue
Alain Savary, 21078 cedex, Dijon, France
| | - Jean-Cyrille Hierso
- Institut
de Chimie Moléculaire de l’Université de Bourgogne
(ICMUB), UMR CNRS 6302, Université de Bourgogne, 9 avenue
Alain Savary, 21078 cedex, Dijon, France
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Stauss S, Shizuno T, Miyazoe H, Kiyooka E, Terashima K. Reaction yields of diamondoid synthesis by plasmas generated in supercritical xenon. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.14723/tmrsj.38.619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sven Stauss
- Department of Advanced Materials Science, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| | - Tomoki Shizuno
- Department of Advanced Materials Science, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| | - Hiroyuki Miyazoe
- Department of Advanced Materials Science, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo
- Current address: IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center
| | - Eiichiro Kiyooka
- Department of Advanced Materials Science, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| | - Kazuo Terashima
- Department of Advanced Materials Science, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo
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Dahl JEP, Moldowan JM, Wei Z, Lipton PA, Denisevich P, Gat R, Liu S, Schreiner PR, Carlson RMK. Synthesis of Higher Diamondoids and Implications for Their Formation in Petroleum. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201004276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Dahl JEP, Moldowan JM, Wei Z, Lipton PA, Denisevich P, Gat R, Liu S, Schreiner PR, Carlson RMK. Synthesis of Higher Diamondoids and Implications for Their Formation in Petroleum. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010; 49:9881-5. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201004276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Roth S, Leuenberger D, Osterwalder J, Dahl J, Carlson R, Tkachenko B, Fokin A, Schreiner P, Hengsberger M. Negative-electron-affinity diamondoid monolayers as high-brilliance source for ultrashort electron pulses. Chem Phys Lett 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2010.06.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Schwertfeger H, Würtele C, Hausmann H, Dahl JE, Carlson RM, Fokin A, Schreiner P. Selective Preparation of Diamondoid Fluorides[1]. Adv Synth Catal 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.200800787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Fokin A, Tkachenko B, Fokina N, Hausmann H, Serafin M, Dahl J, Carlson R, Schreiner P. Reactivities of the Prism-Shaped Diamondoids [1(2)3]Tetramantane and [12312]Hexamantane (Cyclohexamantane). Chemistry 2009; 15:3851-62. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200801867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Schwertfeger H, Fokin A, Schreiner P. “Diamonds are a chemist's best friend”: die großen Geschwister des Adamantans. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200701684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Schwertfeger H, Fokin A, Schreiner P. Diamonds are a Chemist's Best Friend: Diamondoid Chemistry Beyond Adamantane. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008; 47:1022-36. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200701684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 319] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Fokina NA, Tkachenko BA, Merz A, Serafin M, Dahl JEP, Carlson RMK, Fokin AA, Schreiner PR. Hydroxy Derivatives of Diamantane, Triamantane, and [121]Tetramantane: Selective Preparation of Bis-Apical Derivatives. European J Org Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200700378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Godleski SA, Schleyer PVR, Ōsawa E, Wipke WT. The Systematic Prediction of the Most Stable Neutral Hydrocarbon Isomer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/9780470171929.ch2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
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Fokin AA, Schreiner PR, Fokina NA, Tkachenko BA, Hausmann H, Serafin M, Dahl JEP, Liu S, Carlson RMK. Reactivity of [1(2,3)4]Pentamantane (Td-Pentamantane): A Nanoscale Model of Diamond. J Org Chem 2006; 71:8532-40. [PMID: 17064030 DOI: 10.1021/jo061561x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
To model the chemical properties of the hydrogen-terminated nanodiamond {111} and {110} surfaces, the functionalizations of the higher diamondoid [1(2,3)4]pentamantane were studied. [1(2,3)4]Pentamantane reacts selectively with neat bromine to give the medial 2-mono- and 2,4-disubstitution products. In contrast, oxidation with nitric acid as well as single-electron-transfer oxidation involving the [1(2,3)4]pentamantane radical cation results in apical C7-substitutions. This substitution pattern dominates in the free-radical bromination under phase-transfer catalytic conditions that gives a mixture of 7- and 2-bromo[1(2,3)4]pentamantane in a 95:5 ratio. Replacement of the functional groups in [1(2,3)4]pentamantane occurs without isomerization. This was demonstrated for the interconversions of the bromo and hydroxy derivatives as well as for the preparation of [1(2,3)4]pentamantyl-7-thiol from 7-hydroxy[1(2,3)4]pentamantane. Thus, the selective functionalization of hydrogen-terminated nanodiamonds is possible by means of reactions with common electrophiles-oxidizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey A Fokin
- Institut für Organische Chemie and Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Justus-Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 58, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
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Fokin AA, Tkachenko BA, Gunchenko PA, Gusev DV, Schreiner PR. Functionalized Nanodiamonds Part I. An Experimental Assessment of Diamantane and Computational Predictions for Higher Diamondoids. Chemistry 2005; 11:7091-101. [PMID: 16196063 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200500031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The structures, strain energies, and enthalpies of formation of diamantane 1, triamantane 2, isomeric tetramantanes 3-5, T(d)-pentamantane 6, and D(3d)-hexamantane 7, and the structures of their respective radicals, cations, as well as radical cations, were computed at the B3LYP/6-31G* level of theory. For the most symmetrical hydrocarbons, the relative strain (per carbon atom) decreases from the lower to the higher diamondoids. The relative stabilities of isomeric diamondoidyl radicals vary only within small limits, while the stabilities of the diamondoidyl cations increase with cage size and depend strongly on the geometric position of the charge. Positive charge located close to the geometrical center of the molecule is stabilized by 2-5 kcal mol(-1). In contrast, diamondoid radical cations preferentially form highly delocalized structures with elongated peripheral C-H bonds. The effective spin/charge delocalization lowers the ionization potentials of diamondoids significantly (down to 176.9 kcal mol(-1) for 7). The reactivity of 1 was extensively studied experimentally. Whereas reactions with carbon-centered radicals (Hal)(3)C(*) (Hal=halogen) lead to mixtures of all possible tertiary and secondary halodiamantanes, uncharged electrophiles (dimethyldioxirane, m-chloroperbenzoic acid, and CrO(2)Cl(2)) give much higher tertiary versus secondary selectivities. Medial bridgehead substitution dominates in the reactions with strong electrophiles (Br(2), 100 % HNO(3)), whereas with strong single-electron transfer (SET) acceptors (photoexcited 1,2,4,5-tetracyanobenzene) apical C(4)-H bridgehead substitution is preferred. For diamondoids that form well-defined radical cations (such as 1 and 4-7), exceptionally high selectivities are expected upon oxidation with outer-sphere SET reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey A Fokin
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Kiev Polytechnic Institute, pr. Pobedy 37, 03056 Kiev, Ukraine
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Balaban AT, Ragé Schleyer PV. Systematic classification and nomenclature of diamond hydrocarbons—I. Tetrahedron 1978. [DOI: 10.1016/0040-4020(78)88437-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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