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Stapersma J, Kuipers P, Klumpp GW. The reaction of some polycyclic halides with lithium p,p′-di-tert-butylbiphenyl. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/recl.19821010606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Wu GS, Liu A, Hu J, Zeng FW, Wu BQ. Overwhelming decomposition of 4-bromo-4′-cyanomethylbiphenylyl radical anion without electron transfer to 4,4′-dibromobiphenyl. CHINESE J CHEM 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.19940120208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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3
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Campaña AG, Fuentes N, Gómez-Bengoa E, Mateo C, Oltra JE, Echavarren AM, Cuerva JM. Sodium Tetramethoxyborate: An Efficient Catalyst for Michael Additions of Stabilized Carbon Nucleophiles. J Org Chem 2007; 72:8127-30. [PMID: 17880141 DOI: 10.1021/jo701354c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Sodium tetramethoxyborate, easily prepared by reaction of inexpensive sodium borohydride with methanol, possesses a suitable combination of a Lewis base and a Lewis acid to catalyze Michael reactions at room temperature under practically neutral conditions. This reaction provides good to excellent yields of Michael addition products from a broad scope of Michael donor and Michael acceptor reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Araceli G Campaña
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Campus Fuentenueva s/n, University of Granada, E-18071 Granada, Spain
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Zhang N, Blowers P, Farrell J. Ab initio study of carbon-chlorine bond cleavage in carbon tetrachloride. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2005; 39:612-617. [PMID: 15707062 DOI: 10.1021/es049480a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Chlorinated solvents in groundwater are known to undergo reductive dechlorination reactions with Fe(ll)-containing minerals and with corroding metals in permeable-barrier treatment systems. This research investigated the effect of the reaction energy on the reaction pathway for C-Cl bond cleavage in carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). Hartree-Fock, density functional theory, and modified complete basis set ab initio methods were used to study adiabatic electron transfer to aqueous-phase CCl4. The potential energies associated with fragmentation of the carbon tetrachloride anion radical (CCl4-) into a trichloromethyl radical (CCl3) and a chloride ion (Cl-) were explored as a function of the carbon-chlorine bond distance during cleavage. The effect of aqueous solvation was investigated using a continuum conductor-like screening model. Solvation significantly lowered the energies of the reaction products, suggesting that dissociative electron transfer was enhanced by solvation. The potential energy curves in an aqueous medium indicate that reductive cleavage undergoes a change from an inner-sphere to an outer-sphere mechanism as the overall energy change for the reaction is increased. The activation energy for the reaction was found to be a linear function of the overall energy change, and the Marcus-Hush model was used to relate experimentally measured activation energies for CCl4 reduction to overall reaction energies. Experimentally measured activation energies for CCl4 reduction by corroding iron correspond to reaction energies that are insufficiently exergonic for promoting the outer-sphere mechanism. This suggests that the different reaction pathways that have been observed for CCl4 reduction by corroding iron arise from different catalytic interactions with the surface, and not from differences in energy of the transferred electrons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nianliu Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721-0011, USA
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van Klink GPM, de Boer HJR, Schat G, Akkerman OS, Bickelhaupt F, Spek AL. Carbanions as Intermediates in the Formation of Grignard Reagents. Organometallics 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/om011083a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gerard P. M. van Klink
- Scheikundig Laboratorium, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands, and Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Department of Crystal and Structural Chemistry, and Department of Metal-Mediated Synthesis, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Henricus J. R. de Boer
- Scheikundig Laboratorium, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands, and Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Department of Crystal and Structural Chemistry, and Department of Metal-Mediated Synthesis, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Gerrit Schat
- Scheikundig Laboratorium, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands, and Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Department of Crystal and Structural Chemistry, and Department of Metal-Mediated Synthesis, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Otto S. Akkerman
- Scheikundig Laboratorium, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands, and Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Department of Crystal and Structural Chemistry, and Department of Metal-Mediated Synthesis, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Friedrich Bickelhaupt
- Scheikundig Laboratorium, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands, and Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Department of Crystal and Structural Chemistry, and Department of Metal-Mediated Synthesis, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Anthony L. Spek
- Scheikundig Laboratorium, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands, and Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Department of Crystal and Structural Chemistry, and Department of Metal-Mediated Synthesis, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Mariano D, Vera A, Pierini AB. Theoretical study of electron transfer to neopentyl chloride and phenyl-substituted derivatives: existence of radical anions as intermediates. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2002. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Komiha N, Kabbaj O, Lhamyani-Chraibi M. Theoretical study of the electron attachment dissociation of methyl halides and freon molecules: CF 3 Cl, CF 2 Cl 2 , CFCl 3. J Fluor Chem 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-1139(01)00351-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Duca JS, Gallego MH, Pierini AB, Rossi RA. Electron-Transfer Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions on Neopentyl- and Phenyl-Substituted Alkyl Chlorides. Effect of the Bridge Length on the Intramolecular Electron-Transfer Catalysis. J Org Chem 1999; 64:2626-2629. [PMID: 11674329 DOI: 10.1021/jo980657r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The nucleophilic substitution reaction of the chlorides RMe(2)CCH(2)Cl (R = Me, 4; Ph, 5a; PhCH(2), 5b) and their relative reactivities toward diphenyl phosphide ions were studied under irradiation in liquid ammonia. The relative reactivities determined were k(5a)()/k(4)() congruent with 9 and k(5b)()/k(4)() congruent with 0.85. These reactions are proposed to occur through the S(RN)1 mechanism. The higher reactivity of 5a is explained on the basis of its higher electron affinity due to the phenyl substitution and the efficient intramolecular electron transfer from this group to the C-Cl sigma bond (intra-ET catalysis). Although 5b also has a phenyl ring, its lower reactivity is ascribed to a decrease in the rate of the intra-ET by elongation of the bridge in one methylene unit. The relative reactivity of 5a versus 5b (k(5a)()/k(5b)() congruent with 6.4) is proposed to indicate the ratio of the intra-ET rates of the radical anions of both compounds. AM1 calculations performed on the system are in agreement with the experimental results.
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Affiliation(s)
- José S. Duca
- INFIQC, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
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Tikhomirov V, German E. Dissociative electron transfer to polyhalogen methanes CY3X (Y=H, F, Cl and Br; X=Cl and Br) in solvent: a semiempirical PM3 method study. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-0728(97)00613-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Benassi R, Bertarini C, Taddei F. The dissociative nature of the radical anion of benzyl chloride. A theoretical MO ab initio approach. Chem Phys Lett 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0009-2614(96)00593-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Lu P, Lasky P, Yang Q, Osgood R. Dynamics of hot-electron transfer in oriented methyl halides on GaAs(110). Chem Phys 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0301-0104(95)00377-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Matchkarovskaya I, Burshtein K, Faustov V. Radical anions of halosubstituted methanes Structure and chemical reactivity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0166-1280(94)04051-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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A study of the carbon-halogen bond breaking in tert-butyl halides by the PM3 quantum chemical method. Chem Phys 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0301-0104(94)00371-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Machkarovskaya IA, Burshtein KY, Petrosyan VA. Quantum chemical estimation of the possibility of the formation of chloro- and bromomethane radical anions and their fragmentation paths in the gas phase and in solution by MNDO and AM1 techniques. Russ Chem Bull 1993. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00698991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Maslak P. Fragmentations by photoinduced electron transfer. Fundamentals and practical aspects. PHOTOINDUCED ELECTRON TRANSFER V 1993. [DOI: 10.1007/3-540-56746-1_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Raynor JB, Rowland IJ, Symons MCR. σ*-Radicals R3N — hal: electron paramagnetic resonance studies of the radiolysis of alkylammonium halides. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1039/ft9918700571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Chanon M, Rajzmann M, Chanon F. One electron more, One electron less. What does it change? Activations Induced by electron Transfer. The electron, an activating messenger. Tetrahedron 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(01)96001-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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20
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Lobanov VV, Bogillo VI. Quantum-chemical study on electrode field effects in elementary stages in electrochemical methyl chloride reduction. THEOR EXP CHEM+ 1990. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00530429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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21
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Quantum-chemical study of the cleavage of the C-X bonds in the radical ions CH3X? (X=F, Cl, Br, I). Russ Chem Bull 1988. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00962499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Electrochemical behaviour of chlorobenzenesulphonamide derivatives at the mercury electrode in non-aqueous solvents. Electrochim Acta 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/0013-4686(88)80199-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Feasibility of a quantitative description of halide anion abstraction from aromatic radical-anions using quantum chemical reactivity indices. Russ Chem Bull 1987. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00958366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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24
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Chu SY, Lee SL. Charge localization in solvated ions and in molecular core-hole states. Chem Phys Lett 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/0009-2614(83)80092-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Eberson L. Electron-Transfer Reactions in Organic Chemistry. ADVANCES IN PHYSICAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-3160(08)60139-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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Symons ]MC. Reply to comment by J.T. Wang and F. Williams on the stability of alkyl halide and related σ* anions. Chem Phys Lett 1980. [DOI: 10.1016/0009-2614(80)80354-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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