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Clewing SF, Wagner JP. σ 0π 2 Singlet Ground State Carbenes Undergo Least-Motion Reactions with H 2 and Alkenes. J Org Chem 2021; 86:15247-15252. [PMID: 34634202 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Ground state singlet carbenes commonly feature σ2π0 orbital occupations and are known for their concerted σ-bond insertion and cycloaddition reactions. Despite the facility of these transformations, orbital symmetry conservation forces them into non-least-motion π-approach reaction pathways. This situation completely changes when the singlet σ0π2 electron configuration becomes the ground state, which we show here by means of high-level CCSD(T) geometry optimizations. Carbenes like the experimentally known 2H-imidazol-2-ylidene react with H2 and ethylene with negligible or no barrier in a σ-fashion, which effectively corresponds to a least-motion reaction trajectory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan F Clewing
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - J Philipp Wagner
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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2
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Knorr J, Sokkar P, Costa P, Sander W, Sanchez-Garcia E, Nuernberger P. How Protic Solvents Determine the Reaction Mechanisms of Diphenylcarbene in Solution. J Org Chem 2019; 84:11450-11457. [PMID: 31343881 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b01228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the effects of small admixtures of protic solvent molecules, such as water and alcohols, on the ultrafast dynamics of diphenylcarbene in acetonitrile at room temperature. Broadband transient absorption measurements and quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics molecular dynamics simulations allow elucidating the dominant reaction mechanism of an intermediate hydrogen-bonded complex between singlet diphenylcarbene and a protic solvent molecule, thus competing with intersystem crossing. Analysis of the data indicates that complex formation is a diffusion-controlled process with orientational requirements. The reaction path involving a benzhydryl cation is less likely in neat bulkier alcohols, as it requires the interaction of the carbene with a protic solvent molecule being part of a hydrogen-bonded network. The simulations indicate a further reaction path toward O-H insertion and two side reactions depending on the involved protic solvent species. Thus, we established that not only the number but also the chemical nature of the protic solvent molecule determine which reaction path is pursued.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pandian Sokkar
- Computational Biochemistry, Center of Medical Biotechnology , University of Duisburg-Essen , 45117 Essen , Germany
| | | | | | - Elsa Sanchez-Garcia
- Computational Biochemistry, Center of Medical Biotechnology , University of Duisburg-Essen , 45117 Essen , Germany
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3
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Tsegaw YA, Kadam PE, Tötsch N, Sanchez-Garcia E, Sander W. Is Magnetic Bistability of Carbenes a General Phenomenon? Isolation of Simple Aryl(trifluoromethyl)carbenes in Both Their Singlet and Triplet States. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:12310-12316. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b06868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yetsedaw A. Tsegaw
- Lehrstuhl
für Organische Chemie II, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Pritam E. Kadam
- Lehrstuhl
für Organische Chemie II, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Niklas Tötsch
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
- Universität Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse
2, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Elsa Sanchez-Garcia
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
- Universität Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse
2, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Wolfram Sander
- Lehrstuhl
für Organische Chemie II, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
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Costa P, Lohmiller T, Trosien I, Savitsky A, Lubitz W, Fernandez-Oliva M, Sanchez-Garcia E, Sander W. Light and Temperature Control of the Spin State of Bis(p-methoxyphenyl)carbene: A Magnetically Bistable Carbene. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:1622-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b11696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Costa
- Lehrstuhl
für Organische Chemie II, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Thomas Lohmiller
- Lehrstuhl
für Organische Chemie II, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Energiekonversion, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Iris Trosien
- Lehrstuhl
für Organische Chemie II, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Anton Savitsky
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Energiekonversion, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Lubitz
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Energiekonversion, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | | | | | - Wolfram Sander
- Lehrstuhl
für Organische Chemie II, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
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6
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Alfimov MV, Plotnikov VG, Smirnov VA. Formation of triplet molecular states in molecular photonics and radiation chemistry. HIGH ENERGY CHEMISTRY 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s0018143915060028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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7
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Costa P, Fernandez-Oliva M, Sanchez-Garcia E, Sander W. The highly reactive benzhydryl cation isolated and stabilized in water ice. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:15625-30. [PMID: 25236711 DOI: 10.1021/ja507894x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Diphenylcarbene (DPC) shows a triplet ground-state lying approximately 3 kcal/mol below the lowest singlet state. Under the conditions of matrix isolation at 25 K, DPC reacts with single water molecules embedded in solid argon and switches its ground state from triplet to singlet by forming a strong hydrogen bond. The complex between DPC and water is only metastable, and even at 3 K the carbene center slowly inserts into the OH bond of water to form benzhydryl alcohol via quantum chemical tunneling. Surprisingly, if DPC is generated in amorphous water ice at 3 K, it is protonated instantaneously to give the benzhydryl cation. Under these conditions, the benzhydryl cation is stable, and warming to temperatures above 50 K is required to produce benzhydryl alcohol. Thus, for the first time, a highly electrophilic and extremely reactive secondary carbenium ion can be isolated in a neutral, nucleophilic environment avoiding superacidic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Costa
- Lehrstuhl für Organische Chemie II, Ruhr-Universität Bochum , 44780 Bochum, Germany
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8
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Costa P, Sander W. Hydrogen Bonding Switches the Spin State of Diphenylcarbene from Triplet to Singlet. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201400176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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9
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Costa P, Sander W. Hydrogen Bonding Switches the Spin State of Diphenylcarbene from Triplet to Singlet. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:5122-5. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201400176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Costa
- Lehrstuhl für Organische Chemie II, Ruhr‐Universität Bochum, 44781 Bochum (Germany) http://www.rub.de/aksander
| | - Wolfram Sander
- Lehrstuhl für Organische Chemie II, Ruhr‐Universität Bochum, 44781 Bochum (Germany) http://www.rub.de/aksander
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10
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Régimbald-Krnel MJ, Wentrup C. Laser-induced carbene-carbene rearrangement in solution: the diphenylcarbene-fluorene rearrangement. J Org Chem 2013; 78:8789-95. [PMID: 23941300 DOI: 10.1021/jo401607m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Diphenylcarbene (DPC) generated by high-intensity laser photolysis of diphenyldiazomethane rearranges to fluorene (FL) by two distinct mechanisms as revealed by methyl-group labeling. Thus, excimer laser irradiation of p,p'-dimethyldiphenyldiazomethane generates 3,6-dimethylfluorene (3,6-DMF) and 2,7-dimethylfluorene (2,7-DMF), which were identified by fluorescence measurements as well as GC-MS and comparison with authentic materials. 3,6-DMF corresponds to direct bond formation between ortho positions in DPC, referred to as ortho,ortho' coupling. 2,7-DMF corresponds to a carbene-carbene rearrangement, whereby DPC undergoes ring expansion to phenylcycloheptatetraene (PhCHT) followed by ring contraction to o-biphenylylcarbene (o-BPC), which then cyclizes to FL. The carbene-carbene rearrangement dominates over the ortho,ortho' coupling under all conditions employed. The ortho,ortho' coupling must take place in a higher excited state (most likely S2 or T1) of DPC, because it is not observed at all under thermolysis conditions, where only S1 and T0 are populated. The carbene-carbene rearrangement may take place either in a hot S1 state or more likely in a higher excited state (S2 or T1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Michèle J Régimbald-Krnel
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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11
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RAMASAMI K, RAMALINGAM M, VENUVANALINGAM P. SINGLET METHYLENE AND HALOCARBENES INSERTIONS INTO POLAR N–H BONDS OF AMINES. JOURNAL OF THEORETICAL & COMPUTATIONAL CHEMISTRY 2011. [DOI: 10.1142/s0219633609005398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The insertion of singlet 1CH2 , 1CHF , and 1CF2 into polar N–H bonds of RNH2 ( R = –CH3, –C2H5, –C3H7 or –CH(CH3)2 ) has been investigated at HF, MP2, and DFT levels using 6-31g (d, p) basis set. The insertions proceed via a two-step mechanism. The potential energy surface exploration identifies an ylide formation followed by the 1,2-proton shift concertedly giving the secondary amine. The barrier height varies with the type of carbene and amine. HOMO of amines and LUMO of carbenes control the initial interactions and it is confirmed by NBO charge analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. RAMASAMI
- Department of Chemistry, Nehru Memorial College, Puthanampatti, 621007, India
| | - M. RAMALINGAM
- CRD, PRIST University, Vallam, Thanjavur, 613403, India
| | - P. VENUVANALINGAM
- School of Chemistry, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirapalli, 620024, India
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12
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Zhang Y, Kubicki J, Wang J, Platz MS. 2-Naphthyl(carbomethoxy)carbene Revisited: Combination of Ultrafast UV−vis and Infrared Spectroscopic Study. J Phys Chem A 2008; 112:11093-8. [DOI: 10.1021/jp8053372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yunlong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210 and Quantum Electronics Laboratory, Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, 85 Umultowska, Poznan 61-614, Poland
| | - Jacek Kubicki
- Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210 and Quantum Electronics Laboratory, Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, 85 Umultowska, Poznan 61-614, Poland
| | - Jin Wang
- Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210 and Quantum Electronics Laboratory, Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, 85 Umultowska, Poznan 61-614, Poland
| | - Matthew S. Platz
- Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210 and Quantum Electronics Laboratory, Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, 85 Umultowska, Poznan 61-614, Poland
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13
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Wang J, Burdzinski G, Kubicki J, Platz MS. Ultrafast UV−Vis and IR Studies of p-Biphenylyl Acetyl and Carbomethoxy Carbenes. J Am Chem Soc 2008; 130:11195-209. [DOI: 10.1021/ja803096p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Wang
- Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, and the Quantum Electronics Laboratory, Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, 85 Umultowska, Poznan 61-614, Poland
| | - Gotard Burdzinski
- Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, and the Quantum Electronics Laboratory, Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, 85 Umultowska, Poznan 61-614, Poland
| | - Jacek Kubicki
- Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, and the Quantum Electronics Laboratory, Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, 85 Umultowska, Poznan 61-614, Poland
| | - Matthew S. Platz
- Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, and the Quantum Electronics Laboratory, Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, 85 Umultowska, Poznan 61-614, Poland
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14
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Wang J, Zhang Y, Kubicki J, Platz MS. Ultrafast studies of some diarylcarbenes. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2008; 7:552-7. [PMID: 18465011 DOI: 10.1039/b800041g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The photochemistry of 5-diazo-10,11-dihydrodibenzo[a,d]diazocycloheptene (DDBC) and 9-diazoanthrone (DAN) were studied by ultrafast time resolved techniques. The excited states of these diazo compounds were observed by UV-Vis spectroscopy and were found to decay in 300 fs. The diazo excited state decays led to the appearance and first direct observation of singlet 5-diazo-10,11-dihydrodibenzo[a,d]cycloheptenylidene (DBC) and 9-anthronylidene (AN). The dynamics of DBC and AN were studied in acetonitrile, cyclohexane and methanol. The lifetimes of (1)DBC are 83 ps and 72 ps in acetonitrile and cyclohexane, respectively. The lifetime of (1)DBC shortens to 9 ps in methanol due to rapid reaction with the solvent. The lifetime of (1)AN is 87 ps and 66 ps in acetonitrile and cyclohexane, respectively. In methanol, the lifetime of (1)AN cannot be determined due to spectral overlap of (1)AN and cation ANH+. The decays of (1)DBC and (1)AN are controlled by intersystem crossing (ISC) in acetonitrile and cyclohexane and the rates of ISC of (1)DBC or (1)AN are similar in these two solvents. This differs from the solvent dependence of other diarylcarbene intersystem crossing rates. This is attributed to the relatively large singlet-triplet (S-T) gaps of these carbenes and this factor dominates the influence of solvent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Wang
- Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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15
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Wang J, Kubicki J, Peng H, Platz MS. Influence of Solvent on Carbene Intersystem Crossing Rates. J Am Chem Soc 2008; 130:6604-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ja711385t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Wang
- Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, and Quantum Electronics Laboratory, Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, 85 Umultowska, Poznan 61-614, Poland
| | - Jacek Kubicki
- Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, and Quantum Electronics Laboratory, Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, 85 Umultowska, Poznan 61-614, Poland
| | - Huolei Peng
- Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, and Quantum Electronics Laboratory, Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, 85 Umultowska, Poznan 61-614, Poland
| | - Matthew S. Platz
- Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, and Quantum Electronics Laboratory, Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, 85 Umultowska, Poznan 61-614, Poland
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Wang J, Kubicki J, Hilinski EF, Mecklenburg SL, Gustafson TL, Platz MS. Ultrafast Study of 9-Diazofluorene: Direct Observation of the First Two Singlet States of Fluorenylidene. J Am Chem Soc 2007; 129:13683-90. [DOI: 10.1021/ja074612w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Wang
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, the Quantum Electronics Laboratory, Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, 85 Umultowska, Poznan 61-614, Poland, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, 32306-4390
| | - Jacek Kubicki
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, the Quantum Electronics Laboratory, Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, 85 Umultowska, Poznan 61-614, Poland, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, 32306-4390
| | - Edwin F. Hilinski
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, the Quantum Electronics Laboratory, Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, 85 Umultowska, Poznan 61-614, Poland, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, 32306-4390
| | - Sandra L. Mecklenburg
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, the Quantum Electronics Laboratory, Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, 85 Umultowska, Poznan 61-614, Poland, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, 32306-4390
| | - Terry L. Gustafson
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, the Quantum Electronics Laboratory, Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, 85 Umultowska, Poznan 61-614, Poland, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, 32306-4390
| | - Matthew S. Platz
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, the Quantum Electronics Laboratory, Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, 85 Umultowska, Poznan 61-614, Poland, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, 32306-4390
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Hackenberger A, Dürr H. Naphtho[
b
]cycloheptatrienyliden – ein Carben der Tropyliden‐Reihe mit neuartigen Eigenschaften. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/cber.19841170808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Heinz Dürr
- FB 14, Organische Chemie, Universität des Saarlandes, D‐6600 Saarbrücken 11
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Wang Y, Hadad CM, Toscano JP. Solvent dependence of the 2-naphthyl(carbomethoxy)carbene singlet-triplet energy gap. J Am Chem Soc 2002; 124:1761-7. [PMID: 11853454 DOI: 10.1021/ja012139v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The solvent dependence of the 2-naphthyl(carbomethoxy)carbene (2) singlet-triplet energy gap has been examined by time-resolved infrared (TRIR) and computational methods. The ground state of 2 changes from the triplet state in hexane to the singlet state in acetonitrile. Preferential stabilization of the singlet carbene is the result of its increased dipole moment in polar solvents. Variable-temperature TRIR experiments provide measurements of the enthalpic and entropic differences between (1)2 and (3)2 and suggest that solvent and geometry effects on the entropy of singlet and triplet carbenes can offset differences arising from spin multiplicity. B3LYP calculations using the polarizable continuum solvation model (PCM) reproduce the general trends in enthalpic differences seen experimentally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhong Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
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20
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Hess GC, Kohler B, Likhotvorik I, Peon J, Platz MS. Ultrafast Carbonylcarbene Formation and Spin-Equilibration. J Am Chem Soc 2000. [DOI: 10.1021/ja0011358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gina C. Hess
- Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Bern Kohler
- Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Igor Likhotvorik
- Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Jorge Peon
- Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Matthew S. Platz
- Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210
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21
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Portella-Oberli MT, Jeannin C, Soep B, Zerza G, Chergui M. Femtosecond study of the rise and decay of carbenes in solution. Chem Phys Lett 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2614(98)01057-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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22
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Peters KS. Die zeitaufgelöste Photoakustische Kalorimetrie und ihre Studienobjekte: von Carbenen bis zu Proteinen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1994. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.19941060306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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23
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Kirmse W, Lelgemann R, Friedrich K. Carben-Reaktionen mit Oxetan und mit Oxetan/Methanol-Gemischen. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1002/cber.19911240824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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24
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Shi M, Okamoto Y, Takamuku S. Photolysis of Triphenylacetic Acid and Its Methyl Ester: A Novel Photochemical Generation of Carbene Intermediates. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 1990. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.63.3345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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25
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Effects of solvent polarity and structure on intersystem crossing in diphenylcarbenes. A picosecond laser study on dimesitylcarbene. Chem Phys Lett 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/0009-2614(89)85098-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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26
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27
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Structure and Reactivity of Carbenes having Aryl Substituents. ADVANCES IN PHYSICAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-3160(08)60170-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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28
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Characterization of thiocarbonyl ylides in the reaction of triplet carbenes with thioketones. Tetrahedron Lett 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(00)84036-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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29
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Savino T, Senthilnathan V, Platz M. Contrasting chemistry of diphenylcarbene and fluorenylidene in cyclohexane. Tetrahedron 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(01)90595-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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30
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Tanaka K, Masuda H, Mitsuhashi K. A Competition between 1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition and Substitution of Trifluoroacetonitrile Oxide. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 1985. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.58.2061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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31
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Wentrup C, Mayor C, Becker J, Lindner HJ. Force field-SCF calculations on cyclopropene intermediates in carbene rearrangements. Comparison with experiment. Tetrahedron 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(01)96400-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Gould I, Turbo N, Butcher J, Doubleday C, Hacker N, Lehr G, Moss R, Cox D, Guo W, Munjal R, Perez L, Fedorynski M. Time-resolved flash spectroscopic investigations of the reactions of singlet arylhalocarbenes. Tetrahedron 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(01)96399-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Griller D, Nazran A, Scaiano J. Flash photolysis studies of carbenes and their impact on the skell-woodworth rules. Tetrahedron 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(01)96392-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Singlet-triplet interconversion of diphenylmethylene. Energetics, dynamics and reactivities of different spin states. Tetrahedron 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(01)96394-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Sitzmann E, Langan J, Eisenthal K. Picosecond laser studies of the effects of reactants on intramolecular energy relaxation of diphenylcarbene: Reaction of diphenylcarbene with alcohols. Chem Phys Lett 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/0009-2614(84)85003-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Langan J, Sitzmann E, Eisenthal K. Picosecond laser studies on the effect of structure and environment on intersystem crossing in aromatic carbenes. Chem Phys Lett 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/0009-2614(84)87083-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Eisenthal KB, Moss RA, Turro NJ. Divalent Carbon Intermediates: Laser Photolysis and Spectroscopy. Science 1984; 225:1439-45. [PMID: 17770059 DOI: 10.1126/science.225.4669.1439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
A brief review is given of the structures of an important class of reactive intermediates, divalent carbon species (carbenes). The electronic properties of carbenes force an unusual electronic character upon these species that, in turn, leads to intriguing physical and chemical properties. Because of the fleeting nature of carbenes, which are extraordinarily reactive, direct investigation of their structural and chemical behavior has presented a challenge to the experimentalist. The application of spectroscopic and ultrafast laser techniques has met this challenge. With the use of laser methods, along with conventional techniques, quantitative evaluation of the energetics, dynamics, and reactivities of a variety of carbenes has been possible.
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Tomioka H, Ohno K, Izawa Y, Moss RA, Munjal RC. The philicity of a triplet carbene: additions of diphenylcarbene to styrene substrates. Tetrahedron Lett 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(01)91299-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Sitzmann E, Langan J, Eisenthal K. Picosecond laser studies of the charge-transfer reaction of excited triplet diphenylcarbene with electron donors. Chem Phys Lett 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/0009-2614(83)87443-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Sugawara T, Iwamura H, Hayashi H, Sekiguchi A, Ando W, Liu MTH. TIME-RESOLVED AND LOW-TEMPERATURE ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPIC STUDIES ON 10-SILAANTHRACEN-9(10H)-YLIDENE. CHEM LETT 1983. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.1983.1257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Hadel LM, Platz MS, Scaiano J. Laser flash photolysis studied of 1-naphthyldiazomethane. Formation of nitrile ylides. Chem Phys Lett 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/0009-2614(83)80526-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Tomioka H, Hayashi N, Asano T, Izawa Y. Mechanism of the Photochemical and Thermal Wolff Rearrangement of 2-Diazo-1,3-dicarbonyl Compounds. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 1983. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.56.758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Tunneling parameters for the hydrogen atom abstraction reactions of diphenylcarbene in a low temperature toluene matrix. Tetrahedron Lett 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(00)86961-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Wong P, Griller D, Scaiano J. Unusual temperature dependences of the reactions of triplet fluorenylidene with olefins. Chem Phys Lett 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/0009-2614(81)80291-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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