1
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Zanoni C, Dallù LV, Costa C, Cutaia A, Alberti G. A Screen-Printed Voltammetric Sensor Modified with Electropolymerized Molecularly Imprinted Polymer (eMIP) to Determine Gallic Acid in Non-Alcoholic and Alcoholic Beverages. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1076. [PMID: 38674995 PMCID: PMC11054643 DOI: 10.3390/polym16081076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
This paper presents a low-cost disposable sensor for gallic acid (GA) detection in non-alcoholic and alcoholic beverages using a screen-printed cell (SPC) whose working electrode (in graphite) is modified with electrosynthesized molecularly imprinted polypyrrole (eMIP). Our preliminary characterization of the electrochemical process shows that gallic acid (GA) undergoes irreversible oxidation at potentials of about +0.3 V. The peak potential is not affected by the presence of the eMIP film and alcohol percentages (ethanol) up to 20%. The GA determination is based on a differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) analysis leveraging its oxidation peak. The calibration data and the figures of merit of the analytical method (LOD, LOQ, and linear range) are calculated. To validate the feasibility of the sensor's application for the dosing of GA in real matrices, some non-alcoholic and alcoholic beverages are analyzed. The results are then compared with those reported in the literature and with the total polyphenol content determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu method. In all cases, the concentrations of GA align with those previously found in the literature for the beverages examined. Notably, the values are consistently lower than the total polyphenol content, demonstrating the sensor's selectivity in discriminating the target molecule from other polyphenols present.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Giancarla Alberti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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2
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Mechanistic Aspects of the Electrochemical Oxidation of Aliphatic Amines and Aniline Derivatives. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28020471. [PMID: 36677530 PMCID: PMC9864799 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28020471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The electrochemical oxidation of amines is an essential alternative to the conventional chemical transformation that provides critical routes for synthesising and modifying a wide range of chemically useful molecules, including pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals. As a result, the anodic reactivity of these compounds has been extensively researched over the past seven decades. However, the different mechanistic aspects of the electrochemical oxidation of amines have never been discussed from a comprehensive and general point of view. This review examines the oxidation mechanism of aliphatic amines, amides, aniline and aniline derivatives, carbamates, and lactams, either directly oxidised at different electrode surfaces or indirectly oxidised by a reversible redox molecule, in which the reactive form was generated in situ. The mechanisms are compared and simplified to understand all possible pathways for the oxidation of amines using only a few general mechanisms. Examples of the application of these oxidation reactions are also provided.
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3
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Milanesi CL, Protti S, Chiodi D, Profumo A, Merli D. Electrochemical characterization and voltammetric determination of aryl piperazine emerging as designer drugs. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2021.115480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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4
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Huang SC, Bao YF, Wu SS, Huang TX, Sartin MM, Wang X, Ren B. Electrochemical Tip-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy: An In Situ Nanospectroscopy for Electrochemistry. Annu Rev Phys Chem 2021; 72:213-234. [PMID: 33400554 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physchem-061020-053442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Revealing the intrinsic relationships between the structure, properties, and performance of the electrochemical interface is a long-term goal in the electrochemistry and surface science communities because it could facilitate the rational design of electrochemical devices. Achieving this goal requires in situ characterization techniques that provide rich chemical information and high spatial resolution. Electrochemical tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (EC-TERS), which provides molecular fingerprint information with nanometer-scale spatial resolution, is a promising technique for achieving this goal. Since the first demonstration of this technique in 2015, EC-TERS has been developed for characterizing various electrochemical processes at the nanoscale and molecular level. Here, we review the development of EC-TERS over the past 5 years. We discuss progress in addressing the technical challenges, including optimizing the EC-TERS setup and solving tip-related issues, and provide experimental guidelines. We also survey the important applications of EC-TERS for probing molecular protonation, molecular adsorption, electrochemical reactions, and photoelectrochemical reactions. Finally, we discuss the opportunities and challenges in the future development of this young technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Chao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; ,
| | - Yi-Fan Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; ,
| | - Si-Si Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; ,
| | - Teng-Xiang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; ,
| | - Matthew M Sartin
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; ,
| | - Xiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; ,
| | - Bin Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; ,
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5
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Electrochemical synthesis of symmetrical benzidines through dehydrogenative cross-coupling reaction. Tetrahedron Lett 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2021.153021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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6
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Martins D, Garrido E, Borges F, Garrido J. Voltammetric profiling of new psychoactive substances: Piperazine derivatives. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2021.115054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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7
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Fang Y, Sun Q, Chen X, Qiu Y, Chen C, Wang L, Zhao Y, Su Y, Li T, Zhang L, Wang X. Rational design and syntheses of aniline-based diradical dications: isolable congeners of quinodimethane diradicals. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0qo01265c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Two-electron oxidation of five aniline-based compounds 4,4′′-p/m-terphenyldiamines afforded the first isolable aniline-based diradical dications 12+–52+.
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8
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Luo MJ, Li Y, Ouyang XH, Li JH, He DL. Electrochemical dehydrogenative cross-coupling of two anilines: facile synthesis of unsymmetrical biaryls. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:2707-2710. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc09879h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
New ortho/para-selective dehydrogenative cross-coupling of aryl amines for producing biaryls and incorporating pharmacophores is depicted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mu-Jia Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics
- Hunan University
- Changsha 410082
- China
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle
| | - Yang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics
- Hunan University
- Changsha 410082
- China
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle
| | - Xuan-Hui Ouyang
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle
- Nanchang Hangkong University
- Nanchang 330063
- China
| | - Jin-Heng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics
- Hunan University
- Changsha 410082
- China
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle
| | - De-Liang He
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics
- Hunan University
- Changsha 410082
- China
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9
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Adsorptive square wave voltammetric determination of amitraz in Argentine honeys with a microwave-assisted sample treatment. Microchem J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2019.104068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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10
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Peterson BM, Shen L, Lopez GJ, Gannett CN, Ren D, Abruña HD, Fors BP. Elucidation of the electrochemical behavior of phenothiazine-based polyaromatic amines. Tetrahedron 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2019.05.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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11
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Yen HJ, Liou GS. Design and preparation of triphenylamine-based polymeric materials towards emergent optoelectronic applications. Prog Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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12
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Xia Z, Guo X, Zhu Y, Wang Y, Wang J. A julolidine-fused anthracene derivative: synthesis, photophysical properties, and oxidative dimerization. RSC Adv 2018; 8:13588-13591. [PMID: 35542525 PMCID: PMC9079783 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra02205d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe the synthesis and characterization of a julolidine-fused anthracene derivative J-A, which exhibits a maximum absorption of 450 nm and a maximum emission of 518 nm. The fluorescent quantum yield was determined to be 0.55 in toluene. J-A dimerizes in solution via oxidative coupling. Structure of the dimer was characterized using single crystal X-ray diffraction. A julolidine fused anthracene derivative with unique photophysical and redox properties was presented.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeming Xia
- School of Chemistry
- Sun Yat-Sen University
- Guangzhou 510275
- People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyu Guo
- School of Chemistry
- Sun Yat-Sen University
- Guangzhou 510275
- People's Republic of China
| | - Yanpeng Zhu
- School of Chemistry
- Sun Yat-Sen University
- Guangzhou 510275
- People's Republic of China
| | - Yonggen Wang
- School of Chemistry
- Sun Yat-Sen University
- Guangzhou 510275
- People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaobing Wang
- School of Chemistry
- Sun Yat-Sen University
- Guangzhou 510275
- People's Republic of China
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13
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Yin G, Chen L, Wang C, Yang H. Fabrication of Neutral Supramolecular Polymeric Films via Post-electropolymerization of Discrete Metallacycles. CHINESE J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.201700610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Guangqiang Yin
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes; School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road; Shanghai 200062 China
| | - Lijun Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes; School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road; Shanghai 200062 China
| | - Cuihong Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes; School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road; Shanghai 200062 China
| | - Haibo Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes; School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road; Shanghai 200062 China
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14
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Zhang S, Wang W, Liu S, Sui Y, Zhang Z, Tan G, Sun Q, Wang X. Putting aniline radical cations in a bottle. Sci China Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-017-9096-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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15
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Kortekaas L, Lancia F, Steen JD, Browne WR. Reversible Charge Trapping in Bis-Carbazole-Diimide Redox Polymers with Complete Luminescence Quenching Enabling Nondestructive Read-Out by Resonance Raman Spectroscopy. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2017; 121:14688-14702. [PMID: 28729892 PMCID: PMC5512120 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.7b04288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The coupling of substituted carbazole compounds through carbon-carbon bond formation upon one-electron oxidation is shown to be a highly versatile approach to the formation of redox polymer films. Although the polymerization of single carbazole units has been proposed earlier, we show that by tethering pairs of carbazoles double sequential dimerization allows for facile formation of redox polymer films with fine control over film thickness. We show that the design of the monomers and in particular the bridging units is key to polymer formation, with the diaminobenzene motif proving advantageous, in terms of the matching to the redox potentials of the monomer and polymer film and thereby avoiding limitations in film thickness (autoinsulation), but introduces unacceptable instability due to the intrinsic redox activity of this moiety. The use of a diimide protecting group both avoids complications due to p-diamino-benzene redox chemistry and provides for a redox polymer in which the photoluminescence of the bis-carbazole moiety can be switched reversibly (on/off) with redox control. The monomer design approach is versatile enabling facile incorporation of additional functional units, such as naphthalene. Here we show that a multicomponent carbazole/naphthalene containing monomer (APCNDI) can form redox polymer films showing both p- and n- conductivity under ambient conditions and allows access to five distinct redox states, and a complex electrochromic response covering the whole of the UV/vis-NIR spectral region. The highly effective quenching of the photoluminescence of both components in poly-APCNDI enables detailed characterization of the redox polymer films. The poly-APCNDI films show extensive charge trapping, which can be read out spectroscopically in the case of films and is characterized as kinetic rather than chemical in origin on the basis of UV/vis-NIR absorption and resonance Raman spectroscopic analyses. The strong resonantly enhanced Raman scattering for the various oxidized and reduced states of APCNDI enables nondestructive "read-out" of the state of the polymer, including that in which charges are trapped kinetically at the surface, making poly-APCNDI highly suitable for application as a component in organic nonvolatile memory devices.
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16
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Xu XD, Yao CJ, Chen LJ, Yin GQ, Zhong YW, Yang HB. Facile Construction of Structurally Defined Porous Membranes from Supramolecular Hexakistriphenylamine Metallacycles through Electropolymerization. Chemistry 2016; 22:5211-8. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201504480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Dong Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes; Department of Chemistry; East China Normal University; Shanghai 200062 P.R. China
| | - Chang-Jiang Yao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science; CAS Key Laboratory of Photochemistry; Institute of Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 P.R. China
| | - Li-Jun Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes; Department of Chemistry; East China Normal University; Shanghai 200062 P.R. China
| | - Guang-Qiang Yin
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes; Department of Chemistry; East China Normal University; Shanghai 200062 P.R. China
| | - Yu-Wu Zhong
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science; CAS Key Laboratory of Photochemistry; Institute of Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 P.R. China
| | - Hai-Bo Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes; Department of Chemistry; East China Normal University; Shanghai 200062 P.R. China
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17
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Kortekaas L, Ivashenko O, van Herpt JT, Browne WR. A Remarkable Multitasking Double Spiropyran: Bidirectional Visible-Light Switching of Polymer-Coated Surfaces with Dual Redox and Proton Gating. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:1301-12. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b11604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Luuk Kortekaas
- Stratingh
Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747
AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Oleksii Ivashenko
- Stratingh
Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747
AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jochem T. van Herpt
- Stratingh
Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747
AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wesley R. Browne
- Stratingh
Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747
AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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18
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Mendive-Tapia D, Kortekaas L, Steen JD, Perrier A, Lasorne B, Browne WR, Jacquemin D. Accidental degeneracy in the spiropyran radical cation: charge transfer between two orthogonal rings inducing ultra-efficient reactivity. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:31244-31253. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp06907j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We unravel an original photoswitching mechanism in spiropyran radical cation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Mendive-Tapia
- Institut Charles Gerhardt Montpellier
- UMR 5253
- CNRS-UM-ENSCM
- CTMM
- Université Montpellier
| | - Luuk Kortekaas
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences
- University of Groningen
- 9747AG Groningen
| | - Jorn D. Steen
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences
- University of Groningen
- 9747AG Groningen
| | - Aurélie Perrier
- Université Paris Diderot Sorbonne Paris Cité
- F-75205 Paris Cedex 13
- France
- Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris
- PSL Research University
| | - Benjamin Lasorne
- Institut Charles Gerhardt Montpellier
- UMR 5253
- CNRS-UM-ENSCM
- CTMM
- Université Montpellier
| | - Wesley R. Browne
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences
- University of Groningen
- 9747AG Groningen
| | - Denis Jacquemin
- Chimie Et Interdisciplinarité
- Synthèse, Analyse, Modélisation (CEISAM)
- UMR CNRS no. 6230
- 44322 Nantes Cedex 3
- France
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19
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Truong TT, Coates GW, Abruña HD. High power organic cathodes using thin films of electropolymerized benzidine polymers. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:14674-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc05134g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Thin films of benzidine polymers were electrochemically deposited directly onto conductive substrates by oxidative coupling. The polymer films exhibited two reversible one-electron transfers at fast rates of charge and discharge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanh-Tam Truong
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology
- Baker Laboratory
- Cornell University
- Ithaca
- USA
| | - Geoffrey W. Coates
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology
- Baker Laboratory
- Cornell University
- Ithaca
- USA
| | - Héctor D. Abruña
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology
- Baker Laboratory
- Cornell University
- Ithaca
- USA
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20
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Cao F, Kim J, Bard AJ. Detection of the Short-Lived Cation Radical Intermediate in the Electrochemical Oxidation of N,N-Dimethylaniline by Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:18163-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ja511602v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fahe Cao
- Center for Electrochemistry,
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Jiyeon Kim
- Center for Electrochemistry,
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Allen J. Bard
- Center for Electrochemistry,
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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21
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Fathi S, Mahdavi MR. Electropolymerization of N,N-dimethylaniline in presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate and its electrochemical properties. RUSS J ELECTROCHEM+ 2014. [DOI: 10.1134/s1023193514090031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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22
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Ivashenko O, van Herpt JT, Rudolf P, Feringa BL, Browne WR. Oxidative electrochemical aryl C–C coupling of spiropyrans. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013; 49:6737-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cc42396d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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23
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Chen X, Wang X, Sui Y, Li Y, Ma J, Zuo J, Wang X. Synthesis, Characterization, and Structures of a Persistent Aniline Radical Cation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201205478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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24
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Chen X, Wang X, Sui Y, Li Y, Ma J, Zuo J, Wang X. Synthesis, Characterization, and Structures of a Persistent Aniline Radical Cation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:11878-81. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201205478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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25
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26
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Marjanović B, Juranić I, Ćirić-Marjanović G. Reply to “Comment on ‘Revised Mechanism of Boyland–Sims Oxidation’”. J Phys Chem A 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/jp2041845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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27
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Marjanović B, Juranić I, Ćirić-Marjanović G. Revised Mechanism of Boyland−Sims Oxidation. J Phys Chem A 2011; 115:3536-50. [DOI: 10.1021/jp111129t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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28
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Lakshmi D, Whitcombe MJ, Davis F, Sharma PS, Prasad BB. Electrochemical Detection of Uric Acid in Mixed and Clinical Samples: A Review. ELECTROANAL 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201000525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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29
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Rasche A, Heinze J. On the σ-dimerization of N,N-dimethyl-p-toluidine during anodic oxidation—A reinvestigation. Electrochim Acta 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2007.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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30
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De Backer M, Sauvage FX. In situ FTIR spectroelectrochemistry and spectral simulations using DFT: Efficient complementary tools to elucidate complex electrochemical mechanisms. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2006.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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31
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Costero AM, Sanchis J, Gil S, Sanz V, Carmen Ramírez De Arellano M, Gareth Williams † J. Polyazapodands Derived from Biphenyl. Study of their Behaviour as Conformationally Regulated Fluorescent Sensors. Supramol Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/10610270412331283574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana M. Costero
- a Departament de Química Orgànica , Universitat de València , C/Dr Moliner 50, 46100, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Joaquín Sanchis
- a Departament de Química Orgànica , Universitat de València , C/Dr Moliner 50, 46100, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Salvador Gil
- a Departament de Química Orgànica , Universitat de València , C/Dr Moliner 50, 46100, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Vicente Sanz
- a Departament de Química Orgànica , Universitat de València , C/Dr Moliner 50, 46100, Burjassot, Spain
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Yang X, Xi C, Jiang Y. Oxidative Coupling Reaction of N,N‐Dialkylanilines with Cerium(IV) Ammonium Nitrate in the Solid State. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/00397910600781067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xianghua Yang
- a Key Laboratory for Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry , Tsinghua University , Beijing, China
| | - Chanjuan Xi
- a Key Laboratory for Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry , Tsinghua University , Beijing, China
| | - Yanfeng Jiang
- a Key Laboratory for Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry , Tsinghua University , Beijing, China
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Montes VA, Pohl R, Shinar J, Anzenbacher P. Effective Manipulation of the Electronic Effects and Its Influence on the Emission of 5-Substituted Tris(8-quinolinolate) Aluminum(III) Complexes. Chemistry 2006; 12:4523-35. [PMID: 16619313 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200501403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The unique electron-transport and emissive properties of tris(8-quinolinolate) aluminum(III) (Alq(3)) have resulted in extensive use of this material for small molecular organic light-emitting diode (OLED) fabrication. So far, efforts to prepare stable and easy-to-process red/green/blue (RGB)-emitting Alq(3) derivatives have met with only a limited success. In this paper, we describe how the electronic nature of various substituents, projected via an arylethynyl or aryl spacer to the position of the highest HOMO density (C5), may be used for effective emission tuning to obtain blue-, green-, and red-emitting materials. The synthetic strategy consists of four different pathways for the attachment of electron-donating and electron-withdrawing aryl or arylethynyl substituents to the 5-position of the quinolinolate ring. Successful tuning of the emission color covering the whole visible spectrum (lambda=450-800 nm) was achieved. In addition, the photophysical properties of the luminophores were found to correlate with the Hammett constant of the respective substituents, providing a powerful strategy with which to predict the optical properties of new materials. We also demonstrate that the electronic nature of the substituent affects the emission properties of the resulting complex through effective modification of the HOMO levels of the quinolinolate ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor A Montes
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Photochemical Sciences, Bowling Green State University (BGSU), Bowling Green, OH 43403, USA
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34
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Michinobu T, Boudon C, Gisselbrecht JP, Seiler P, Frank B, Moonen NNP, Gross M, Diederich F. Donor-Substituted 1,1,4,4-Tetracyanobutadienes (TCBDs): New Chromophores with Efficient Intramolecular Charge-Transfer Interactions by Atom-Economic Synthesis. Chemistry 2006; 12:1889-905. [PMID: 16389622 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200501113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A wide variety of monomeric and oligomeric, donor-substituted 1,1,4,4-tetracyanobutadienes (TCBDs) have been synthesized by [2+2] cycloaddition between tetracyanoethylene (TNCE) and donor-substituted alkynes, followed by electrocyclic ring opening of the initially formed cyclobutenes. Reaction yields are often nearly quantitative but can be affected by the electron-donating power and steric demands of the alkyne substituents. The intramolecular charge-transfer (CT) interactions between the donor and TCBD acceptor moieties were comprehensively investigated by X-ray crystallography, electrochemistry, UV-visible spectroscopy, and theoretical calculations. Despite the nonplanarity of the new chromophores, which have a substantial twist between the two dicyanovinyl planes, efficient intramolecular CT interactions are observed, and the crystal structures demonstrate a high quinoid character in strong donor substituents, such as N,N-dimethylanilino (DMA) rings. The maxima of the CT bands shift bathochromically upon reduction of the amount of conjugative coupling between strong donor and acceptor moieties. Each TCBD moiety undergoes two reversible, one-electron reduction steps. Thus, a tri-TCBD derivative with a 1,3,5-trisubstituted benzene core shows six reversible reduction steps within an exceptionally narrow potential range of 1.0 V. The first reduction potential E(red,1) is strongly influenced by the donor substitution: introduction of more donor moieties causes an increasingly twisted TCBD structure, a fact that results in the elevation of the LUMO level and, consequently, a more difficult first reduction. The potentials are also strongly influenced by the nature of the donor residues and the extent of donor-acceptor coupling. A careful comparison of electrochemical data and the correlation with UV-visible spectra made it possible to estimate unknown physical parameters such as the E(red,1) of unsubstituted TCBD (-0.31 V vs Fc+/Fc) as well as the maxima of highly broadened CT bands. Donor-substituted TCBDs are stable molecules and can be sublimed without decomposition. With their high third-order optical nonlinearities, as revealed in preliminary measurements, they should become interesting chromophores for ultra-thin film formation by vapor deposition techniques and have applications in opto-electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Michinobu
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, ETH-Hönggerberg, HCI, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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Xi C, Jiang Y, Yang X. Remarkably efficient oxidative coupling of N,N-dialkylarylamines in water mediated by cerium(IV) ammonium nitrate. Tetrahedron Lett 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2005.03.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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37
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Cho JS, Kimoto A, Higuchi M, Yamamoto K. Synthesis of Diphenylamine-Substituted Phenylazomethine Dendrimers and the Performance of Organic Light-Emitting Diodes. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.200400381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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38
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Razus AC, Nitu C, Pavel C, Ciuculescu CA, Cimpeanu V, Stanciu C, Power PP. Oxidation of 1-(4′-substituted phenyl)-2-(4-methylphenyl)diazene Benzylic substitution vs. Cazo bond breaking. CAN J CHEM 2005. [DOI: 10.1139/v05-044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The low oxidation potential of 1-phenyl-2-(4-methylphenyl)diazene 4′-substituted with a dimethylamino or methoxy group (10 and 11) allows the easy single electron transfer with radical cation generation in the presence of FeCl3. At the same time, the stabilizing effect of the positive charge exerted by 4-dimethylaminophenyl > 4-methoxy groups on the intermediate carbocation favors the hydrogen atom elimination in comparison with proton loss. Whereas benzylic substitution towards di- and triarylmethane derivatives takes place starting from diazene 11, the oxidation of diazene 10 leads mainly to products of Cazo breaking. This difference is well-supported by the idea that the electron, in the first step of oxidation, is extracted from the azo and (or) from the amino nitrogen atom.Key words: diazenes, oxidation, single electron transfer, benzylic substitution, Cazo bond breaking.
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Roy PR, Okajima T, Ohsaka T. Simultaneous electrochemical detection of uric acid and ascorbic acid at a poly(N,N-dimethylaniline) film-coated GC electrode. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2003.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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40
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Gupta P, Butcher RJ, Bhattacharya S. Chemically induced cyclometalation of 2-(arylazo)phenols. Synthesis, characterization, and redox properties of a family of organoosmium complexes. Inorg Chem 2003; 42:5405-11. [PMID: 12924914 DOI: 10.1021/ic0343713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Reaction of 2-(arylazo)phenols (H(2)ap-R; R = OCH(3), CH(3), H, Cl, and NO(2)) with [Os(PPh(3))(2)(CO)(2)(HCOO)(2)] affords a family of organometallic complexes of osmium(II) of type [Os(PPh(3))(2)(CO)(ap-R)] where the 2-(arylazo)phenolate ligand is coordinated to the metal center as a tridentate C,N,O-donor. Structure of the [Os(PPh(3))(2)(CO)(ap-H)] complex has been determined by X-ray crystallography. All the [Os(PPh(3))(2)(CO)(ap-R)] complexes are diamagnetic and show characteristic (1)H NMR signals and intense MLCT transitions in the visible region. They also show emission in the visible region at ambient temperature. Cyclic voltammetry on the [Os(PPh(3))(2)(CO)(ap-R)] complexes shows a reversible Os(II)-Os(III) oxidation within 0.39-0.73 V vs SCE, followed by a reversible Os(III)-Os(IV) oxidation within 1.06-1.61 V vs SCE. Coulometric oxidation of the [Os(PPh(3))(2)(CO)(ap-R)] complexes generates the [Os(III)(PPh(3))(2)(CO)(ap-R)](+) complexes, which have been isolated as the hexafluorophosphate salts. The [Os(III)(PPh(3))(2)(CO)(ap-R)]PF(6) complexes are one-electron paramagnetic and show axial ESR spectra. In solution they behave as 1:1 electrolytes and show intense LMCT transitions in the visible region. The [Os(III)(PPh(3))(2)(CO)(ap-R)]PF(6) complexes have been observed to serve as mild one-electron oxidants in a nonaqueous medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parna Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry Section, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700 032, India
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41
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Roy PR, Okajima T, Ohsaka T. Simultaneous electroanalysis of dopamine and ascorbic acid using poly (N,N-dimethylaniline)-modified electrodes. Bioelectrochemistry 2003; 59:11-9. [PMID: 12699814 DOI: 10.1016/s1567-5394(02)00156-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Glassy carbon (GC) electrode is modified with an electropolymerized film of N,N-dimethylaniline (DMA). This polymer (PDMA) film-coated GC electrode is used to electrochemically detect dopamine (DA) in the presence of ascorbic acid (AA). Polymer film has the positive charge in its backbone, and in neutral solution DA exists as the positively charged species whereas AA exists as the negatively charged one. In cyclic voltammetric measurements, favorable ionic interaction (i.e., electrostatic attraction) between AA and PDMA film causes a large negative shift of the oxidation potential for AA compared to that at the bare electrode. Oxidation potential for DA is positively shifted due to the electrostatic repulsion. The PDMA film shows hydrophobicity by incorporating uncharged hydroquinone molecule within the film. DA is also incorporated into the film due to hydrophobic attraction even though DA has a positive charge. The responses of DA and AA at polymer-modified electrodes largely change with the concentration of the monomer (i.e., 0.2, 0.1 and 0.05 M DMA) used in electropolymerization and thus with the film thickness. Hydrophobicity of the polymer film shows great influence on the voltammetric responses of both DA and AA. In square wave voltammetric measurements, the PDMA film-coated electrode can separate the DA and AA oxidation potentials by about 300 mV and can detect DA at its low concentration (e.g., 0.2 microM) in the presence of 1000 times higher concentration of AA, which is close to the physiological level. AA oxidizes at more negative potential than DA. The electrode response is not affected by the oxidized product of AA. So unlike the bare electrode, the fouling effect as well as the catalytic oxidation of AA by the oxidized form of DA are eliminated at the PDMA film-coated GC electrode. The electrode exhibits the stable and sensitive response to DA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Protiva Rani Roy
- Department of Electronic Chemistry, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Japan
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Komorsky-Lovrić Š, Vukašinović N, Penovski R. Voltammetric Determination of Microparticles of Some Local Anesthetics and Antithusics Immobilized on the Graphite Electrode. ELECTROANAL 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200390067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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43
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Conner D, Jayaprakash KN, Gunnoe TB, Boyle PD. Ruthenium(II) Anilido Complexes TpRuL2(NHPh): Oxidative 4,4‘-Aryl Coupling Reactions (Tp = Hydridotris(pyrazolylborate); L = PMe3, P(OMe)3, or CO). Organometallics 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/om0206406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Conner
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204
| | - K. N. Jayaprakash
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204
| | - T. Brent Gunnoe
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204
| | - Paul D. Boyle
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204
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Michida T, Osawa E, Yamaoka Y. [Formation mechanism of 4,4-methylenebis(N,N-dimethylaniline) by the anodic oxidation of N,N-dimethylaniline]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2001; 121:1005-10. [PMID: 11766400 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.121.1005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Preparative constant-current electrolysis of N,N-dimethylaniline(100 mM, DMA) was carried out in dry acetonitrile containing Et4NClO4 to give N,N,N',N'-tetra-methylbenzidine(TMB) and 4,4'-methylenebis(N,N-dimethylaniline) (MDMA). In the presence of HCl, DMA was quantitatively oxidized to TMB. Formation mechanism of MDMA was discussed using the results of semi-empirical calculations that were PM3 and AM1. The proposed mechanism by Hand and coworker was ruled out and an alternative one is suggested as follows. DMA undergoes one-electron oxidation at the anode and gives the corresponding N,N-dimethylaniline cation (A). Aydroxy ion, instead of DMA, abstracts a proton from A and gives H2O and methyl(phenyl)aminomethyl radical (B). B reacts with DMA to give a 1-dimethylamino-4-(N-methyl-N-phenylamino)methyl-2,5-cyclohexadienyl radical (I). The radical I decomposes to N-methylaniline and a 1-dimethylamino-4-methylene-2,5-cyclohexadienyl radical (J). The radical J reacts with DMA to give a 1-dimethylamino-4-(4-dimethylaminobenzyl)-2,5-cyclohexadienyl radical (K), which is oxidized to MDMA by the anode.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Michida
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences and High-tech Research Center, Japan
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45
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Prakash R. Electrochemistry of polyaniline: Study of the pH effect and electrochromism. J Appl Polym Sci 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/app.10025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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46
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Aryltitanium species through the reaction of N,N-dialkylarylamines with TiCl(4): oxidative coupling, N-dealkylation, and reaction with electrophiles. J Org Chem 2000; 65:3548-50. [PMID: 10843646 DOI: 10.1021/jo991864+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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47
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Sakano T, Ishii H, Yamaguchi I, Osakada K, Yamamoto T. Preparation and characterization of various N-substituted-2-aza-[3]-ferrocenophanes and their chemical and electrochemical properties. Inorganica Chim Acta 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0020-1693(99)00369-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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48
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Goodson FE, Hauck SI, Hartwig JF. Palladium-Catalyzed Synthesis of Pure, Regiodefined Polymeric Triarylamines. J Am Chem Soc 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/ja990632p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Felix E. Goodson
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107
| | - Sheila I. Hauck
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107
| | - John F. Hartwig
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107
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49
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Malinauskas A, Holze R. An in situ UV—vis spectroelectrochemical investigation of the initial stages in the electrooxidation of selected ring- and nitrogen-alkylsubstituted anilines. Electrochim Acta 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0013-4686(98)00390-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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50
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Electrochemical thermospray mass spectrometry—anodic oxidation of N,N-dialkylanilines. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-0728(97)00517-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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