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Ghorbani F, Harry SA, Capilato JN, Pitts CR, Joram J, Peters GN, Tovar JD, Smajlagic I, Siegler MA, Dudding T, Lectka T. Carbonyl-Directed Aliphatic Fluorination: A Special Type of Hydrogen Atom Transfer Beats Out Norrish II. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:14710-14724. [PMID: 32786786 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c07004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Recently, our group reported that enone and ketone functional groups, upon photoexcitation, can direct site-selective sp3 C-H fluorination in terpenoid derivatives. How this transformation actually occurred remained mysterious, as a significant number of mechanistic possibilities came to mind. Herein, we report a comprehensive study describing the reaction mechanism through kinetic studies, isotope-labeling experiments, 19F NMR, electrochemical studies, synthetic probes, and computational experiments. To our surprise, the mechanism suggests intermolecular hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) chemistry is at play, rather than classical Norrish hydrogen atom abstraction as initially conceived. What is more, we discovered a unique role for photopromoters such as benzil and related compounds that necessitates their chemical transformation through fluorination in order to be effective. Our findings provide documentation of an unusual form of directed HAT and are of crucial importance for defining the necessary parameters for the development of future methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fereshte Ghorbani
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Stefan Andrew Harry
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Joseph N Capilato
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Cody Ross Pitts
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Jacob Joram
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Garvin N Peters
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - John D Tovar
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Ivor Smajlagic
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, Ontario L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Maxime A Siegler
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Travis Dudding
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, Ontario L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Thomas Lectka
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
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Rol NC. Correlations between molecular structure and mass spectra. Part II: The mass spectrometric fragmentation behaviour of isopentyl cyanide and its deuterium analogues. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/recl.19680870312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Ramesh V, Srinivas R, Kumaraswamy G, Markondaiah B. Diastereoselectivity in the McLafferty-type rearrangement of protonated precursors of belactosin derivatives using electrospray ionization (ESI) and atmospheric pressure photo ionization (APPI) tandem mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2009; 44:285-287. [PMID: 18853474 DOI: 10.1002/jms.1499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
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Fanghänel E, Adler B, Hänsel R. 1,2,3-Triazabutadiene. II. Massenspektroskopische Untersuchungen an 1-Aryl-3-[3-methylbenzthiazolinyliden-(2)]-triazenen. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/prac.19753170503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Fragmentation of Organic Ions and Interpretation of EI Mass Spectra. Mass Spectrom (Tokyo) 2004. [DOI: 10.1007/3-540-36756-x_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/10/2023] Open
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F. Kasai H, Kawai KI, Shimada K. Mass Spectral Analysis of Cardiac Steroids Isolated from Elaeodendron glaucum. HETEROCYCLES 2000. [DOI: 10.3987/com-00-9033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Siddiqui AU, Wilson WK, Parish EJ, Gerst N, Pinkerton FD, Schroepfer GJ. Inhibitors of sterol synthesis. Synthesis and spectral properties of 3 beta-hydroxy-5 alpha-cholestan-15-one and its 17 beta-epimer and their effects on 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase activity. Chem Phys Lipids 1994; 74:1-15. [PMID: 7820900 DOI: 10.1016/0009-3084(94)90106-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
3 beta-Hydroxy-5 alpha-cholestan-15-one (2a) and its 14 beta-epimer 2b were prepared from 3 beta-acetoxy-5 alpha-cholest-8(14)-ene (3). Hydroboration of 3 at 45-50 degrees C gave a mixture of 5 alpha,14 alpha-cholestane-3 beta,15 alpha-diol and 5 alpha,14 beta-cholestane-3 beta,15 beta-diol, which were separated on silica gel as their 3 beta-tert-butyldimethylsilyl ethers 5a and 5b. Oxidation of 5a with pyridinium chlorochromate, followed by desilylation with tetrabutylammonium fluoride gave 2a. Analogous transformations of 5b gave 2b contaminated with 2a. Desilylation of 5b followed by oxidation with pyridinium chlorochromate resulted in a mixture composed mainly of 5 alpha,14 beta-cholestane-3,15-dione and 2b. Successive chromatographic separations on silica gel and reversed phase media gave 2b of high purity. Compound 2a was also prepared by lithium-ammonia reduction of 3 beta-hydroxy-5 alpha-cholest-8(14)-en-15-one (96% yield) and by selective reduction of 5 alpha-cholestane-3,15-dione with lithium tri-tert-butoxyaluminum hydride (90% yield). Isomers 2a and 2b were readily epimerized under acidic or basic conditions or under conditions used for gas chromatographic analysis. The purities of 2a and 2b were measured from nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra; chromatographic methods gave less reliable estimates of purity. NMR data also showed that ring C of the 14 beta sterols is predominantly in a chair conformation. The effects of 2a and 2b on the levels of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase have been studied in Chinese hamster ovary cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- A U Siddiqui
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77251-1892
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Budzikiewicz H, Bold P. A McLafferty rearrangement in an even-electron system: C3H6 elimination from the α-cleavage product of tri-n-butylamine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1002/oms.1210260808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Takahashi T, Ootake A, Tsuji J, Tachibana K. Regio- and stereoselective introduction of 15β-hydroxy group and side chains to steroids by the palladium-catalyzed reaction of 1,3-diene monoepoxide. Tetrahedron 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(01)91412-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Kamernitskii AV, Galakhova TN, Levina IS, �l'yanov VS, Khazheeva ZI, Simonov VI. Transformed steroids. Communication 136. Synthesis of isomeric 15,16-cyclohexenoestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17-ones and a study of the stereospecificity of the diene condensation in steroidal 15-dehydro-17-ketones. Russ Chem Bull 1984. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00995705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Takahashi T, Ootake A, Tsuji J. Palladium-catalyzed chirality transfer of 1,3-diene monoepoxides and its application to the synthesis of steroid side chains. Tetrahedron Lett 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(01)90076-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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15-Hydroxylation of 5 beta-cholestan-3 alpha-ol and 24 alpha-ethyl-5 beta-cholestan-3 alpha-ol in rat liver supernatants (18,000 X g). J Biol Chem 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)33507-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Aringer L, Nordström L. Chromatographic properties and mass spectrometric fragmentation of dioxygenated C27-, C28-, C29-steroids. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1981. [DOI: 10.1002/bms.1200080502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Schade W, Ihn W, Vokoun J, Schönecker B, Schubert G. Mass spectrometry of ring D hydroxylated 3-methoxy-1,3,5(10)-estratrienes. Steroids 1980; 36:547-61. [PMID: 7456100 DOI: 10.1016/0039-128x(80)90077-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Mass spectra and fragmentation patterns of the epimeric 17-, 16-, 15- and 14-hydroxy derivatives of 3-methoxy-1,3,5(10)-estratriene are compared. The main fragmentation pathways are differently influenced, depending on the position of the hydroxy group. The different configuration of the hydroxy groups is reflected only in the spectra of the epimeric 15- and 14-hydroxy compounds. Possibilities of mass spectrometric differentiation between the hydroxy-estratrienes are discussed.
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Duval D, Desfosses B, Emiliozzi R. Preparation of dehydroepiandrosterone, testosterone and progesterone antigens through 7-carboxymethyl derivatives: characteristics of the antisera to testosterone and progesterone. Steroids 1980; 35:235-49. [PMID: 6445611 DOI: 10.1016/0039-128x(80)90037-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Dehydroepiandrosterone, testosterone and progesterone 7-carboxymethyl derivatives were prepared: 7 alpha and 7 beta epimers were separated and coupled to bovine serum albumin. Preliminary studies of the antisera induced by these antigens showed that they have high affinity and good specificity.
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Toromanoff E. Dynamic stereochemistry of the 5-, 6- and 7-membered rings using the torsion angle notation. Tetrahedron 1980. [DOI: 10.1016/0040-4020(80)88015-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Schmidt J, Huneck S. Mass spectroscopy of natural products. V—Mass spectroscopic studies of ring a substituted allobetulane derivatives. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1979. [DOI: 10.1002/oms.1210141205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Waddell TG, Austin AM, Cochran JW, Gerhart KG, Hall IH, Lee KH. Antitumor agents: structure--activity relationships in tenulin series. J Pharm Sci 1979; 68:715-8. [PMID: 458570 DOI: 10.1002/jps.2600680616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Systematic structural modifications were performed on the natural sesquiterpene lactone tenulin to define those groupings essential to, or significant in, its in vivo antitumor activity. Accordingly, the following tenulin analogs were prepared: dihydrotenulin, 2,3-epoxytenulin, isotenulin, dihydroisotenulin, 2,3-epoxyisotenulin, and tetrahydrodeacetylisotenulin. Both the cyclopentenone and the hemiketal units in tenulin were necessary for high in vivo activity.
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Defaye G, Chambaz E. Synthesis of 15β-hydroxylated derivatives of dehydroisoandrosterone and isoandrosterone. Tetrahedron Lett 1978. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(01)95077-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Akkerman OS, Evers EAIM, Kerkstra A. The mass spectral fragmentation of 2,2′-bis-trimethylsilylbenzhydrylethers. An indication for transannular hydrogen/deuterium rearrangements and transannular elimination reactions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1976. [DOI: 10.1002/oms.1210110108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Schwarz H, Bornowski H, Petruck GM. MASSENSPEKTROMETRISCHE UNTERSUCHUNG ZUM MECHANISMUS DER METHYLABSPALTUNG AUS VICINALEN METHYLFURANCARBONSÄURE-METHYLESTERN. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1975. [DOI: 10.1002/oms.1210100609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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von Unruh G, Spiteller G. Tabellen zur massenspektrometrischen strukturaufklärung von steroiden—III. Tetrahedron 1970. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(01)92908-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Kimura M, Kawata M, Tohma M, Fujino A, Yamasaki K. Formation of 3α,12α,15α-trihydroxycholanic acid from deoxycholic acid by ferro-ascorbate system. Tetrahedron Lett 1970. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(01)98143-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Schmidt O, Prezewowsky K, Schulz G, Wiechert R. [15-beta, 16-beta-methylene-steroids]. CHEMISCHE BERICHTE 1968; 101:939-43. [PMID: 5682366 DOI: 10.1002/cber.19681010325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Horning EC, Brooks CJ, Vanden Heuvel WJ. Gas phase analytical methods for the study of steroids. ADVANCES IN LIPID RESEARCH 1968; 6:273-392. [PMID: 4886232 DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4831-9942-9.50014-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Tschesche R, Berscheid HG, Fehlhaber HW, Snatzke G. [The structure of digacetigenins]. CHEMISCHE BERICHTE 1967; 100:3289-313. [PMID: 5595029 DOI: 10.1002/cber.19671001019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Van Horn AR, Djerassi C. Mass spectrometry in structural and stereochemical problems. 128. Further studies on the mass spectrometry of 15-keto steroids. Steroids 1967; 9:163-75. [PMID: 6032309 DOI: 10.1016/0039-128x(67)90039-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Budzikiewicz H, Fenselau C, Djerassi C. Mass spectrometry in structural and stereochemical problems]—XCII. Tetrahedron 1966. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(01)99434-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Fritz H, Budzikiewicz H, Djerassi C. Massenspektroskopie und ihre Anwendung auf strukturelle und stereochemische Probleme, LXXVII. Einfluß behinderter Rotation sowie anderer energetischer Faktoren auf die McLafferty-Umlagerung von Ketonen. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1966. [DOI: 10.1002/cber.19660990106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Gutzwiller J, Djerassi C. 249. Massenspektrometrie und ihre Anwendung auf strukturelle und stereochemische Probleme CXXI [1]. Fragmentierungen und Wasserstoffverschiebungen in 4-Keto-androstanen. Helv Chim Acta 1966. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.660490716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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