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Birchall N, Nieger M, Gudat D. The Noble Addendum of a Phosphenium Ligand to a Base Metal: Coordination, Activation, and Hydrogenation of Alkenes and Alkynes on a Chromium Complex. Chempluschem 2024:e202400144. [PMID: 38517052 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202400144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
The synthesis of a new bis-NHP complex (NHP=N-heterocyclic phosphenium) of chromium via salt metathesis and studies of its reactivity are reported. Photochemical reactions with H2 and selected olefins give rise to non-isolable H2- and π-alkene complexes identified spectroscopically, while internal alkynes react via activation of the triple bond to yield isolable metalla-phospha-cyclobutenes characterized by spectroscopic and XRD data. DFT studies give a preliminary account of the bonding in H2- and alkene-complexes and explain the different reactivity towards alkenes and alkynes as the consequence of kinetic effects. Photolysis of the bis-NHP-complex in the presence of H2 and olefins or alkenes enables the catalytic hydrogenation of the organic substrates, while the π-ethene complex mediates the catalytic hydrogenation of ethene in a dark reaction. The similarities and differences between both catalytic processes are shortly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Birchall
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70550, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Martin Nieger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O Box 55, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Dietrich Gudat
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70550, Stuttgart, Germany
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2
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Paz Y. Transient IR spectroscopy as a tool for studying photocatalytic materials. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2019; 31:503004. [PMID: 31469092 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ab3eda] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Over the years, a considerable amount of attention has been given to the thermodynamics of photocatalysts, i.e. to the location of their valence and conduction bands on the energy scale. The kinetics of the photoinduced charge carriers at short times (i.e. prior to their surface redox reactions) is no less important. While significant work on the transient electronic spectra of photocatalysts has been performed, the transient vibrational spectra of this class of materials was hardly studied. This manuscript aims to increase the scientific awareness to the potential of transient IR spectroscopy (TRIR) as a complementary tool for understanding the first, crucial, steps of photocatalytic processes in solid photocatalysts. This was done herein first by describing the various techniques currently in use for measuring transient IR signals of photo-excited systems and discussing their pros and cons. Then, a variety of examples is given, representing different types of photocatalysts such as oxides (TiO2, NaTaO3, BiOCl, BiVO4), photosensitized oxides (dye-sensitized TiO2), organic polymers (graphitic carbon nitride) and organo-metalic photocatalysts (rhenium bipyridyl complexes). These examples span from materials with no IR fingerprint signals (TiO2) to materials having a distinct spectrum showing well-defined, localized, relatively narrow, vibrational bands (carbon nitride). In choosing the given-above examples, care was made to represent the several pump & probe techniques that are applied when studying transient IR spectroscopy, namely dispersive, transient 2D-IR spectroscopy and step-scan IR spectroscopy. It is hoped that this short review will contribute to expanding the use of TRIR as a viable and important technique among the arsenal of tools struggling to solve the mysteries behind photocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaron Paz
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion, Haifa, Israel
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3
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Popoola SA, Ullah N, Al-Saadi AA. Spectroscopic and DFT assessment of bridging ligand effect on the structural and electronic properties of dinuclear iridium- and rhodium-based complexes. Inorganica Chim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2018.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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4
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Dance I. Evaluations of the accuracies of DMol3 density functionals for calculations of experimental binding enthalpies of N2, CO, H2, C2H2 at catalytic metal sites. MOLECULAR SIMULATION 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/08927022.2017.1413711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ian Dance
- School of Chemistry, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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5
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Letterman RG, DeYonker NJ, Burkey TJ, Webster CE. Calibrating Reaction Enthalpies: Use of Density Functional Theory and the Correlation Consistent Composite Approach in the Design of Photochromic Materials. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:9982-9997. [PMID: 27936738 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b09278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Acquisition of highly accurate energetic data for chromium-containing molecules and various chromium carbonyl complexes is a major step toward calibrating bond energies and thermal isomerization energies from mechanisms for Cr-centered photochromic materials being developed in our laboratories. The performance of six density functionals in conjunction with seven basis sets, utilizing Gaussian-type orbitals, has been evaluated for the calculation of gas-phase enthalpies of formation and enthalpies of reaction at 298.15 K on various chromium-containing systems. Nineteen molecules were examined: Cr(CO)6, Cr(CO)5, Cr(CO)5(C2H4), Cr(CO)5(C2ClH3), Cr(CO)5(cis-(C2Cl2H2)), Cr(CO)5(gem-(C2Cl2H2)), Cr(CO)5(trans-(C2Cl2H2)), Cr(CO)5(C2Cl3H), Cr(CO)5(C2Cl4), CrO2, CrF2, CrCl2, CrCl4, CrBr2, CrBr4, CrOCl2, CrO2Cl2, CrOF2, and CrO2F2. The performance of 69 density functionals in conjunction with a single basis set utilizing Slater-type orbitals (STO) and a zeroth-order relativistic approximation was also evaluated for the same test set. Values derived from density functional theory were compared to experimental values where available, or values derived from the correlation consistent composite approach (ccCA). When all reactions were considered, the functionals that exhibited the smallest mean absolute deviations (MADs, in kcal mol-1) from ccCA-derived values were B97-1 (6.9), VS98 (9.0), and KCIS (9.4) in conjunction with quadruple-ζ STO basis sets and B97-1 (9.3) in conjunction with cc-pVTZ basis sets. When considering only the set of gas-phase reaction enthalpies (ΔrH°gas), the functional that exhibited the smallest MADs from ccCA-derived values were B97-1 in conjunction with cc-pVTZ basis sets (9.1) and PBEPBE in conjunction with polarized valence triple-ζ basis set/effective core potential combination for Cr and augmented and multiple polarized triple-ζ Pople style basis sets (9.5). Also of interest, certainly because of known cancellation of errors, PBEPBE with the least-computationally expensive basis set combination considered in the present study (valence double-ζ basis set/effective core potential combination for Cr and singly-polarized double-ζ Pople style basis sets) also provided reasonable accuracy (11.1). An increase in basis set size was found to have an improvement in accuracy for the best performing functional (B97-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger G Letterman
- Department of Chemistry and Computational Research on Materials Institute, The University of Memphis , Memphis, Tennessee 38152, United States
| | - Nathan J DeYonker
- Department of Chemistry and Computational Research on Materials Institute, The University of Memphis , Memphis, Tennessee 38152, United States
| | - Theodore J Burkey
- Department of Chemistry and Computational Research on Materials Institute, The University of Memphis , Memphis, Tennessee 38152, United States
| | - Charles Edwin Webster
- Department of Chemistry and Computational Research on Materials Institute, The University of Memphis , Memphis, Tennessee 38152, United States.,Department of Chemistry and Center for Computational Sciences, Mississippi State University , Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762-9573, United States
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6
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Gao Y, Kispert LD. A DFT study of the interaction between olefins and Cu2+ on silica and MCM-41 model surfaces. Dalton Trans 2014; 43:6221-8. [PMID: 24599510 DOI: 10.1039/c3dt53285b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The interaction between ethylene and Cu(2+) on a silica model surface was studied by density functional theory (DFT) with nine popular functionals. It is found that B3LYP with BSSE correction is the best method by comparing the calculated results with reported experimental data. This method was also used to study the interactions of Cu(2+) with β-carotene, 1,3,5,7,9,11,13-tetradecaheptaene and ethylene on a MCM-41 model surface. The relationship between the reorganization energy of an olefin and its conjugation length was studied, and the roles of the electrostatic interaction between the olefin and the Cu(2+) were investigated. It is also found that the different environments of Cu(2+) affect the Cu(2+)-olefin interaction significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunlong Gao
- College of Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China.
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Malik HA, Taylor BLH, Kerrigan JR, Grob JE, Houk KN, Du Bois J, Hamann LG, Patterson AW. Non-Directed Allylic C-H Acetoxylation in the Presence of Lewis Basic Heterocycles. Chem Sci 2014; 5:2352-2361. [PMID: 25685311 DOI: 10.1039/c3sc53414f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
We outline a strategy to enable non-directed Pd(II)-catalyzed C-H functionalization in the presence of Lewis basic heterocycles. In a high-throughput screen of two Pd-catalyzed C-H acetoxylation reactions, addition of a variety of N-containing heterocycles is found to cause low product conversion. A pyridine-containing test substrate is selected as representative of heterocyclic scaffolds that are hypothesized to cause catalyst arrest. We pursue two approaches in parallel that allow product conversion in this representative system: Lewis acids are found to be effective in situ blocking groups for the Lewis basic site, and a pre-formed pyridine N-oxide is shown to enable high yield of allylic C-H acetoxylation. Computational studies with density functional theory (M06) of binding affinities of selected heterocycles to Pd(OAc)2 provide an inverse correlation of the computed heterocycle-Pd(OAc)2 binding affinities with the experimental conversions to products. Additionally, 1H NMR binding studies provide experimental support for theoretical calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasnain A Malik
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Buck L H Taylor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - John R Kerrigan
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Jonathan E Grob
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - K N Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - J Du Bois
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Lawrence G Hamann
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Andrew W Patterson
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
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Muhammad S, Kyran SJ, Raju RK, Brothers EN, Darensbourg DJ, Bengali AA. Time-Resolved Infrared Spectroscopy Studies of Olefin Binding in Photogenerated CpRu(CO)X (X = Cl, I) Transients. Organometallics 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/om300197b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sohail Muhammad
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University at Qatar, Doha, Qatar
| | - Samuel J. Kyran
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Rajesh K. Raju
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University at Qatar, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Donald J. Darensbourg
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
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Gong Y, Wu T, Li J, Lin J. Unsymmetrical coordinated Ag(I)–olefin complex based on exo-7-oxabicyclo-[2.2.1]-5-heptene-2,3-dicarboxylate: Synthesis, structure and electrocatalytical property. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2012.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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10
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Kyran SJ, Muhammad S, Knestrick M, Bengali AA, Darensbourg DJ. Photochemically Generated Transients from κ2- and κ3-Triphos Derivatives of Group 6 Metal Carbonyls and Their Reactivity with Olefins. Organometallics 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/om300044k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J. Kyran
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Sohail Muhammad
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University at Qatar, Doha, Qatar
| | - Matthew Knestrick
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | | | - Donald J. Darensbourg
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa S. Cunden
- Department of Chemistry, Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts 01063, United States
| | - R. G. Linck
- Department of Chemistry, Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts 01063, United States
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Slaney ME, Anderson DJ, Ferguson MJ, McDonald R, Cowie M. The Bridged Binding Mode as a New, Versatile Template for the Selective Activation of Carbon−Fluorine Bonds in Fluoroolefins: Activation of Trifluoroethylene. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:16544-58. [DOI: 10.1021/ja106723u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael E. Slaney
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - D. Jason Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Michael J. Ferguson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Robert McDonald
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Martin Cowie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
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13
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Swennenhuis BH, Benjamin Cieslinski G, Brothers EN, Bengali AA. Reactivity of the M-(η2-alkyne) bond [M=Cr, W]: A kinetic and DFT study. J Organomet Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2010.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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14
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Kühnel MF, Lentz D. Fluorinated dienes in transition-metal chemistry – the rich chemistry of electron-poor ligands. Dalton Trans 2010; 39:9745-59. [DOI: 10.1039/c0dt00097c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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15
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Schlappi DN, Cedeño DL. Metal−Olefin Bond Energies in M(CO)5(C2H4-nCln) M = Cr, Mo, W; n = 0−4: Electron-Withdrawing Olefins Do Not Increase the Bond Strength. J Phys Chem A 2009; 113:9692-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jp9027468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Darin N. Schlappi
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Box 4160, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160
| | - David L. Cedeño
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Box 4160, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160
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Cedeño DL, Sniatynsky R. Metal−Olefin Interactions in M(CO)5(cycloolefin) (M = Cr, Mo, W; Cycloolefin = Cyclopropene to Cyclooctene): Strain Relief and Metal−Olefin Bond Strength. Organometallics 2005. [DOI: 10.1021/om050331q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David L. Cedeño
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160
| | - Richard Sniatynsky
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160
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Nechaev MS, Rayón VM, Frenking G. Energy Partitioning Analysis of the Bonding in Ethylene and Acetylene Complexes of Group 6, 8, and 11 Metals: (CO)5TM−C2Hxand Cl4TM−C2Hx(TM = Cr, Mo, W), (CO)4TM−C2Hx(TM = Fe, Ru, Os), and TM+−C2Hx(TM = Cu, Ag, Au)†,§,⊥. J Phys Chem A 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/jp031185+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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18
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Schlappi DN, Cedeño DL. Electron-Withdrawing Effects on Metal−Olefin Bond Strengths in Ni(PH3)2(CO)(C2XnH4-n), X = F, Cl; n = 0−4: A DFT Study. J Phys Chem A 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/jp0357572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Darin N. Schlappi
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, PO Box 4160, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160
| | - David L. Cedeño
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, PO Box 4160, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160
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Ristic-Petrovic D, Anderson DJ, Torkelson JR, McDonald R, Cowie M. Olefin Binding in a Binuclear Iridium Complex as a Function of Fluorine Substitution: Ethylene to Tetrafluoroethylene. Organometallics 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/om030328b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - D. Jason Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2
| | - Jeffrey R. Torkelson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2
| | - Robert McDonald
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2
| | - Martin Cowie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2
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Cedeño DL, Weitz E. Density Functional Theory Study of Fe(CO)3(η2-C3H6), HFe(CO)3(η3-C3H5), and the Iron−Allyl Bond Energy. Organometallics 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/om020920l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David L. Cedeño
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790
| | - Eric Weitz
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208
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Cedeño DL, Weitz E. An Experimental Determination of the Cr−DMB (DMB = 3,3-Dimethyl-1-butene) Bond Energy in Cr(CO)5(DMB): Effects of Alkyl Substitution on Chromium−Olefin Bond Energies in Cr(CO)5(olefin) Complexes. J Phys Chem A 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/jp013912b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David L. Cedeño
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113
| | - Eric Weitz
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113
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