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Dembowski M, Rasmussen HE, Rowley JE, Droessler JE, Goff GS, May I. Separation of rare earth element radioisotopes by reverse-phase high-speed counter-current chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1712:464478. [PMID: 37926007 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Analytical scale purification of rare earth element (REE) radioisotopes is typically accomplished using cation-exchange resins (e.g. AG 50W-X8) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Despite the variety of improvements made since the development of this separation process in the 1950s, nearest neighbor separations remain a challenge, as does the issue of irreversible sample adsorption. Herein, we report a study that evaluates the potential of high-speed counter-current chromatography (HSCCC) as an alternative method for purifying REE elements, with specific reference to separations of fission product REE of interest to nuclear forensics. Complementary HSCCC REE separation experiments, one spiked with radiotracer and REE fission product activity, allowed for in depth analysis of resulting fractions from both an elemental (inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy, ICP-AES) and radiological (gamma-ray spectrometry, beta counting) purity perspective. The highly reproducible nature of separation profiles generated from HSCCC instruments was leveraged to simplify work-up of samples containing radioisotopes. Subsequent radioanalytical evaluation revealed minimal carryover of Eu into neighboring Sm and Tb fractions (as indicated by presence of 150Eu), and trace contamination of the Tb fraction with Y (as indicated by presence of 91Y). Subtle differences in stationary phase retention across the two columns were reflected in significant variations in decontamination factors of duplicate parallel separations. These differences paired with obtained distribution of radioisotopes provided valuable insights into future improvements. Collectively, this study represents a significant step forward in development of HSCCC technology for task specific REE radioisotope purification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Dembowski
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, United States.
| | - Hope E Rasmussen
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, United States
| | - John E Rowley
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, United States
| | | | - George S Goff
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, United States
| | - Iain May
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, United States
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Xiao W, Pan D, Niu Z, Fan Y, Wu S, Wu W. Opportunities and challenges of high-pressure ion exchange chromatography for nuclide separation and enrichment. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2022.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Gompa TP, Ramanathan A, Rice NT, La Pierre HS. The chemical and physical properties of tetravalent lanthanides: Pr, Nd, Tb, and Dy. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:15945-15987. [DOI: 10.1039/d0dt01400a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The thermochemistry, descriptive chemistry, spectroscopy, and physical properties of the tetravalent lanthanides (Pr, Nd, Tb and Dy) in extended phases, gas phase, solution, and as isolable molecular complexes are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaige P. Gompa
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Georgia Institute of Technology
- Atlanta
- USA
| | - Arun Ramanathan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Georgia Institute of Technology
- Atlanta
- USA
| | - Natalie T. Rice
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Georgia Institute of Technology
- Atlanta
- USA
| | - Henry S. La Pierre
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Georgia Institute of Technology
- Atlanta
- USA
- Nuclear and Radiological Engineering Program
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Abstract
The rare earths (REs) are a family of 17 elements that exhibit pronounced chemical similarities as a group, while individually expressing distinctive and varied electronic properties. These atomistic electronic properties are extraordinarily useful and motivate the application of REs in many technologies and devices. From their discovery to the present day, a major challenge faced by chemists has been the separation of RE elements, which has evolved from tedious crystallization to highly engineered solvent extraction schemes. The increasing incorporation and dependence of REs in technology have raised concerns about their sustainability and motivated recent studies for improved separations to achieve a circular RE economy.
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Choi H, Harvey D, Ding Y, Wang NHL. Constant-pattern design method for the separation of ternary mixtures of rare earth elements using ligand-assisted displacement chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1580:49-62. [PMID: 30424966 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.09.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
A constant-pattern design method for separating ternary mixtures using ligand-assisted displacement chromatography was developed for non-ideal systems. The general correlation for the minimum column length required to achieve the constant-pattern state for binary separations from our previous study was extended to ternary separations. Additionally, an equation for the yield of a target component as a function of key dimensionless groups was derived based on the constant-pattern mass transfer zone lengths. The column length and operating velocity solved from the two equations ensured the yields and the constant-pattern state for the target components. A selectivity weighted composition factor was developed to allow the design method to specify a minimum target yield for one or multiple components. The design method was verified using simulations and experiments for different targeted yields (70-95%), ligand concentrations (0.03-0.06 M), and feed compositions (1/12-5/6). The targeted yields were achieved or exceeded in all cases tested. The minimum column length required to achieve a constant pattern-state and the productivity of LAD are limited by the lowest selectivity or by a minority component with a low concentration in the feed, even when it does not have the lowest selectivity. Sacrificing the yields of minor components can increase the total productivity significantly. The productivities achieved using this design method are 839 times higher than literature results for ternary separations with the same purity and similar yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoon Choi
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, United States
| | - David Harvey
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, United States
| | - Yi Ding
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, United States
| | - Nien-Hwa Linda Wang
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, United States.
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Choi H, Harvey D, Ding Y, Wang NHL. Key parameters controlling the development of constant-pattern isotachic trains of two rare earth elements in ligand-assisted displacement chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1563:47-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.05.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/26/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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8
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Liu E, Xu X, Zheng X, Zhang F, Liu E, Li C. An ion imprinted macroporous chitosan membrane for efficiently selective adsorption of dysprosium. Sep Purif Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2017.06.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Rare earth separations by selective borate crystallization. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14438. [PMID: 28290448 PMCID: PMC5355876 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Lanthanides possess similar chemical properties rendering their separation from one another a challenge of fundamental chemical and global importance given their incorporation into many advanced technologies. New separation strategies combining green chemistry with low cost and high efficiency remain highly desirable. We demonstrate that the subtle bonding differences among trivalent lanthanides can be amplified during the crystallization of borates, providing chemical recognition of specific lanthanides that originates from Ln3+ coordination alterations, borate polymerization diversity and soft ligand coordination selectivity. Six distinct phases are obtained under identical reaction conditions across lanthanide series, further leading to an efficient and cost-effective separation strategy via selective crystallization. As proof of concept, Nd/Sm and Nd/Dy are used as binary models to demonstrate solid/aqueous and solid/solid separation processes. Controlling the reaction kinetics gives rise to enhanced separation efficiency of Nd/Sm system and a one-step quantitative separation of Nd/Dy with the aid of selective density-based flotation. Trivalent lanthanides possess similar chemical properties, making their separation from one another challenging. Here, Wang and colleagues demonstrate that their subtle chemical differences can be greatly amplified during borate crystallization, leading to a low cost and highly efficient separation strategy.
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Zheng X, Zhang F, Liu E, Xu X, Yan Y. Efficient Recovery of Neodymium in Acidic System by Free-Standing Dual-Template Docking Oriented Ionic Imprinted Mesoporous Films. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:730-739. [PMID: 27991769 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b13049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Neodymium (Nd) is critical component of sintered neodymium magnets. Separation of Nd from consumer magnets has attracted a widespread attention. In this paper, we presented free-standing ionic imprinted mesoporous film materials for facile and highly efficient targeted separation of Nd from permanent magnets by dual-template docking oriented ionic imprinting (DTD-OII) method. DTD-OII is based on dual-template docking oriented molecular imprinting. Compared with conventional imprinting, this novel strategy does not need extra steps, but significantly advance imprinted efficiency. With optimization of functional monomer, our free-standing dual-template docking oriented ionic imprinted mesoporous films exhibit excellent adsorption of Nd by solid-liquid extraction. The Nd adsorption capacity for optimized films was 34.98 mg g-1 under pH = 3.0. The distribution coefficient of Nd was 636 mL g-1, which indicates films possess significantly selectivity of Nd. In addition, efficient dual-template docking oriented ionic imprinting makes films demonstrating an outstanding of reusability by cycle test, which appreciating their potential for industrial application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xudong Zheng
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University , Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
| | - Fusheng Zhang
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University , Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
| | - Enli Liu
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University , Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
| | - Xuechao Xu
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University , Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
| | - Yongsheng Yan
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University , Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
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Florek J, Larivière D, Kleitz F. Nanostructured Organosilica Hybrids as Highly Efficient and Regenerable Sorbents for Rare Earth Extraction. ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/bk-2016-1224.ch006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Florek
- Department of Chemistry, Université Laval 1045, av. de la Médecine, Quebec City, G1V 0A6, Quebec, Canada
| | - Dominic Larivière
- Department of Chemistry, Université Laval 1045, av. de la Médecine, Quebec City, G1V 0A6, Quebec, Canada
| | - Freddy Kleitz
- Department of Chemistry, Université Laval 1045, av. de la Médecine, Quebec City, G1V 0A6, Quebec, Canada
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12
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Ligand-assisted elution chromatography for separation of lanthanides. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1389:28-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Revised: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Campbell DO. Separation of Lanthanides and Trivalent Actinides with Pressurized Ion Exchange. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/03602547608066049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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15
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Akiba K, Hashimoto H, Tsuyoshi A, Nakamura S. HIGH-SPEED COUNTERCURRENT CHROMATOGRAPHIC PURIFICATION OF MIDDLE LANTHANOIDS. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2006. [DOI: 10.1081/jlc-100102059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Akiba
- a Institute for Advanced Materials Processing, Tohoku University , Katahira-2, Aoba-ku, Sendai , 980-8577 , Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Hashimoto
- a Institute for Advanced Materials Processing, Tohoku University , Katahira-2, Aoba-ku, Sendai , 980-8577 , Japan
| | - Akira Tsuyoshi
- a Institute for Advanced Materials Processing, Tohoku University , Katahira-2, Aoba-ku, Sendai , 980-8577 , Japan
| | - Shigeto Nakamura
- b Hachinohe National College of Technology , Tamonoki, Hachinohe , 039-1192 , Japan
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Tircsó G, Bényei A, Brücher E, Kis A, Kiraly R. Equilibria and Structure of the Lanthanide(III)-2-hydroxy-1,3-diaminopropane-N,N,N‘,N‘-tetraacetate Complexes: Formation of Alkoxo-Bridged Dimers in Solid State and Solution. Inorg Chem 2006; 45:4951-62. [PMID: 16780316 DOI: 10.1021/ic0517321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The complex formed between 1,3-diamino-2-hydroxypropane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid (H4L-OH) and Nd3+ at pH 7.5 was found to be a dinuclear dimer in the solid state by X-ray crystallography. In the complex K4[Nd2(L-O)2(H2O)2].14H2O each ligand is coordinated to both Nd3+ atoms with an iminodiacetate group (the Nd3+-Nd3+ distance is 3.9283(8) A). The alcoholic OH groups are deprotonated, and the alkoxo oxygens are coordinated to both Nd3+ in a bridging position. The Nd3+ ions are nine-coordinated with one water molecule per Nd(III) ion in the inner sphere. The complex K4[Nd2(L-O)2(H2O)2].14H2O has an inversion center, and the space group is P1. Two of the K+ counterions are six-coordinated, while the other two K+ ions are eight-coordinated; polar polymeric water-K+ layers are formed between the apolar ligand layers via the bridging water molecules. The dinuclear dimer complexes are also present in aqueous solution. The proton relaxivities of the Gd3+ complex decrease with the increase of pH, and at pH > 6, the low relaxivity values indicate the probable absence of H2O in the inner sphere and the predominance of the eight-coordinated dimer species [Gd2(L-O)2].4- The results of ESI-TOF MS studies of the complexes of La3+, Nd3+, and Lu3+ proved the formation of dinuclear dimers in dilute (0.25 mM) solutions. pH-potentiometric titrations indicate the formation of complexes with 1:1 (Ln(L-OH)-, Ln(HL-OH), and Ln2(L-O)24-) and 2:1 (Ln2(L-O)+) metal-to-ligand ratios. The stability constants of the Ln(L-OH)- species increase from La3+ (log K = 10.19) to Lu3+ (log K = 14.08). The alcoholic OH group of the Ln(L-OH)- species dissociates at unusually low pH values. The pH range of dissociation shifts to lower and lower pH's with the increasing atomic number of the lanthanides. This pH range is about 4-7 for the La3+ complex and 1-4 for the Lu3+ complex. The results of 1D and 2D 1H and 13C NMR studies of the La3+ complex, the number and multiplicity of signals, and the values of coupling constants are in agreement with the dinuclear dimer structure of the complex in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyula Tircsó
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory for X-ray Diffraction, Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, Debrecen H-4010, Hungary
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Abstract
Ion chromatography as we know it today was built on a foundation of knowledge accumulated over a period of many years. Here, we review some of the outstanding earlier achievements in ion-exchange chromatography. Beginning about 1947. Spedding and Powell at Iowa State published a series of papers describing practical methods for preparative separation of the rare earths by displacement ion-exchange chromatography. The same group then demonstrated the ion-exchange separation of 14N and 15N isotopes in ammonia. Beginning in the 1950s. Kraus and Nelson at Oak Ridge published numerous analytical methods for metal ions based on separation of their chloride, fluoride, nitrate or sulfate complexes by anion chromatography. In the period from about 1960 to 1980 many clever chromatographic methods for metal ion separations were reported by researchers throughout the world and automatic in-line detection was gradually introduced. A truly innovative method by Small, Stevens and Bauman at Dow Chemical Co. marked the birth of modern ion chromatography. Anions, as well as cations, could now be separated quickly and conveniently by a system of suppressed conductivity detection. A method for anion chromatography with non-suppressed conductivity detection was published by Gjerde et al. in 1979. This was followed by a similar method for cation chromatography in 1980. Ion chromatography as we know it today did not just happen. It was built on a solid foundation of knowledge that has accumulated over a period of many years. Revisiting the older ion-exchange chromatography serves not only to pay tribute to some remarkable accomplishments, but it can also be a learning experience. Trends and ideas in science tend to run in repeating cycles. Thus, an awareness of older work may provide inspiration for new research using improved contemporary technology. Selection of milestones is a rather personal matter. I chose to write about subjects of which I came to have a firsthand knowledge during my career. The topics selected are in roughly chronological order and cover the period from about 1945 to 1980. An effort has been made to explain the chemical principles as well as to recount the major accomplishments of the various research projects.
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Affiliation(s)
- James S Fritz
- Department of Chemistry , Iowa State University, Ames Laboratory and US Department of Energy, 332 Wilhelm Hall, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
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Muraviev D, Noguerol J, Valiente M. Tandem Ion-Exchange Fractionation: New Preparative Mode for Separation of Multicomponent Ionic Mixtures. Anal Chem 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/ac970454n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dmitri Muraviev
- Departament de Química Analítica, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Noguerol
- Departament de Química Analítica, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manuel Valiente
- Departament de Química Analítica, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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Abstract
The atomic heats of lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium and neodymium have been measured from 2 to 180° K. Lanthanum shows an anomaly corresponding to superconductivity at 4⋅37° K, and the atomic heat (C
D
) rises to 6⋅2 cal./g. atom at 180° K. The free electronic specific heat deduced from the low-temperature results appears to explain this high value satisfactorily. Cerium, praseodymium and neodymium all behave anomalously. A specimen of cerium of face-centred cubic structure shows an anomaly between 90 and 180° K which exhibits large hysteresis effects. Taking into account the results of other research workers which have been published since this work was begun, this anomaly appears to correspond to the transition of the 4
f
electron to a 5
d
state. A second specimen of cerium in which both face-centred cubic and hexagonal close-packed structures were present did not show this anomaly. Both specimens, however, showed large anomalous humps in the low-temperature region at approximately 12° K. Praseodymium shows a very large distributed anomaly which produced a maximum in the atomic heat curve at 65° K. Neodymium shows two anomalous peaks, one at 7⋅5° K and one at 19° K. These anomalies in praseodymium and neodymium, together with the low-temperature anomaly in cerium, can be explained qualitatively by the view that the electronic states attributable to the 4
f
.electrons are split by the electric fields existing within the metallic crystals. This effect is more complicated than with the magnetically dilute hydrated rare-earth salts, as magnetic interaction is probably very important.
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Lucy CA, Luong TL, Elchuck S. Peak interactions under concave isotherm conditions in preparative ion chromatography. J Chromatogr A 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)93004-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Ettre LS. preparative liquid chromatography: History and trends-supplemental remarks. Chromatographia 1979. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02261834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Behrendt DR, Legvold S, Spedding FH. Magnetic Properties of Neodymium Single Crystals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1957. [DOI: 10.1103/physrev.106.723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Holleck L, Hartinger L. Molare Extinktionskoeffizienten der Seltenen Erden und ihre analytische Nutzung. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1955. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.19550672104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Fischer W, Braune G, Dietz W, Jübermann O, Krause G, Niemann KE, Siekemeier G. Über die Trennung der Seltenen Erden durch Verteilen zwischen zwei Lösungsmitteln. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1954. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.19540661203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Griffel M, Skochdopole RE, Spedding FH. The Heat Capacity of Gadolinium from 15 to 355°K. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1954. [DOI: 10.1103/physrev.93.657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Kevane CJ, Legvold S, Spedding FH. The Hall Effect in Yttrium, Lanthanum, Cerium, Praseodymium, Neodymium, Gadolinium, Dysprosium, and Erbium. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1953. [DOI: 10.1103/physrev.91.1372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Elliott JF, Legvold S, Spedding FH. Some Magnetic Properties of Gadolinium Metal. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1953. [DOI: 10.1103/physrev.91.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Fassel VA, Cook HD, Krotz LC, Kehres PW. Quantitative spectrographic analysis of the rare earth elements. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1952. [DOI: 10.1016/0371-1951(52)80001-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Abstract
The iminodiacetic acids have been examined as possible complexing agents in the chromatographic separation of the rare earths with cation exchange resins. The ammonium salts of these acids form complex ions involving both one and two iminodiacetate ions of increasing stability with the rare earth elements of greater atomic number. Methods greatly reducing the time and material requirements are presented for the separation of the cerium group elements with nitrilotriacetic acid.
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Fassel VA. The Quantitative Spectrographic Analysis of the Rare Earth Elements* III Determination of Major Constituents in Complex Mixtures. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1949; 39:187-93. [DOI: 10.1364/josa.39.000187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Williams TI. Chromatography:recent developments and future possibilities. Anal Chim Acta 1948. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(01)93847-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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