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Lv W, Wang Y, Li M, Wang X, Tao Y. Precision Synthesis of Polypeptides via Living Anionic Ring-Opening Polymerization of N-Carboxyanhydrides by Tri-thiourea Catalysts. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:23622-23632. [PMID: 36533423 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c10950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The chemistry of α-amino acid N-carboxyanhydrides (NCAs) has a history of over 100 years, but precise and efficient ring-opening polymerization methods for NCAs remain highly needed to facilitate the studies of polypeptides─that is, mimics of natural proteins─in various disciplines. Moreover, the universally accepted NCA polymerization mechanisms are largely limited to the "amine" and the "activated monomer" mechanisms, and the anionic ring-opening polymerization of NCAs has so far not been invoked. Herein, we show an unprecedented anion-binding catalytic system combining tripodal tri-thiourea with sodium thiophenolate that enables the fast and selective anionic ring-opening polymerization of NCAs. This method leads to the precision construction of various polypeptides with living polymerization behavior and is evidenced by narrow molecular weight distributions (Mw/Mn < 1.2), chain extension experiments, and minimal "activated monomer" pathway. Calculations and experimental results elucidate a living anionic polymerization mechanism, and high selectivities for monomer propagation relative to other deleterious side reactions, such as the "activated monomer" pathway, are attributed to the enhanced stabilization of the propagating carbamate anion, which is enforced by an intramolecular hydrogen bond within the tri-thiourea structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxiu Lv
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Renmin Street 5625, Changchun 130022, People's Republic of China.,University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanchao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Renmin Street 5625, Changchun 130022, People's Republic of China.,University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Maosheng Li
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Renmin Street 5625, Changchun 130022, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianhong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Renmin Street 5625, Changchun 130022, People's Republic of China
| | - Youhua Tao
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Renmin Street 5625, Changchun 130022, People's Republic of China.,University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China
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Sallembien Q, Bouteiller L, Crassous J, Raynal M. Possible chemical and physical scenarios towards biological homochirality. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:3436-3476. [PMID: 35377372 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs01179k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The single chirality of biological molecules in terrestrial biology raises more questions than certitudes about its origin. The emergence of biological homochirality (BH) and its connection with the appearance of life have elicited a large number of theories related to the generation, amplification and preservation of a chiral bias in molecules of life under prebiotically relevant conditions. However, a global scenario is still lacking. Here, the possibility of inducing a significant chiral bias "from scratch", i.e. in the absence of pre-existing enantiomerically-enriched chemical species, will be considered first. It includes phenomena that are inherent to the nature of matter itself, such as the infinitesimal energy difference between enantiomers as a result of violation of parity in certain fundamental interactions, and physicochemical processes related to interactions between chiral organic molecules and physical fields, polarized particles, polarized spins and chiral surfaces. The spontaneous emergence of chirality in the absence of detectable chiral physical and chemical sources has recently undergone significant advances thanks to the deracemization of conglomerates through Viedma ripening and asymmetric auto-catalysis with the Soai reaction. All these phenomena are commonly discussed as plausible sources of asymmetry under prebiotic conditions and are potentially accountable for the primeval chiral bias in molecules of life. Then, several scenarios will be discussed that are aimed to reflect the different debates about the emergence of BH: extra-terrestrial or terrestrial origin (where?), nature of the mechanisms leading to the propagation and enhancement of the primeval chiral bias (how?) and temporal sequence between chemical homochirality, BH and life emergence (when?). Intense and ongoing theories regarding the emergence of optically pure molecules at different moments of the evolution process towards life, i.e. at the levels of building blocks of Life, of the instructed or functional polymers, or even later at the stage of more elaborated chemical systems, will be critically discussed. The underlying principles and the experimental evidence will be commented for each scenario with particular attention on those leading to the induction and enhancement of enantiomeric excesses in proteinogenic amino acids, natural sugars, and their intermediates or derivatives. The aim of this review is to propose an updated and timely synopsis in order to stimulate new efforts in this interdisciplinary field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Sallembien
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, Equipe Chimie des Polymères, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Laurent Bouteiller
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, Equipe Chimie des Polymères, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Jeanne Crassous
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, ISCR-UMR 6226, F-35000 Rennes, France.
| | - Matthieu Raynal
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, Equipe Chimie des Polymères, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France.
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Racemate Resolution of Alanine and Leucine on Homochiral Quartz, and Its Alteration by Strong Radiation Damage. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11111222. [PMID: 34833098 PMCID: PMC8622614 DOI: 10.3390/life11111222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Homochiral proteins orchestrate biological functions throughout all domains of life, but the origin of the uniform l-stereochemistry of amino acids remains unknown. Here, we describe enantioselective adsorption experiments of racemic alanine and leucine onto homochiral d- and l-quartz as a possible mechanism for the abiotic emergence of biological homochirality. Substantial racemate resolution with enantiomeric excesses of up to 55% are demonstrated to potentially occur in interstitial pores, along grain boundaries or small fractures in local quartz-bearing environments. Our previous hypothesis on the enhanced enantioselectivity due to uranium-induced fission tracks could not be validated. Such capillary tubes in the near-surface structure of quartz have been proposed to increase the overall chromatographic separation of enantiomers, but no systematic positive correlation of accumulated radiation damage and enantioselective adsorption was observed in this study. In general, the natural l-quartz showed stronger enantioselective adsorption affinities than synthetic d-quartz without any significant trend in amino acid selectivity. Moreover, the l-enantiomer of both investigated amino acids alanine and leucine was preferably adsorbed regardless of the handedness of the enantiomorphic quartz sand. This lack of mirror symmetry breaking is probably due to the different crystal habitus of the synthetic z-bar of d-quartz and the natural mountain crystals of l-quartz used in our experiments.
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Chen C, Fu H, Baumgartner R, Song Z, Lin Y, Cheng J. Proximity-Induced Cooperative Polymerization in “Hinged” Helical Polypeptides. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:8680-8683. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b02298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chongyi Chen
- Ningbo Key Laboratory
of Specialty Polymers, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Hailin Fu
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Program at the Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | | | | | - Yao Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Program at the Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
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Borchers AT, Davis PA, Gershwin ME. The Asymmetry of Existence: Do We Owe Our Existence to Cold Dark Matter and the Weak Force? Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2016; 229:21-32. [PMID: 14709773 DOI: 10.1177/153537020422900103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A common theme throughout biology is homochirality, including its origin and especially implications. Homochirality has also intrigued scientists because of the hypothesis that life, as it currently exists, could not have occurred without it. In this review, we discuss several hypotheses regarding homochirality and their linkage to processes that range from subatomic in scale to processes that help define the structure of the universe. More importantly, this exploration begins with the knowledge that humans inhabit the universe in which there is an excess of normal matter over antimatter. It is a universe characterized by homochirality but is nonetheless contained in what is most easily described as a 3+1 dimensional spacetime wherein most laws of physics are invariant under spacetime transformations. This restriction on spacetime poses significant constraints on the processes that can be invoked to explain homochirality. However, in dealing with such restraints, including the total mass contained in the universe, the concepts of cold dark matter and dark energy can be incorporated into cosmological models with resultant behaviors and predictions very much in accord with the findings of the cosmic background surveys. Indeed, the introduction of cold dark matter and dark energy to solve problems relating to the mass found in the universe may provide a means for generating the needed asymmetry to allow homochirality to arise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea T Borchers
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Clinical Immunology, University of California at Davis School of Medicine, Davis, California 95616, USA
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Voda AS, Magniez K, Salim NV, Wong C, Guo Q. Synthesis and self-assembly behaviour of poly(Nα-Boc- l-tryptophan)-block-poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(Nα-Boc- l-tryptophan). RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra03718f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We report for the first time the use of Nα-Boc-l-tryptophan for the synthesis of amphiphilic BAB triblock copolymers for potential drug delivery applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreea S. Voda
- Institute for Frontier Materials
- Deakin University
- Geelong
- Australia
| | - Kevin Magniez
- Institute for Frontier Materials
- Deakin University
- Geelong
- Australia
| | - Nisa V. Salim
- Institute for Frontier Materials
- Deakin University
- Geelong
- Australia
| | - Cynthia Wong
- Institute for Frontier Materials
- Deakin University
- Geelong
- Australia
| | - Qipeng Guo
- Institute for Frontier Materials
- Deakin University
- Geelong
- Australia
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7
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Spach G, Reibel L, Loucheux MH, Parrod J. Synthèse de Copolymères Séquencés dont une Séquence est un Polypeptide. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/polc.5070160847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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8
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Goodman M, Jacobsberg LB, Choi NS. The Mechanism of “Active Monomer” Polymerization of α-Amino Acid N-Carboxyanhydrides. Temperature Effects and the Significance of the Proton-Transfer Reaction. Isr J Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.197100021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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9
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10
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Yang WX, Wang LL, Zhu H, Xu RW, Wu YX. Synthesis of poly(glutamic acid-co-aspartic acid) VIA combination of N-carboxyanhydride ring opening polymerization with debenzylation. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-013-1363-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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11
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Plasson R, Tsuji M, Kamata M, Asakura K. Reactivity of alanylalanine diastereoisomers in neutral and acid aqueous solutions: a versatile stereoselectivity. ORIGINS LIFE EVOL B 2011; 41:413-35. [PMID: 21562847 DOI: 10.1007/s11084-011-9240-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2011] [Accepted: 04/08/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A good comprehension of the reactivity of peptides in aqueous solution is fundamental in prebiotic chemistry, namely for understanding their stability and behavior in primitive oceans. Relying on the stereoselectivity of the involved reactions, there is a huge interest in amino acid derivatives for explaining the spontaneous emergence of homochirality on primitive Earth. The corresponding kinetic and thermodynamic parameters are however still poorly known in the literature. We studied the reactivity of alanylalanine in acidic to neutral conditions as a model system. The hydrolysis into amino acids, the epimerization of the N-terminal residue, and the cyclization into diketopiperazine could be successfully identified and studied. This kinetic investigation highlighted interesting behaviors. Complex mechanisms were observed in very acidic conditions. The relative kinetic stability of the diastereoisomers of the dipeptide is highly dependent of the pH, with the possibility to dynamically destabilize the thermodynamically more stable diastereoisomers. The existence of the cyclization of dipeptides adds complexity to the system. On one hand it brings additional stereoselectivities; on the other hand fast racemization of heterochiral dipeptides is obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphaël Plasson
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Keio University, Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohamashi, Japan.
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12
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Hernández JG, Juaristi E. Green Synthesis of α,β- and β,β-Dipeptides under Solvent-Free Conditions. J Org Chem 2010; 75:7107-11. [DOI: 10.1021/jo101159a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- José G. Hernández
- Departamento de Química, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Apartado Postal 14−740, 07000, México, D.F., México
| | - Eusebio Juaristi
- Departamento de Química, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Apartado Postal 14−740, 07000, México, D.F., México
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Hadjichristidis N, Iatrou H, Pitsikalis M, Sakellariou G. Synthesis of Well-Defined Polypeptide-Based Materials via the Ring-Opening Polymerization of α-Amino Acid N-Carboxyanhydrides. Chem Rev 2009; 109:5528-78. [DOI: 10.1021/cr900049t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 439] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nikos Hadjichristidis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Zografou 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Hermis Iatrou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Zografou 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Marinos Pitsikalis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Zografou 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Georgios Sakellariou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Zografou 15771, Athens, Greece
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14
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Abstract
An evolution of procedures to simulate protein structure and folding pathways is described. From an initial focus on the helix-coil transition and on hydrogen-bonding and hydrophobic interactions, our original attempts to determine protein structure and folding pathways were based on an experimental approach. Experiments on the oxidative folding of reduced bovine pancreatic ribonuclease A (RNase A) led to a mechanism by which the molecule folded to the native structure by a minimum of four different pathways. The experiments with RNase A were followed by development of a molecular mechanics approach, first, making use of global optimization procedures and then with molecular dynamics (MD), evolving from an all-atom to a united-residue model. This hierarchical MD approach facilitated probing of the folding trajectory to longer time scales than with all-atom MD, and hence led to the determination of complete folding trajectories, thus far for a protein containing as many as 75 amino acid residues. With increasing refinement of the computational procedures, the computed results are coming closer to experimental observations, providing an understanding as to how physics directs the folding process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harold A Scheraga
- Baker Laboratory of Chemistry, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-1301, USA.
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15
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Paunesku T, Ke T, Dharmakumar R, Mascheri N, Wu A, Lai B, Vogt S, Maser J, Thurn K, Szolc-Kowalska B, Larson A, Bergan RC, Omary R, Li D, Lu ZR, Woloschak GE. Gadolinium-conjugated TiO2-DNA oligonucleotide nanoconjugates show prolonged intracellular retention period and T1-weighted contrast enhancement in magnetic resonance images. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2008; 4:201-7. [PMID: 18567541 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2008.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2007] [Revised: 03/31/2008] [Accepted: 04/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Nanoconjugates composed of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles, DNA oligonucleotides, and a gadolinium (Gd) contrast agent were synthesized for use in magnetic resonance imaging. Transfection of cultured cancer cells with these nanoconjugates showed them to be superior to the free contrast agent of the same formulation with regard to intracellular accumulation, retention, and subcellular localization. Our results have shown that 48 hours after treatment, the concentration of Gd in nanoconjugate-treated cells was 1000-fold higher than in cells treated with contrast agent alone. Consequently, T1-weighted contrast enhancements were observed in cells treated with nanoconjugates but not in cells treated by the contrast agent alone. This type of nanoconjugate with increased retention time, Gd accumulation, and intracellular delivery may find its use in Gd neutron-capture cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana Paunesku
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
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Abstract
Amino acids were most likely available on the primitive Earth, produced in the primitive atmosphere or in hydrothermal vents. Import of extraterrestrial amino acids may have represented the major supply, as suggested by micrometeorite collections and simulation experiments in space and in the laboratory. Selective condensation of amino acids in water has been achieved via N-carboxy anydrides. Homochiral peptides with an alternating sequence of hydrophobic and hydrophilic amino acids adopt stereoselective and thermostable beta-pleated sheet structures. Some of the homochiral beta-sheets strongly accelerate the hydrolysis of oligoribonucleotides. The beta-sheet-forming peptides have also been shown to protect their amino acids from racemization. Even if peptides are not able to self-replicate, i.e., to replicate a complete sequence from the mixture of amino acids, the accumulation of chemically active peptides on the primitive Earth appears plausible via thermostable and stereoselective beta-sheets made of alternating sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Brack
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, CNRS, rue Charles Sadron, F-45071 Orléans Cedex 2.
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17
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Amowal M, Coutin B, Sekiguchi H. Polymerization of α=Aminoisobutyric Acid NCA: Interpretation According to the Hypothesis of a Multiple Mechanism. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/00222338308061801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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18
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Schmidt P. Evolution of homochirality by epimerization of random peptide chains. A stochastic model. ORIGINS LIFE EVOL B 2006; 36:391-411. [PMID: 16791733 DOI: 10.1007/s11084-005-9007-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2005] [Revised: 11/20/2005] [Accepted: 11/20/2005] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A cyclic process is described which is constituted of polymerization, epimerization, and hydrolysis steps. During the first cycle peptides with random sequences are formed from racemic amino acids. A small portion of these peptides have substructures with a terminal residue linked to a homochiral sequence of optical antipodes. In such a substructure the terminal residue is assumed to invert into its mirror image so that a thermodynamically favourable epimeric stucture with continuous homochirality is formed. In the hydrolysis step the peptides are split back to monomeric units with retention of configuration. Due to stochastic differences between L- and D-substructures a net excess of one of the enantiomers results. This excess enhances the probability of the formation of substructures having the dominant configuration in the next cycle. It is shown by probabilistic considerations and computer simulations that this mechanism generates an autocatalytic growth of one of the enantiomers which finally results in homochiral populations of amino acids. The number of cycles necessary to attain homochirality depends on the number of residues of the substructure, on the chain length distribution of the polymers and on the total number of amino acid units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Schmidt
- Suedtiroler Ring 28, D 67273, Weisenheim/Berg, Germany.
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19
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Meierhenrich UJ, Nahon L, Alcaraz C, Bredehöft JH, Hoffmann SV, Barbier B, Brack A. Asymmetrische Vakuum-UV-Photolyse der Aminosäure Leucin in fester Phase. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200501311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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20
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Meierhenrich UJ, Nahon L, Alcaraz C, Bredehöft JH, Hoffmann SV, Barbier B, Brack A. Asymmetric Vacuum UV photolysis of the Amino Acid Leucine in the Solid State. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005; 44:5630-4. [PMID: 16035020 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200501311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Uwe J Meierhenrich
- Laboratoire A.S.I. et Laboratoire de Chimie Bioorganique, UMR 6001 CNRS-UNSA, Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Faculté des Sciences, Parc Valrose, 06108 Nice, France.
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Vollmer JP, Spach G. Synthèse et structure de la poly-O-carbobenzoxyL- tyrosine et de copolymères deO-carbobenzoxyL-tyrosine et de glutamate de benzyle ou d'aspartate de benzyle. Biopolymers 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/bip.1967.360050403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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22
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Wamsley A, Jasti B, Phiasivongsa P, Li X. Synthesis of random terpolymers and determination of reactivity ratios ofN-carboxyanhydrides of leucine, ?-benzyl aspartate, and valine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.11020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Abstract
Many natural polymeric materials (particularly structural proteins) display a hierarchy of structure over several length scales. Block copolymers are able to self-assemble into ordered nanostructures, but the random-coiled nature of their polymer chains usually suppresses any further levels of organization. The use of components with regular structures, such as rigid-rod polymers, can increase the extent of spatial organization in self-assembling materials. But the synthesis of such polymeric components typically involves complicated reaction steps that are not suitable for large-scale production. Proteins form hierarchically organized structures in which the fundamental motifs are generally alpha-helical coils and beta-sheets. Attempts to synthesize polypeptides with well-defined amino-acid sequences, which might adopt similar organized structures, have been plagued by unwanted side reactions that give rise to products with a wide range of molecular weights, hampering the formation of well-defined peptide block copolymers. Here I describe a polymerization strategy that overcomes these difficulties by using organonickel initiators which suppress chain-transfer and termination side reactions. This approach allows the facile synthesis of block copolypeptides with well-defined sequences, which might provide new peptide-based biomaterials with potential applications in tissue engineering, drug delivery and biomimetic composite formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Deming
- Department of Materials, University of California, Santa Barbara 93106, USA.
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25
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Abstract
The crucial role of homochirality and chiral homogeneity in the self-replication of contemporary biopolymers is emphasized, and the experimentally demonstrated advantages of these chirality attributes in simpler polymeric systems are summarized. The implausibility of life without chirality and hence of a biogenic scenario for the origin of chiral molecules is stressed, and chance and determinate abiotic mechanisms for the origin of chirality are reviewed briefly in the context of their potential viability on the primitive Earth. It is concluded that all such mechanisms would be nonviable, and that the turbulent prebiotic environment would require an ongoing extraterrestrial source for the accumulation of chiral molecules on the primitive Earth. A scenario is described wherein the circularly polarized ultraviolet synchrotron radiation from the neutron star remnants of supernovae engenders asymmetric photolysis of the racemic constituents in the organic mantles on interstellar dust grains, whereupon these chiral constituents are transported repetitively to the primitive Earth by direct accretion of the interstellar dust or through impacts of comets and asteroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- W A Bonner
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, CA 94305, USA
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26
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Abstract
The preparation of copolypeptides consisting of L-aspartic acid and L-glutamic acid was performed to determine the effects of copolymer composition and sequential distributions on the rate of degradation by papain in a PECF (pseudoextracellular fluid) at pH 4.75 and 7.40, at 37.0 degrees C, to simulate in vivo polymer degradation. Random copolymers consisting of beta-benzyl L-aspartate and gamma-benzyl L-glutamate were synthesized by the N-carboxyanhydride method. Water-soluble copolymers were obtained by successive reactions of side chains by anhydrous HBr treatment. All the samples were found to be degraded by random chain scission with papain. Further, the degradation data for the samples followed the Michaelis-Menten rate law, being the first order in papain concentration. The nature of side chains are important to the rate of degradation by papain and it was controlled by the comonomer composition as well as the sequential distribution of comonomers in the copolymer chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Hayashi
- Research Center for Medical Polymers and Biomaterials, Kyoto University, Japan
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27
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Vijayan M. Molecular interactions and aggregation involving amino acids and peptides and their role in chemical evolution. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1988; 52:71-99. [PMID: 3076685 DOI: 10.1016/0079-6107(88)90003-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Abstract
The violation of parity by the weak interactions ensures that enantiomeric chiral molecules have inequivalent energies, one being inherently stabilized with respect to the other. These parity-violating energy differences have been calculated for a number of fundamental biomolecules including a series of alpha-amino acids, polypeptide structures, and a representative of the sugar series together with its variation over a possible prebiotic reaction path leading to alpha-amino acids. In each case the natural enantiomer found in terrestrial biochemistry was shown to be intrinsically stabilized and preferred over its unnatural enantiomer. The significance of these results in accounting for the prebiotic origins of the terrestrial biomolecular homochirality is discussed and the possible consequences of parity-violating energy differences in mineral catalysts during the prebiotic era considered.
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Tranter GE. Parity-violating energy differences of chiral minerals and the origin of biomolecular homochirality. Nature 1985. [DOI: 10.1038/318172a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Abstract
Classical mechanisms proposed for the transition from racemic geochemistry to homochiral biochemistry in terrestrial evolution generally ascribe to chance the particular handed choice of the L-amino acids and the D-sugars by self-replicating systems. The parity-violating weak neutral current interaction gives rise to an energy difference between a chiral molecule and its mirror-image isomer, resulting in a small stabilization of the L-amino acids and the L-peptides in the alpha-helix and the beta-sheet conformation relative to the corresponding enantiomer. The energy difference suffices to break the chiral symmetry of autocatalytic racemic reaction sequences in an open non-equilibrium system.
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Wiezorek C. Stereoselectivity of X-irradiated amino acid enantiomers in H218O aqueous solution. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RADIATION BIOLOGY AND RELATED STUDIES IN PHYSICS, CHEMISTRY, AND MEDICINE 1984; 46:233-40. [PMID: 6333406 DOI: 10.1080/09553008414551351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Asymmetric radiation-induced decomposition of D,L-alanine and D,L-phenylalanine in isotope-enriched H218O aqueous solution has been investigated by use of a new method involving detection of 18O-marked products by nuclear reactions. X-irradiated D-enantiomers are revealed to be more sensitive for 18O trapping than their L-type counterparts.
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Kovacs KL, Keszthelyi L, Goldanskii VJ. Unconsidered sources of chirality in nature. ORIGINS OF LIFE 1981; 11:93-103. [PMID: 6164974 DOI: 10.1007/bf00928001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Fajszi C, Czégé J. Critical evaluation of mathematical models for the amplification of chirality. ORIGINS OF LIFE 1981; 11:143-62. [PMID: 7231977 DOI: 10.1007/bf00928005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The main types of models related to the origin of biological asymmetry are reviewed and new models are proposed. It is shown that in polymerization (in contrast to Yamagata's hypothesis) only a temporary amplification of asymmetry occurs. Models have been constructed in which always the same enantiomer survives, independently of any fluctuations or asymmetric initial conditions. Therefore, the question of the "by chance" or the causal origin of biological asymmetry remains still open, although with a slight preference for a causal origin.
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Blair NE, Bonner WA. Experiments on the amplification of optical activity. ORIGINS OF LIFE 1980; 10:255-63. [PMID: 7413186 DOI: 10.1007/bf00928403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
By way of investigating possible mechanisms for the abiotic amplification of small enantiomeric excesses (e.e.'s) in almost racemic mixtures of amino acid enantiomers, we have undertaken a quantitative study of the base-initiated partial polymerization of leucine and valine N-carboxy-anhydride (NCA) enantiomer mixtures containing known excesses of both the R- and S-forms. Polymerization to the extent of ca. 50% of leucine NCA having an 8-70% e.e. of either the R- or S-enantiomer led to an e.e. enhancement in the polymer, which contained a 12-84% e.e. of that enantiomer which predominated in the original monomer NCA. A corresponding decrease in the e.e. of the initially predominant enantiomer was noted in the unpolymerized residue from each reaction. Polymerization to the extent of 25-50% of mixtures of valine NCA enantiomers containing a 12-13% e.e. of either R- or S-isomer led to polymers showing a 7-8% decrease in the e.e. of the initially predominant enantiomer, and to an increase of its e.e. in the unpolymerized residue. these divergent results, the latter of which is quite novel, are compared with earlier qualitative results in the literature and are discussed briefly from the viewpoint of both mechanism and the amplification of optical activity.
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Abstract
The problem of origination of molecular asymmetry in biochemical evolution is discussed. The theoretical analysis shows that chiral purity of biomolecules has the biological significance for self-reproduction of organisms. The models of spontaneous symmetry-breaking in molecular systems are given. The aspects of various stages of biochemical evolution associated with the development of chiral polarization are analysed.
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Sederel W, Deshmane S, Hayashi T, Anderson JM. The random copolymerization of ?-benzyl-L-glutamate andL-valineN-carboxyanhydrides: Reactivity ratio and heteogeneity studies. Biopolymers 1978. [DOI: 10.1002/bip.1978.360171207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Ishiwari K, Hayashi T, Nakajima A. Monomer Reactivity Ratios in Copolymerization of γ-Benzyl L-Glutamate and L-Valine N-Carboxyanhydrides. Polym J 1978. [DOI: 10.1295/polymj.10.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Sekiguchi H, Doussin JF. The role of alcohols in the polymerization of NCA's by alkaline alkozides. Dualism of the polymerization mechanism. Biopolymers 1976; 15:1431-5. [PMID: 949544 DOI: 10.1002/bip.1976.360150715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Bamford C, Block H. Chapter 8 The Polymerization of N-Carboxy-α-Amino Acid Anhydrides. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1976. [DOI: 10.1016/s0069-8040(08)70054-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
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Ito K, Fasman GD. Poly(L-valine). Conformational dependence on the degree of polymerization: infrared studies. Biopolymers 1975; 14:1755-67. [PMID: 1156663 DOI: 10.1002/bip.1975.360140815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Vester F. The (hi)story of the induction of molecular asymmetry by the intrinsic asymmetry in beta-decay. J Mol Evol 1974; 4:1-13. [PMID: 4619829 DOI: 10.1007/bf01732767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Akaike T, Makino T, Inoue S, Tsuruta T. Circular dichroism studies on the polymerization of N-carboxy alpha-amino acid anhydride. Biopolymers 1974; 13:129-38. [PMID: 4818123 DOI: 10.1002/bip.1974.360130108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Terbojevich M, Cosani A, Peggion E, Scoffone E. Effects of temperature on the polymerization of ?-ethylDL-glutamateN-carboxy anhydride in DMF initiated by tri-n-propylamine. Biopolymers 1971. [DOI: 10.1002/bip.360100110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Suzuoki K, Imanishi Y, Higa-Shimura T, Okamura S. Polymerization of amino acid derivatives by polymer catalysts. I. Polymerization by poly-2-vinylpyridine. Biopolymers 1969. [DOI: 10.1002/bip.1969.360070607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Ciferri A, Puett D, Rajagh L, Hermans J. Potentiometric titrations and the helix-coil transition of poly(L-glutamic acid) and poly-L-lysine in aqueous salt solutions. Biopolymers 1968; 6:119-36. [PMID: 5663413 DOI: 10.1002/bip.1968.360060803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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