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Functional polymers in protein detection platforms: optical, electrochemical, electrical, mass-sensitive, and magnetic biosensors. SENSORS 2012; 11:3327-55. [PMID: 21691441 PMCID: PMC3117287 DOI: 10.3390/s110303327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The rapidly growing field of proteomics and related applied sectors in the life sciences demands convenient methodologies for detecting and measuring the levels of specific proteins as well as for screening and analyzing for interacting protein systems. Materials utilized for such protein detection and measurement platforms should meet particular specifications which include ease-of-mass manufacture, biological stability, chemical functionality, cost effectiveness, and portability. Polymers can satisfy many of these requirements and are often considered as choice materials in various biological detection platforms. Therefore, tremendous research efforts have been made for developing new polymers both in macroscopic and nanoscopic length scales as well as applying existing polymeric materials for protein measurements. In this review article, both conventional and alternative techniques for protein detection are overviewed while focusing on the use of various polymeric materials in different protein sensing technologies. Among many available detection mechanisms, most common approaches such as optical, electrochemical, electrical, mass-sensitive, and magnetic methods are comprehensively discussed in this article. Desired properties of polymers exploited for each type of protein detection approach are summarized. Current challenges associated with the application of polymeric materials are examined in each protein detection category. Difficulties facing both quantitative and qualitative protein measurements are also identified. The latest efforts on the development and evaluation of nanoscale polymeric systems for improved protein detection are also discussed from the standpoint of quantitative and qualitative measurements. Finally, future research directions towards further advancements in the field are considered.
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Preparation of photolithographically patterned inverse opal hydrogel microstructures and its application to protein patterning. Biosens Bioelectron 2012; 35:243-250. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2012.02.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2011] [Revised: 02/14/2012] [Accepted: 02/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Lee HJ, Kim HS, Kim HO, Koh WG. Micropatterns of double-layered nanofiber scaffolds with dual functions of cell patterning and metabolite detection. LAB ON A CHIP 2011; 11:2849-57. [PMID: 21738946 DOI: 10.1039/c1lc20186g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes the development of multi-functional nanofiber scaffolds consisting of multiple layers of nanofiber scaffolds and nanofiber-incorporated poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) hydrogels. As a proof-of-concept demonstration, we fabricated micropatterned polymeric nanofiber scaffolds that were capable of simultaneously generating cellular micropatterns within a biomimetic environment and detecting cellular metabolic products within well-defined microdomains. To achieve this goal, we designed nanofiber scaffolds with both vertical and lateral microdomains. Vertically heterogeneous structures that were responsible for multi-functionality were realized by preparing double-layered nanofiber scaffolds consisting of an antibody-immobilized bottom layer of nanofibers and an upper layer of bare polystyrene (PS) nanofibers by a two-step sequential electrospinning process. Photopatterning of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) hydrogel on the electrospun nanofibers produced laterally heterogeneous micropatterned nanofiber scaffolds made of hydrogel microwells filled with a nanofibrous region, which is capable of generating cell and protein micropatterns due to the different interactions that cells and proteins have with PEG hydrogels and nanofibers. When HepG2 cells were seeded into resultant nanofiber scaffolds, cells selectively adhered within the 200 μm × 200 μm PS fiber microdomain and formed 180.2 ± 6.7 μm spheroids after 5 days of culture in the upper layer. Furthermore, immobilized anti-albumin in the bottom layer detected albumin secreted by micropatterned HepG2 cells with higher sensitivity than flat PS substrates, demonstrating successful accomplishment of dual functions using micropatterned double-layered nanofiber scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Jong Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, 134 Sinchon-Dong, Seodaemoon-Gu, Seoul, 120-749, Republic of Korea
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Gonsalves KE, He W, Poker DB, Batina N, Merhari L. A Versatile Approach for Biomaterial Patterning: Masked Ion Beam Lithography. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1557/proc-705-y4.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
AbstractWe describe a new approach for biomaterial patterning, viz, masked ion beam lithography. Poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) film was used as a model system and subjected to Ca+ and P+ ion implantations through masks. Ca+ ion implantation was performed at an energy of 85 keV with a fluence of 1×1014 ions/cm2. P+ ion implantation was done at an energy of 85 keV with fluences of 1×1015 and 1×1016 ions/cm2. Arrays of holes were generated during these processes. AFM showed that the depth of the holes is in the nanoscale region. The surface hydrophobicity of the exposed PMMA films was investigated by contact angle measurement. The results indicated that ion implantation changed the surface hydrophobicity.
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Morsch S, Schofield WCE, Badyal JPS. Surface actuation of smart nanoshutters. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:12342-12350. [PMID: 20540557 DOI: 10.1021/la101618n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Patterned polymer brush surfaces have been fabricated using the molecular scratchcard lithography technique, where a functional top nanolayer (acting also as a resist) is selectively removed using a scanning probe tip to expose underlying atom-transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) initiator sites. The lateral spreading of grafted polymer brush patterns across the adjacent functional resist surface can be reversibly actuated via solvent exposure. Effectively, this methodology provides a means for hiding/unveiling functional surfaces on the nanoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Morsch
- Department of Chemistry, Science Laboratories, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, England, UK
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Choi JH, Ganesan R, Kim DK, Jung CH, Hwang IT, Nho YC, Yun JM, Kim JB. Patterned immobilization of biomolecules by using ion irradiation-induced graft polymerization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.23655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Follonier L, Schaub S, Meister JJ, Hinz B. Myofibroblast communication is controlled by intercellular mechanical coupling. J Cell Sci 2008; 121:3305-16. [PMID: 18827018 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.024521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Neoformation of intercellular adherens junctions accompanies the differentiation of fibroblasts into contractile myofibroblasts, a key event during development of fibrosis and in wound healing. We have previously shown that intercellular mechanical coupling of stress fibres via adherens junctions improves contraction of collagen gels by myofibroblasts. By assessing spontaneous intracellular Ca2+ oscillations, we here test whether adherens junctions mechanically coordinate myofibroblast activities. Periodic Ca2+ oscillations are synchronised between physically contacting myofibroblasts and become desynchronised upon dissociation of adherens junctions with function-blocking peptides. Similar uncoupling is obtained by inhibiting myofibroblast contraction using myosin inhibitors and by blocking mechanosensitive ion channels using Gd3+ and GSMTx4. By contrast, gap junction uncouplers do not affect myofibroblast coordination. We propose the following model of mechanical coupling for myofibroblasts: individual cell contraction is transmitted via adherens junctions and leads to the opening of mechanosensitive ion channels in adjacent cells. The resulting Ca2+ influx induces a contraction that can feed back on the first cell and/or stimulate other contacting cells. This mechanism could improve the remodelling of cell-dense tissue by coordinating the activity of myofibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lysianne Follonier
- Laboratory of Cell Biophysics, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Bâtiment SG-AA-B143, Station 15, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Sun J, Graeter SV, Yu L, Duan S, Spatz JP, Ding J. Technique of Surface Modification of a Cell-Adhesion-Resistant Hydrogel by a Cell-Adhesion-Available Inorganic Microarray. Biomacromolecules 2008; 9:2569-72. [DOI: 10.1021/bm800477s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianguo Sun
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers of Ministry of Education, Department of Macromolecular Science, Advanced Materials Laboratory, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China, Department of New Materials and Biosystems, Max-Planck-Institute for Metals Research, and Department of Biophysical Chemistry, University of Heidelberg, Heisenbergstrasse 3, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Stefan V. Graeter
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers of Ministry of Education, Department of Macromolecular Science, Advanced Materials Laboratory, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China, Department of New Materials and Biosystems, Max-Planck-Institute for Metals Research, and Department of Biophysical Chemistry, University of Heidelberg, Heisenbergstrasse 3, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Lin Yu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers of Ministry of Education, Department of Macromolecular Science, Advanced Materials Laboratory, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China, Department of New Materials and Biosystems, Max-Planck-Institute for Metals Research, and Department of Biophysical Chemistry, University of Heidelberg, Heisenbergstrasse 3, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Shifeng Duan
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers of Ministry of Education, Department of Macromolecular Science, Advanced Materials Laboratory, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China, Department of New Materials and Biosystems, Max-Planck-Institute for Metals Research, and Department of Biophysical Chemistry, University of Heidelberg, Heisenbergstrasse 3, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Joachim P. Spatz
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers of Ministry of Education, Department of Macromolecular Science, Advanced Materials Laboratory, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China, Department of New Materials and Biosystems, Max-Planck-Institute for Metals Research, and Department of Biophysical Chemistry, University of Heidelberg, Heisenbergstrasse 3, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jiandong Ding
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers of Ministry of Education, Department of Macromolecular Science, Advanced Materials Laboratory, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China, Department of New Materials and Biosystems, Max-Planck-Institute for Metals Research, and Department of Biophysical Chemistry, University of Heidelberg, Heisenbergstrasse 3, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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Jhaveri SB, Beinhoff M, Hawker CJ, Carter KR, Sogah DY. Chain-end functionalized nanopatterned polymer brushes grown via in situ nitroxide free radical exchange. ACS NANO 2008; 2:719-727. [PMID: 19206603 DOI: 10.1021/nn8000092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The patterning of biologically active materials has been accomplished by the use of imprint lithography of functional photopolymer resins to create controlled nanoscale patterns of a cross-linked photopolymer containing embedded initiator groups. Functionalized polymer brushes consisting of polystyrene and poly(N,N-dimethylacrylamide) were grown from these patterned layers by nitroxide-mediated polymerization. Chain-end functionalization of the brush layer was accomplished by nitroxide radical exchange during the polymerization. Accordingly, brush layers terminated by pyrene and biotin functional groups were obtained by exchange with the appropriate alkoxyamines. The presence of pyrene functionality at the chain ends of the brushes was confirmed by fluorescent emission measurements. Fluorescently labeled streptavidin protein was selectively attached with high selectivity to the patterned biotinylated brush layer through biotin-streptavidin interactions. The functionalized polymer grafted surfaces and nanopatterns have been successfully characterized using a fluorescence spectrophotometer, AFM, SEM, confocal microscopy, and water contact angle measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarav B Jhaveri
- Baker Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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Chow DC, Chilkoti A. Surface-initiated enzymatic polymerization of DNA. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2007; 23:11712-11717. [PMID: 17929953 DOI: 10.1021/la701630g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We describe a technique to synthesize DNA homopolymers on a surface using surface-initiated enzymatic polymerization (SIEP) with terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdTase), an enzyme that repetitively adds mononucleotides to the 3'-end of oligonucleotides. The thickness of the synthesized DNA layer was found to depend on the deoxymononucleotide monomer, in the order of dATP > dTTP > dGTP approximately dCTP. In addition, the composition and the surface density of oligonucleotide initiators were also important in controlling the extent of DNA polymerization. The extension of single-stranded DNA chains by SIEP was further verified by their binding to antibodies specific to oligonucleotides. TdTase-mediated SIEP can also be used to grow spatially defined three-dimensional DNA structures by soft lithography and is a new tool for bioinspired fabrication at the micro- and nanoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic C Chow
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
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Wang B, Hong Y, Feng J, Gong Y, Gao C. Rings of Hydrogel Fabricated by a Micro-Transfer Technique. Macromol Rapid Commun 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.200600730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Brehmer
- a Institute of Organic Chemistry , Johannes Gutenberg University , D‐55099 , Mainz , Germany
| | - Lars Conrad
- a Institute of Organic Chemistry , Johannes Gutenberg University , D‐55099 , Mainz , Germany
| | - Lutz Funk
- a Institute of Organic Chemistry , Johannes Gutenberg University , D‐55099 , Mainz , Germany
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Chin SF, Pantano P. Antibody-modified microwell arrays and photobiotin patterning on hydrocarbon-free glass. Microchem J 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2006.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Lee GB, Lin CH, Lee KH, Lin YF. On the surface modification of microchannels for microcapillary electrophoresis chips. Electrophoresis 2006; 26:4616-24. [PMID: 16358252 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200500382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents systematic investigation of the microchannel surface properties in microCE chips. Three popular materials for microCE chips, polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), quartz, and glass, are used. The zeta potentials of these microchannels are calculated by measuring the EOF velocity to evaluate the surface properties after surface modification. The hydrophobic PDMS is usually plasma-treated for microCE applications. In this study, a new method using a high-throughput atmospheric plasma generator is adopted to treat the PDMS surface under atmospheric conditions. In this approach, the cost and time for surface treatment can be significantly reduced compared with the conventional vacuum plasma generator method. Experimental results indicate that new functional groups could be formed on the PDMS surface after treatment, resulting in a change in the surface property. The time-dependent surface property of the plasma-treated PDMS is then measured in terms of the zeta potential. Results show that the surface property will reach a stable condition after 1 h of plasma treatment. For glass CE chips, two new methods for changing the microchannel surface properties are developed. Instead of using complicated and time-consuming chemical silanization procedures for CE channel surface modification, two simple and reliable methods utilizing organic-based spin-on-glass and water-soluble acrylic resin are reported. The proposed method provides a fast batch process for controlling the surface properties of glass-based CE channels. The proposed methods are evaluated using PhiX-174 DNA maker separation. The experimental data show that the surface property is modified and separation efficiency greatly improved. In addition, the long-term stability of both coatings is verified in this study. The methods proposed in this study show potential as an excellent solution for glass-based microCE chip surface modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwo-Bin Lee
- Department of Engineering Science, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
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Dusseiller MR, Schlaepfer D, Koch M, Kroschewski R, Textor M. An inverted microcontact printing method on topographically structured polystyrene chips for arrayed micro-3-D culturing of single cells. Biomaterials 2005; 26:5917-25. [PMID: 15949557 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2005.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2004] [Accepted: 02/08/2005] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
With the goal to investigate the relation of shape and function of single cells or clusters of cells in a 3-dimensional (3-D) microenvironment, we present a novel platform technology to create arrays of microwells on polystyrene (PS) chips for hosting cells in a local microenvironment characterized by controlled shape and surface chemistry. The micro-3-D cell culturing combines 2-dimensional chemical patterning with topographical microstructuring presenting to the cells a local 3-D host structure. Microwells of controlled dimensions were produced by a two-step replication process, based on standard microfabrication of Si, replica molding into poly(dimethylsiloxane), and hot embossing of PS. This allowed the production of large numbers of microstructured surfaces with high reproducibility and fidelity of replication. Using inverted micro contact printing, the plateau surface between the microwells was successfully passivated to block adsorption of proteins and prevent cell attachment by transfer of a graft-copolymer, poly(l-lysine)-g-poly(ethylene glycol). The surface inside the microwells was subsequently modified by spontaneous adsorption of proteins or functionalized PLL-g-PEG/PEG-X (X=biotin or specific, cell-interactive peptide) to elicit specific responses inside the wells. Preliminary cell experiments demonstrated the functionality of such a device to host single epithelial cells (MDCK II) inside the functionalized microwells and thus to control their 3-D shape. This novel platform is useful for fundamental cell-biological studies and applications in the area of cell-based sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc R Dusseiller
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETHZ) Zurich, Department of Materials, Laboratory for Surface Science and Technology, BioInterfaceGroup, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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Feng J, Gao C, Wang B, Shen J. A novel process for inking the stamp with biomacromolecule solution used in reactive microcontact printing. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2005; 36:177-80. [PMID: 15276634 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2004.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2003] [Accepted: 06/07/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes a novel process for inking the stamp with biomacromolecule solution used in reactive microcontact printing. The stamp was first coated with biomacromolecule solution such as bovine serum albumin (BSA) solution for 20 min, and then dried by soft nitrogen flow. After cooling the stamp below the dew point for 1 min and incubated at room temperature for 10 s, a thin layer of condensed water was formed on the stamp surface. Then, an aldehyde functionalized glass slide was pressed immediately onto the stamp for certain time, yielding the covalently patterning of the biomacromolecules on the aldehyde-containing surface. A notable feature of this process is that the biomacromolecule solution can be inked onto the stamp at a controlled state, neither too "dry" nor too "wet". As a result, the covalently grafting reaction can occur at a comparable speed with those in solution, while avoiding the contamination caused by dispersal of excessive solvent.
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Qi K, Ma Q, Remsen EE, Clark CG, Wooley KL. Determination of the Bioavailability of Biotin Conjugated onto Shell Cross-Linked (SCK) Nanoparticles. J Am Chem Soc 2004; 126:6599-607. [PMID: 15161288 DOI: 10.1021/ja039647k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Shell cross-linked nanoparticles (SCKs) presenting surface- and bioavailable biotin functional groups were synthesized via a mixed micelle methodology, whereby co-micellization of chain terminal biotinylated poly(acrylic acid)-b-poly(methyl acrylate) (PAA-b-PMA) and nonbiotinylated PAA-b-PMA were cross-linked in an intramicellar fashion within the shell layer of the mixed micelles, between the carboxylic acid groups of PAA and the amine functionalities of 2,2'-(ethylenedioxy)diethylamine. The hydrodynamic diameters (D(h)) of the micelles and the SCKs with different biotinylated block copolymer contents were determined by dynamic light scattering (DLS), and the dimensions of the SCKs were characterized with tapping-mode atomic force microscopy (AFM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The amount of surface-available biotin was tuned by varying the stoichiometric ratio of the biotinylated PAA-b-PMA versus the nonbiotinylated PAA-b-PMA, as demonstrated with solution-state, binding interaction analyses, an avidin/HABA (avidin/4'-hydroxyazobenzene-2-carboxylic acid) competitive binding assay, and fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS). The avidin/HABA assay found the amount of available biotin at the surface of the biotinylated SCK nanoparticles to increase with increasing biotin-terminated block copolymer incorporation, but to be less than 25% of the theoretical value. FCS measurements showed the same trend.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Qi
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, One Brookings Drive, Saint Louis, Missouri 63130-4899, USA
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TORISAWA YS, SHIKU H, YASUKAWA T, MATSUE T. Bioassay using living cells integrated on a chip. BUNSEKI KAGAKU 2004. [DOI: 10.2116/bunsekikagaku.53.367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hitoshi SHIKU
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University
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Renault JP, Bernard A, Juncker D, Michel B, Bosshard HR, Delamarche E. Fabricating Microarrays of Functional Proteins Using Affinity Contact Printing. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2002. [DOI: 10.1002/1521-3757(20020703)114:13<2426::aid-ange2426>3.0.co;2-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Renault JP, Bernard A, Juncker D, Michel B, Bosshard HR, Delamarche E. Fabricating microarrays of functional proteins using affinity contact printing. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2002; 41:2320-3. [PMID: 12203579 DOI: 10.1002/1521-3773(20020703)41:13<2320::aid-anie2320>3.0.co;2-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jean Philippe Renault
- Dept. of Biochemistry University of Zurich Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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