1
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Li R, Ma B, Li S, Lu C, An P. Chalcogen-doped, ( seco)-hexabenzocoronene-based nanographenes: synthesis, properties, and chalcogen extrusion conversion. Chem Sci 2023; 14:8905-8913. [PMID: 37621425 PMCID: PMC10445433 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc02595k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of chalcogen-doped nanographenes (NGs) and their oxides are described. Their molecular design is conceptually based on the insertion of different chalcogens into the hexa-peri-hexabenzocoronene (HBC) backbone. All the NGs adopt nonplanar conformations, which would show better solubility compared to planar HBC. Except for the oxygen-doped, saddle-shaped NG, the insertion of large chalcogens like sulfur and selenium leads to a seco-HBC-based, helical geometry. All the three-dimensional structures are unambiguously confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffractometry. Their photophysical properties including UV-vis absorption, fluorescence, chiroptical, charge distribution, and orbital gaps are investigated experimentally or theoretically. The properties of each structure are significantly affected by the doped chalcogen and its related oxidative state. Notably, upon heating or adding an acid, the selenium-doped NG or its oxide undergoes a selenium extrusion reaction to afford seco-HBC or HBC quantitatively, which can be treated as precursors of hydrocarbon HBCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranran Li
- School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University Kunming 650091 P. R. China
| | - Bin Ma
- School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University Kunming 650091 P. R. China
| | - Shengtao Li
- School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University Kunming 650091 P. R. China
| | - Chongdao Lu
- School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University Kunming 650091 P. R. China
| | - Peng An
- School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University Kunming 650091 P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, Yunnan University Kunming 650091 P. R. China
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2
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Odajima M, Fukui N, Shinokubo H. Dinaphthooxepine Bisimide Undergoes Oxygen Extrusion Reaction upon Electron Injection at Room Temperature. Org Lett 2023; 25:282-287. [PMID: 36602262 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c04173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
We report the synthesis and properties of a dinaphthooxepine bisimide (DNOBI), a nonplanar perylene bisimide (PBI) analogue with an inserted oxygen atom. A DNOBI underwent an oxygen-extrusion reaction smoothly upon electron injection at room temperature, affording PBI in good yield. Studies on the reaction mechanism suggest that the injection of two electrons triggers the isomerization of DNOBI to dinaphthooxanorcaradiene bisimide, which is a key step in inducing the oxygen-extrusion reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai Odajima
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8603, Japan
| | - Norihito Fukui
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8603, Japan.,PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Shinokubo
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8603, Japan
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3
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Gong Q, Zhang X, Li W, Guo X, Wu Q, Yu C, Jiao L, Xiao Y, Hao E. Long-Wavelength Photoconvertible Dimeric BODIPYs for Super-Resolution Single-Molecule Localization Imaging in Near-Infrared Emission. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:21992-21999. [PMID: 36414278 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c08947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Sulfoxide-bridged dimeric BODIPYs were developed as a new class of long-wavelength photoconvertible fluorophores. Upon visible-light irradiation, a sulfoxide moiety was released to generate the corresponding α,α-directly linked dimeric BODIPYs. The extrusion of SO from sulfoxides was mainly through an intramolecular fashion involving reactive triplet states. By this photoconversion, not only were more than 100 nm red shifts of absorption and emission maxima (up to 648/714 nm) achieved but also stable products with bright fluorescence were produced with high efficiency. The combination of photoactivation and red-shifted excitation/emission offered optimal contrast and eliminated the interference from biological autofluorescence. More importantly, the in situ products of these visible-light-induced reactions demonstrated ideal single-molecule fluorescence properties in the near-infrared region. Therefore, this new photoconversion could be a powerful photoactivation method achieving super-resolution single-molecule localization imaging in a living cell without using UV illumination and cell-toxic additives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingbao Gong
- The Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China
| | - Xinfu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Wanwan Li
- The Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China
| | - Xing Guo
- The Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China
| | - Qinghua Wu
- The Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China
| | - Changjiang Yu
- The Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China
| | - Lijuan Jiao
- The Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China
| | - Yi Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Erhong Hao
- The Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China
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4
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Tanaka Y, Matsuo K, Yamada H, Fukui N, Shinokubo H. Gram‐Scale Diversity‐Oriented Synthesis of Dinaphthothiepine Bisimides as Soluble Precursors for Perylene Bisimides. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202200770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Tanaka
- Nagoya University Graduate School of Engineering School of Engineering: Nagoya Daigaku Kogakubu Daigakuin Kogaku Kenkyuka Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry JAPAN
| | - Kyohei Matsuo
- Nara Institute of Science and Technology: Nara Sentan Kagaku Gijutsu Daigakuin Daigaku Division of Materials Science JAPAN
| | - Hiroko Yamada
- Nara Institute of Science and Technology: Nara Sentan Kagaku Gijutsu Daigakuin Daigaku Division of Materials Science 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma 630-0192 Nara JAPAN
| | - Norihito Fukui
- Nagoya University Graduate School of Engineering School of Engineering: Nagoya Daigaku Kogakubu Daigakuin Kogaku Kenkyuka Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku 464-8603 Nagoya JAPAN
| | - Hiroshi Shinokubo
- Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku 464-8603 Nagoya JAPAN
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5
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Kimura T, Nakahodo T, Suzuki E, Nakanishi Y, Misaki Y, Ogawa S. Preparation, Structure Determination, and Electrochemical Properties of 4,5‐Dialkylbenzo[1,2‐
d
:4,5‐
d’
]bis[1,2,3]triselenoles and Their Singlet and Triplet‐State Dications. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202102375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Kimura
- Center for Instrumental Analysis Iwate University Morioka 020-8551 Japan
| | - Tsukasa Nakahodo
- Department of Applied Chemistry Kindai University Higashi Osaka 577-8502 Japan
| | - Eiichi Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry and Biological Sciences Faculty of Science and Engineering Iwate University Morioka 020-8551 Japan
| | - Yoshiki Nakanishi
- Department of Physical Science and Materials Engineering Faculty of Science and Engineering Iwate University Morioka 020-8551 Japan
| | - Yohji Misaki
- Department of Applied Chemistry Faculty of Engineering Ehime University Matsuyama 790-8577 Japan
| | - Satoshi Ogawa
- Department of Chemistry and Biological Sciences Faculty of Science and Engineering Iwate University Morioka 020-8551 Japan
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6
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Hintzsche E. About the differentiation of anellated 1,2-dithiins in comparison to non-anellated types †. PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/10426507.2021.1938568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ekkehard Hintzsche
- Department of Organic Chemistry of Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany, formerly; Private: Cubanzestr. 22 A, 18225 Kühlungsborn, Germany
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7
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Hayashi S, Nishide T, Nagata K, Nakanishi W. Linear Multiselenium Interactions in Dicationic Oligomers of 1,5-(Diselena)canes: Behavior of Se mc σ(m c c-n e e) (6≤m c ≤16) Elucidated with QTAIM Dual Functional Analysis. ChemistryOpen 2021; 10:656-665. [PMID: 33934565 PMCID: PMC8248919 DOI: 10.1002/open.202100017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The intrinsic dynamic and static nature mc center-ne electron interactions of the σ-type σ(mc c-ne e) were elucidated for the Se-Se interactions in dicationic oligomers of Se(CH2 CH2 CH2 )2 Se (1 (Se, Se)) [n2+ (Se, Se): n=1-8], especially for mc ≥6, where n2+ (Se, Se: n=1-8) are abbreviated by n2+ (n=1-8), respectively. QTAIM dual functional analysis (QTAIM-DFA) was applied to the interactions. Perturbed structures generated using coordinates derived from the compliance constants (Cii ) were employed for QTAIM-DFA. Each Se-*-Se in 12+ and 22+ has the nature of CT-TBP (trigonal bipyramidal adduct formation through CT) and Cov-w (weak covalent), respectively, which supply the starting points of the investigations. The asterisk emphasizes the existence of a bond critical point on the interaction. All Se-*-Se in 32+ are classified by the regular closed shell (r-CS) interactions and characterized as CT-MC (molecular complex formation through CT), which are denoted as r-CS/CT-MC, except for the central interaction, of which nature is r-CS/CT-TBP. Most interactions in 42+ -82+ are r-CS/t-HBwc (typical-HB with covalency) but some are pure-CS/t-HBnc (t-HB with no covalency). The linear Se2n 2+ interactions in 22+ -82+ seem close to those without any limitations, since the nature of Se-*-Se inside and outside of (CH2 CH2 CH2 )2 are very similar with each other. The linear Se2n 2+ interactions in 32+ -82+ are shown to be analyzed as σ(mc c-ne e: 6≤mc ≤16), not by the accumulated σ(3c-4e).
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Grants
- 17K05785 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology, Japan
- Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology, Japan
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoko Hayashi
- Faculty of Systems EngineeringWakayama University930 SakaedaniWakayama640-8510Japan
| | - Taro Nishide
- Faculty of Systems EngineeringWakayama University930 SakaedaniWakayama640-8510Japan
| | - Kengo Nagata
- Faculty of Systems EngineeringWakayama University930 SakaedaniWakayama640-8510Japan
| | - Waro Nakanishi
- Faculty of Systems EngineeringWakayama University930 SakaedaniWakayama640-8510Japan
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8
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Hayakawa S, Matsuo K, Yamada H, Fukui N, Shinokubo H. Dinaphthothiepine Bisimide and Its Sulfoxide: Soluble Precursors for Perylene Bisimide. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:11663-11668. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c04096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sakiho Hayakawa
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8603, Japan
| | - Kyohei Matsuo
- Division of Materials Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Hiroko Yamada
- Division of Materials Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Norihito Fukui
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8603, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Shinokubo
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8603, Japan
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9
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Yang X, Zhang B, Zhang S, Li G, Xu L, Wang Z, Li P, Zhang Y, Liu Z, He G. The Marriage of Carborane with Chalcogen Atoms: Nonconjugation, σ−π Conjugation, and Intramolecular Charge Transfer. Org Lett 2019; 21:8285-8289. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b03047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Yang
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, Xi’an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Materials Chemistry, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province 710054, China
| | - Bingjie Zhang
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, Xi’an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Materials Chemistry, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province 710054, China
| | - Sikun Zhang
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, Xi’an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Materials Chemistry, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province 710054, China
| | - Guoping Li
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, Xi’an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Materials Chemistry, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province 710054, China
| | - Letian Xu
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, Xi’an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Materials Chemistry, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province 710054, China
| | - Zhijun Wang
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, Xi’an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Materials Chemistry, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province 710054, China
| | - Pengfei Li
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, Xi’an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Materials Chemistry, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province 710054, China
| | - Yanfeng Zhang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Science, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province 710054, China
| | - Zishun Liu
- International Center for Applied Mechanics, State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, School of Aerospace, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Gang He
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, Xi’an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Materials Chemistry, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province 710054, China
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10
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Sulfur Radicals and Their Application. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2018; 376:22. [DOI: 10.1007/s41061-018-0197-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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11
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Cattaneo M, Schiewer CE, Schober A, Dechert S, Siewert I, Meyer F. 2,2′-Bipyridine Equipped with a Disulfide/Dithiol Switch for Coupled Two-Electron and Two-Proton Transfer. Chemistry 2018; 24:4864-4870. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201705022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio Cattaneo
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Universität Göttingen; Tammannstr. 4 37077 Göttingen Germany
- Instituto de Quimica Fisica; Universidad Nacional de Tucumán; Ayacucho 471 T4000INI San Miguel de Tucumán Argentina
| | - Christine E. Schiewer
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Universität Göttingen; Tammannstr. 4 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Anne Schober
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Universität Göttingen; Tammannstr. 4 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Sebastian Dechert
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Universität Göttingen; Tammannstr. 4 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Inke Siewert
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Universität Göttingen; Tammannstr. 4 37077 Göttingen Germany
- International Center for Advanced Studies of Energy Conversion (ICASEC); Universität Göttingen; 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Franc Meyer
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Universität Göttingen; Tammannstr. 4 37077 Göttingen Germany
- International Center for Advanced Studies of Energy Conversion (ICASEC); Universität Göttingen; 37077 Göttingen Germany
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12
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13
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Engesser TA, Lichtenthaler MR, Schleep M, Krossing I. Reactive p-block cations stabilized by weakly coordinating anions. Chem Soc Rev 2016; 45:789-899. [PMID: 26612538 PMCID: PMC4758321 DOI: 10.1039/c5cs00672d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The chemistry of the p-block elements is a huge playground for fundamental and applied work. With their bonding from electron deficient to hypercoordinate and formally hypervalent, the p-block elements represent an area to find terra incognita. Often, the formation of cations that contain p-block elements as central ingredient is desired, for example to make a compound more Lewis acidic for an application or simply to prove an idea. This review has collected the reactive p-block cations (rPBC) with a comprehensive focus on those that have been published since the year 2000, but including the milestones and key citations of earlier work. We include an overview on the weakly coordinating anions (WCAs) used to stabilize the rPBC and give an overview to WCA selection, ionization strategies for rPBC-formation and finally list the rPBC ordered in their respective group from 13 to 18. However, typical, often more organic ion classes that constitute for example ionic liquids (imidazolium, ammonium, etc.) were omitted, as were those that do not fulfill the - naturally subjective -"reactive"-criterion of the rPBC. As a rule, we only included rPBC with crystal structure and only rarely refer to important cations published without crystal structure. This collection is intended for those who are simply interested what has been done or what is possible, as well as those who seek advice on preparative issues, up to people having a certain application in mind, where the knowledge on the existence of a rPBC that might play a role as an intermediate or active center may be useful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias A. Engesser
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF) , Universität Freiburg , Albertstr. 21 , 79104 Freiburg , Germany .
| | - Martin R. Lichtenthaler
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF) , Universität Freiburg , Albertstr. 21 , 79104 Freiburg , Germany .
| | - Mario Schleep
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF) , Universität Freiburg , Albertstr. 21 , 79104 Freiburg , Germany .
| | - Ingo Krossing
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF) , Universität Freiburg , Albertstr. 21 , 79104 Freiburg , Germany .
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14
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Le Gal Y, Ameline D, Vacher A, Roisnel T, Dorcet V, Lorcy D. Chiral 1,2-dithiine as a sulfur rich electron acceptor. NEW J CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6nj02292h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Both enantiomers of a 1,2-dithiine containing two 1-phenylethyl groups of the same chirality were selectively synthesized and electrochemically and spectro-electrochemically characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yann Le Gal
- Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes
- UMR 6226 CNRS-Université de Rennes 1
- Campus de Beaulieu
- 35042 Rennes cedex
- France
| | - Dorine Ameline
- Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes
- UMR 6226 CNRS-Université de Rennes 1
- Campus de Beaulieu
- 35042 Rennes cedex
- France
| | - Antoine Vacher
- Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes
- UMR 6226 CNRS-Université de Rennes 1
- Campus de Beaulieu
- 35042 Rennes cedex
- France
| | - Thierry Roisnel
- Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes
- UMR 6226 CNRS-Université de Rennes 1
- Campus de Beaulieu
- 35042 Rennes cedex
- France
| | - Vincent Dorcet
- Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes
- UMR 6226 CNRS-Université de Rennes 1
- Campus de Beaulieu
- 35042 Rennes cedex
- France
| | - Dominique Lorcy
- Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes
- UMR 6226 CNRS-Université de Rennes 1
- Campus de Beaulieu
- 35042 Rennes cedex
- France
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15
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Hayashi S, Matsuiwa K, Nishizawa N, Nakanishi W. Transannular E···E′ Interactions in Neutral, Radical Cationic, and Dicationic Forms of cyclo-[E(CH2CH2CH2)2E′] (E, E′ = S, Se, Te, and O) with Structural Feature: Dynamic and Static Behavior of E···E′ Elucidated by QTAIM Dual Functional Analysis. J Org Chem 2015; 80:11963-76. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b01794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Satoko Hayashi
- Department
of Material Science
and Chemistry, Faculty of Systems Engineering, Wakayama University, 930 Sakaedani, Wakayama 640-8510, Japan
| | - Kohei Matsuiwa
- Department
of Material Science
and Chemistry, Faculty of Systems Engineering, Wakayama University, 930 Sakaedani, Wakayama 640-8510, Japan
| | - Nozomu Nishizawa
- Department
of Material Science
and Chemistry, Faculty of Systems Engineering, Wakayama University, 930 Sakaedani, Wakayama 640-8510, Japan
| | - Waro Nakanishi
- Department
of Material Science
and Chemistry, Faculty of Systems Engineering, Wakayama University, 930 Sakaedani, Wakayama 640-8510, Japan
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16
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Codorniu-Hernández E, Hall KW, Boese AD, Ziemianowicz D, Carpendale S, Kusalik PG. Mechanism of O(3P) Formation from a Hydroxyl Radical Pair in Aqueous Solution. J Chem Theory Comput 2015; 11:4740-8. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.5b00783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - A. Daniel Boese
- Department
of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstraße 28/IV, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
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17
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Abstract
Needless to say, the discovery of hinokitiol with its "unconventional" aromaticity by Professor Tetsuo Nozoe is one of the most important achievements in organic chemistry in the last century. The essence of this "non-benzenoid" aromaticity in hinokitiol is of course that of tropolone, and it is further related to the aromaticity of tropone and the tropylium ion, i.e., the cycloheptatrienyl cation. In this account, details of the study conducted by the author's group, particularly on the synthesis and properties of tropylium ion derivatives with various unique structures pursuing the ultimately high carbocation stability, are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Komatsu
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan.
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18
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Zhang S, Wang X, Sui Y, Wang X. Odd-electron-bonded sulfur radical cations: X-ray structural evidence of a sulfur-sulfur three-electron σ-bond. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:14666-9. [PMID: 25299728 DOI: 10.1021/ja507918c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The one-electron oxidations of 1,8-chalcogen naphthalenes Nap(SPh)2 (1) and Nap(SPh)(SePh) (2) lead to the formation of persistent radical cations 1(•+) and 2(•+) in solution. EPR spectra, UV-vis absorptions, and DFT calculations show a three-electron σ-bond in both cations. The former cation remains stable in the solid state, while the latter dimerizes upon crystallization and returns to being radical cations upon dissolution. This work provides conclusive structural evidence of a sulfur-sulfur three-electron σ-bond (in 1(•+)) and a rare example of a persistent heteroatomic three-electron σ-bond (in 2(•+)).
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Affiliation(s)
- Senwang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and ‡Centre of Modern Analysis, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210093, China
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Hayashi S, Matsuiwa K, Miza H, Nakanishi W. Dynamic and Static Behavior of E-E' Bonds in Neutral and Charged Forms of HEE'H, MeEE'Me, andCyclo-1,2-EE'(CH2)3(E, E' = O, S, Se, and Te) Elucidated by AIM Dual Functional Analysis. HETEROATOM CHEMISTRY 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/hc.21194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Satoko Hayashi
- Department of Material Science and Chemistry; Faculty of Systems Engineering, Wakayama University; 930 Sakaedani Wakayama 640-8510 Japan
| | - Kohei Matsuiwa
- Department of Material Science and Chemistry; Faculty of Systems Engineering, Wakayama University; 930 Sakaedani Wakayama 640-8510 Japan
| | - Hiroaki Miza
- Department of Material Science and Chemistry; Faculty of Systems Engineering, Wakayama University; 930 Sakaedani Wakayama 640-8510 Japan
| | - Waro Nakanishi
- Department of Material Science and Chemistry; Faculty of Systems Engineering, Wakayama University; 930 Sakaedani Wakayama 640-8510 Japan
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20
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Hall GB, Kottani R, Felton GAN, Yamamoto T, Evans DH, Glass RS, Lichtenberger DL. Intramolecular Electron Transfer in Bipyridinium Disulfides. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:4012-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ja500087m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel B. Hall
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, P.O. Box 210041, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Rudresha Kottani
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, P.O. Box 210041, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Greg A. N. Felton
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, P.O. Box 210041, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Takuhei Yamamoto
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, P.O. Box 210041, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Dennis H. Evans
- Department
of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Richard S. Glass
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, P.O. Box 210041, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Dennis L. Lichtenberger
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, P.O. Box 210041, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
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Toma Y, Kuribara T, Iizuka T, Nagashima H, Kyushin S. Synthesis, Structure, and Electronic Properties of Benzohexasilabicyclo[2.2.2]octene. CHEM LETT 2013. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.2013.250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Toma
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Graduate School of Engineering, Gunma University
| | - Takayoshi Kuribara
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Graduate School of Engineering, Gunma University
| | - Takuya Iizuka
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Graduate School of Engineering, Gunma University
| | - Hideo Nagashima
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University
| | - Soichiro Kyushin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Graduate School of Engineering, Gunma University
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Kadarkaraisamy M, Caple G, Gorden AR, Squire MA, Sykes AG. Large amplitude, proton- and cation-activated latch-type mechanical switches: O-protonated amides stabilized by intramolecular, low-barrier hydrogen bonds within macrocycles. Inorg Chem 2009; 47:11644-55. [PMID: 19007152 DOI: 10.1021/ic801238a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Large amplitude molecular switches have been developed using oxonium ions as the novel switching mechanism. Macrocycles that contain a polyether ring that are preorganized and of optimum geometry such that strong, linear Low-Barrier Hydrogen Bonds (LBHB, 2.4 to 2.6 A in length) are formed between a protonated amide oxygen and a cyclic ether, that lend significant iminol character to the amide. Deprotonation yields a large conformational change between closed and open forms, mindful of a new hinged, latch-type mechanical proton switch. Numerous open and closed forms have been characterized by X-ray crystallography, and the intramolecular hydrogen bond that forms between the protonated amide oxygen and the cyclic polyether oxygen accounts for the stability of these new acids. The open form of the deprotonated adducts persist in solution as indicated by the magnitude of coupling constants and other Nuclear Overhauser Effect experiments. Different saturated and unsaturated solid acids have been characterized including products derived from acetonitrile, propionitrile, caprylonitrile, acrylonitrile and adiponitrile, and also by reaction with primary amides in the case of phenyl and norbornene derivatives. We have also demonstrated that metal cations can replace the proton in the switching mechanism, characteristic of nascent synthetic pores.
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Komatsu K. Studies on Two- and Three-Dimensional π-Conjugated Systems with Unique Structures and Properties. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2007. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.80.2285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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25
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Fourré I, Silvi B. What can we learn from two-center three-electron bonding with the topological analysis of ELF? HETEROATOM CHEMISTRY 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/hc.20325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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26
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Kimura T, Suzuki T, Takaguchi Y, Yomogita A, Wakahara T, Akasaka T. Preparation and Electrochemical Properties of 1,4,8,11,15,18,22,25-Octalkylphthalocyanines Containing Four Trithiole Rings. European J Org Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200500654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Hennig H, Schumer F, Reinhold J, Kaden H, Oelssner W, Schroth W, Spitzner R, Hartl F. Molecular Structures and Electronic Transitions of 3,6-Diphenyl-1,2-dithiin and Its Radical Cation: A Spectroelectrochemical and DFT Study. J Phys Chem A 2006; 110:2039-44. [PMID: 16451040 DOI: 10.1021/jp0551059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
One-electron oxidation of 3,6-diphenyl-1,2-dithiin yields the corresponding radical cation. The product is stable at low temperatures and can be distinguished by a triplet EPR signal. Cyclic voltammetric, UV-vis spectroelectrochemical, and DFT studies were performed to elucidate its molecular structure and electronic properties. Time-dependent DFT calculations reproduce appreciably well the UV-vis spectral changes observed during the oxidation. The results reveal a moderately twisted structure of the 1,2-dithiin heterocycle in the radical cation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Horst Hennig
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie and Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, Johannisallee 29, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
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Nagahora N, Ogawa S, Kawai Y, Sato R. Synthesis, structure, and electrochemical properties of biferrocenes annulated with 1,2-dithiin and 1,2-dithiin 1,1-dioxides. Tetrahedron Lett 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2005.04.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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30
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Exner K, Heizmann M, Yang F, Kegel M, Keller M, Knothe L, Großmann B, Heinze J, Prinzbach H. Towards In-Plane Delocalized 4N/7e Radical Cations and 4N/6e Dications - One-/Two-Electron Oxidation of Proximate-Parallel Bis(N,N'-bicyclic)-bishydrazines. European J Org Chem 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200400647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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31
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Nishinaga T, Komatsu K. Persistent ? radical cations: self-association and its steric control in the condensed phase. Org Biomol Chem 2005; 3:561-9. [PMID: 15703786 DOI: 10.1039/b418872a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Pi Radical cations, which are highly reactive in general, can be made persistently stable by appropriate structural modification with heteroatoms, pi-conjugated systems, and alkyl substituents. Many of these pi radical cations undergo self-association in the condensed phase. The steric control of such self-association of stabilized pi radical cations is the subject of the present article. Such an association can result in the formation of pi- and/or sigma-dimers. The pi-dimerization in particular is now considered as an important intermolecular interaction for model studies of a charge-transport phenomenon in positively doped conducting polymers. On the other hand, the intermolecular interactions can be suppressed when the pi-system is modified with sterically demanding structural units, for example, by annelation with bicycloalkene frameworks. This structural modification not only brings about unusual stabilization of the radical cations but provides valuable information on the electronic structure/properties of the positively charged pi-systems in a segregated state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tohru Nishinaga
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
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Primary steps of oxidation and electronic interactions in anodic cleavage of α,ω-diisocyanurate substituted dialkyl disulfides. Electrochim Acta 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2004.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Nishinaga T, Wakamiya A, Yamazaki D, Komatsu K. Crystal Structures and Spectroscopic Characterization of Radical Cations and Dications of Oligothiophenes Stabilized by Annelation with Bicyclo[2.2.2]octene Units: Sterically Segregated Cationic Oligothiophenes. J Am Chem Soc 2004; 126:3163-74. [PMID: 15012146 DOI: 10.1021/ja039434v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The remarkably stable SbF(6)(-) salts of the radical cations of bithiophene 1(2T) and terthiophene 1(3T), completely surrounded by bicyclo[2.2.2]octene (BCO) units, were obtained by one-electron oxidation of the neutral precursors with NO(+)SbF(6)(-), and their solid-state structures were determined by X-ray crystallography. In these radical cations, the presence of quinoidal character was apparent, as shown by the increased planarity and by comparison of the bond lengths with those of the neutral precursors. The shortest intermolecular pi-pi distances in the crystal structure of 1(2T)(*)(+)SbF(6)(-) (distance between two sp(2) carbon atoms, 4.89 A) and 1(3T)(*)(+)SbF(6)(-) (distance between an sp(2) carbon and a sulfur atom, 3.58 A) were found to be longer than the sums of the van der Waals radii of the corresponding atoms. In accord with this, no apparent change was observed in ESR and UV-vis-NIR spectra of solutions of 1(2T)(*)(+) and 1(3T)(*)(+) upon lowering the temperature, indicating that the pi- (or sigma-) dimer formation is inhibited in solution as well as in the solid state. The dications 1(2T)(2+) and 1(3T)(2+) were generated with the stronger oxidant SbF(5) in CH(2)Cl(2) at -40 degrees C and characterized by NMR spectroscopy. In the (1)H NMR spectra, two conformers were observed for each dication of both 1(2T)(2+) (transoid (t) and cisoid (c)) and 1(3T)(2+) (t,t and c,t) at room temperature due to the high rotational barrier around the inter-ring bond(s) between thiophene rings, which was caused by the enhanced double bond character of these bonds following two-electron oxidation. This is supported by DFT calculations (B3LYP/6-31G(d)), which predicted the rotational barriers in the dications of unsubstituted bithiophene and terthiophene to be 27.6 and 22.9 kcal mol(-)(1), respectively. In the case of quaterthiophene and sexithiophene surrounded by BCO frameworks 1(4T) and 1(6T), oxidation with even one molar equivalent of NO(+)SbF(6)(-) afforded the dication salts 1(4T)(2+)2SbF(6)(-) and 1(6T)(2+)2SbF(6)(-), which were isolated as stable single crystals and allowed the X-ray crystallography. In their crystal structures, the cationic pi-systems became planar again due to the great contribution of quinoidal resonance structures, and the pi-systems, which were arrayed in a parallel geometry, were also segregated by the steric effect of BCO units. The degree and tendency of changes in the bond lengths of thiophene rings of 1(4T)(2+) and 1(6T)(2+) as compared with neutral precursors were similar to those of 1(2T)(*)(+)SbF(6)(-) and 1(3T)(*)(+)SbF(6)(-), respectively, implying that the contribution of quinoidal character is modulated by the amount of positive charge per thiophene unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tohru Nishinaga
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
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Adams RD, Captain B, Smith JL. Diacenaphtho[1,2-c:1′,2′-e]-1,2-dithiin: synthesis, structure and reactivity. J Organomet Chem 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2003.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Wakamiya A, Yamazaki D, Nishinaga T, Kitagawa T, Komatsu K. Synthesis and Properties of Novel Oligothiophenes Surrounded by Bicyclo[2.2.2]octene Frameworks. J Org Chem 2003; 68:8305-14. [PMID: 14575452 DOI: 10.1021/jo034754i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Novel oligothiophenes surrounded by bicyclo[2.2.2]octene (abbreviated as BCO) frameworks ranging from dimer to hexamer, 1(nT) (n = 2, 3, 4, 6), were prepared, and their structures and electronic properties were investigated. Dimer 1(2T) was synthesized by oxidative coupling of the 2-lithiated monomer generated from 4,5-BCO-annelated 2-bromothiophene 8 with CuCl2 in 76% yield. Trimer 1(3T) and tetramer 1(4T) were synthesized by Stille coupling of 2,5-dibromo-3,4-BCO-annelated thiophene 4 and of the 5,5'-dibromo derivative of bis(3,4-BCO-thiophen-2-yl) 10 with 2-stannylated 4,5-BCO-annelated thiophene 9 in 41% and 46% yield, respectively. Hexamer 1(6T) was synthesized by oxidative coupling of terthiophene 12, tris-annelated with BCO units, in 81% yield. X-ray crystallographic studies showed that the thiophene rings in 1(2T) and 1(3T) are rotated around the inter-ring C-C bond(s) with the C=C-C=C dihedral angles of -174.3(5) degrees for 1(2T) and -149.7(3) degrees and 34.4(3) degrees for 1(3T). In the crystal structures of 1(2T) and 1(3T), no pi-stacking was observed as expected from the steric effect of the BCO units. Theoretical calculations for 1(2T) and 1(3T) at the B3LYP/6-31G(d) level indicated that the annelation with BCO units either at the 2,3- or 3,4-positions of thiophene rings raises both the KS HOMO and LUMO levels. In the electronic absorption spectra of 1, the longest wavelength absorption band corresponding to the pi-pi transition is bathochromically shifted with the increase in absorption intensity as the number of thiophene rings increases, and the absorption of the polythiophene 1 with infinite length was predicted to be 419 nm. The cyclic voltammetry of 1 in CH2Cl2 at -78 degrees C (2T) or at room temperature (3T, 4T, 6T) showed two reversible oxidation waves, indicating that the radical cation and dication of 1 are stable under these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Wakamiya
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
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Nishinaga T, Yamazaki D, Stahr H, Wakamiya A, Komatsu K. Synthesis, structure, and dynamic behavior of cyclopentadienyl-lithium, -sodium, and -potassium annelated with bicyclo[2.2.2]octene units: a systematic study on site exchange of alkali metals on a cyclopentadienyl ring in tetrahydrofuran. J Am Chem Soc 2003; 125:7324-35. [PMID: 12797807 DOI: 10.1021/ja0346431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Novel cyclopentadienyl (Cp)-alkali metal complexes 1-M and 2-M (M = Li, Na, K), in which the Cp ring is annelated with two bicyclo[2.2.2]octene units and substituted with a phenyl group for 1 and a tert-butyl group for 2, were synthesized, and their structures and dynamic behaviors were investigated by means of X-ray crystallography, dynamic (13)C NMR, and DFT calculations. The X-ray crystallography results indicated that 1-Li, 1-Na, and 2-Na form monomeric contact ion pairs (CIP) with three THF molecules coordinated to the metal atom. Also, in THF-d(8), all of the 1-M and 2-M form monomeric CIP in the ground state. However, variable-temperature (13)C NMR measurements of 1-M and 2-M in THF-d(8) demonstrated dynamic behavior in which the metal ion exchanges positions between the upper and lower faces of the Cp ring. From a study of the concentration dependence of the dynamic behavior, the exchange was found to proceed principally as an intramolecular process at concentration ranges lower than 0.2 M. The experimentally observed deltaG values for the intramolecular exchange process for all the 1-M and 2-M (except for 2-Li, whose intramolecular process was too slow to observe) were found to be quite similar in THF-d(8) solution and to fall within the range of 12-14 kcal mol(-)(1). Within this range, a tendency was observed for the deltaG values to increase as the size of the metal decreased. Theoretical calculations (B3LYP/6-31G(d)) afforded considerably large values as the gas-phase dissociation energy for 1-M (162.7 kcal mol(-)(1) for M = Li; 131.6 kcal mol(-)(1) for M = Na; 110.9 kcal mol(-)(1) for M = K) and for 2-M (170.0 kcal mol(-)(1) for M = Li; 137.5 kcal mol(-)(1) for M = Na; 115.4 kcal mol(-)(1) for M = K). These values should be compensated for by a decrease in the solvation energies for the metal ions with increasing size, as exemplified by the calculated solvation energy for M(+)(Me(2)O)(4), which serves as a model for metal ions solvated with four molecules of THF (-122.9 kcal mol(-)(1) for M = Li; -94.7 kcal mol(-)(1) for M = Na; -67.7 kcal mol(-)(1) for M = K). This compensation results in a small difference in the overall energy for dissociation of 1-M or 2-M in ethereal solutions, thus supporting the similar deltaG values observed for the intramolecular metal exchange.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tohru Nishinaga
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
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