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Upadhyayula RS. Computational Investigation of Structural Interfaces of Protein Complexes with Short Linear Motifs. J Proteome Res 2020; 19:3254-3263. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.0c00212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Raghavender Surya Upadhyayula
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Birla Institute of Scientific Research (BISR), Jaipur, Rajasthan 302001, India
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2
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Phospho-peptide binding domains in S. cerevisiae model organism. Biochimie 2019; 163:117-127. [PMID: 31194995 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2019.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Protein phosphorylation is one of the main mechanisms by which signals are transmitted in eukaryotic cells, and it plays a crucial regulatory role in almost all cellular processes. In yeast, more than half of the proteins are phosphorylated in at least one site, and over 20,000 phosphopeptides have been experimentally verified. However, the functional consequences of these phosphorylation events for most of the identified phosphosites are unknown. A family of protein interaction domains selectively recognises phosphorylated motifs to recruit regulatory proteins and activate signalling pathways. Nine classes of dedicated modules are coded by the yeast genome: 14-3-3, FHA, WD40, BRCT, WW, PBD, and SH2. The recognition specificity relies on a few residues on the target protein and has coevolved with kinase specificity. In the present study, we review the current knowledge concerning yeast phospho-binding domains and their networks. We emphasise the relevance of both positive and negative amino acid selection to orchestrate the highly regulated outcomes of inter- and intra-molecular interactions. Finally, we hypothesise that only a small fraction of yeast phosphorylation events leads to the creation of a docking site on the target molecule, while many have a direct effect on the protein or, as has been proposed, have no function at all.
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3
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Kale PB, Jadhav PV, Wakekar RS, Moharil MP, Deshmukh AG, Dudhare MS, Nandanwar RS, Mane SS, Manjaya JG, Dani RG. Cytological behaviour of floral organs and in silico characterization of differentially expressed transcript-derived fragments associated with 'floral bud distortion' in soybean. J Genet 2016; 95:787-799. [PMID: 27994177 DOI: 10.1007/s12041-016-0693-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
An attempt was made to understand the 'floral bud distortion' (FBD), an unexplored disorder prevailing in soybean. Cytological behaviour of floral reproductive organs and in silico characterization of differentially expressed transcript-derived fragments (TDFs) in symptomatic and asymptomatic soybean plants were carried out. Pollens in asymptomatic plants do not have defects in number, size, shape and function. However, in symptomatic plant, pollens were found nonviable, abnormal in shape and with reduced germination ability. Here, we employed a computational approach, exploring invaluable resources. The tissue-specific transcript profile of symptomatic and asymptomatic sources was compared to determine differentially expressed TDFs associated with FBD to improve its basic understanding. A total of 60 decamer primers produced 197 scorable amplicons, ranged 162-1130 bp, of which 171 were monomorphic and 26 were differentially regulated. Reproducible TDFs were sequenced and characterized for their homology analysis, annotation, protein-protein interaction, subcellular localization and their physical mapping. Homology-based annotation of TDFs in soybean revealed presence of two characterized and seven uncharacterized hits. Annotation of characterized sequences showed presence of genes, namely auxin response factor 9 (ARF9) and forkhead-associated (FHA) domain, which are directly involved in plant development through various pathways, such as hormonal regulation, plant morphology, embryogenesis and DNA repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant B Kale
- Biotechnology Centre, Post Graduate Institute, Dr Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola 444 104, India.
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Huang YMM, Chang CEA. Achieving peptide binding specificity and promiscuity by loops: case of the forkhead-associated domain. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98291. [PMID: 24870410 PMCID: PMC4037201 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The regulation of a series of cellular events requires specific protein–protein interactions, which are usually mediated by modular domains to precisely select a particular sequence from diverse partners. However, most signaling domains can bind to more than one peptide sequence. How do proteins create promiscuity from precision? Moreover, these complex interactions typically occur at the interface of a well-defined secondary structure, α helix and β sheet. However, the molecular recognition primarily controlled by loop architecture is not fully understood. To gain a deep understanding of binding selectivity and promiscuity by the conformation of loops, we chose the forkhead-associated (FHA) domain as our model system. The domain can bind to diverse peptides via various loops but only interact with sequences containing phosphothreonine (pThr). We applied molecular dynamics (MD) simulations for multiple free and bound FHA domains to study the changes in conformations and dynamics. Generally, FHA domains share a similar folding structure whereby the backbone holds the overall geometry and the variety of sidechain atoms of multiple loops creates a binding surface to target a specific partner. FHA domains determine the specificity of pThr by well-organized binding loops, which are rigid to define a phospho recognition site. The broad range of peptide recognition can be attributed to different arrangements of the loop interaction network. The moderate flexibility of the loop conformation can help access or exclude binding partners. Our work provides insights into molecular recognition in terms of binding specificity and promiscuity and helpful clues for further peptide design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-ming M. Huang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (YMH); (CAC)
| | - Chia-en A. Chang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (YMH); (CAC)
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5
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Pershad K, Wypisniak K, Kay BK. Directed evolution of the forkhead-associated domain to generate anti-phosphospecific reagents by phage display. J Mol Biol 2012; 424:88-103. [PMID: 22985966 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2012.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2012] [Revised: 08/10/2012] [Accepted: 09/05/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
While affinity reagents are valuable tools for monitoring protein phosphorylation and studying signaling events in cells, generating them through immunization of animals with phosphopeptides is expensive, laborious, and time-consuming. An attractive alternative is to use protein evolution techniques and isolate new anti-phosphopeptide binding specificities from a library of variants of a phosphopeptide-binding domain. To explore this strategy, we attempted to display on the surface of bacteriophage M13 the N-terminal Forkhead-associated (FHA1) domain of yeast Rad53p, which is a naturally occurring phosphothreonine (pT)-binding domain, and found it to be nonfunctional due to misfolding in the bacterial periplasm. To overcome this limitation, we constructed a library of FHA1 variants by mutagenic PCR and isolated functional variants after three rounds of affinity selection with its pT peptide ligand. A hydrophobic residue at position 34 in the β1 strand was discovered to be essential for phage display of a functional FHA1 domain. Additionally, by heating the phage library to 50°C prior to affinity selection with its cognate pT peptide, we identified a variant (G2) that was ~8°C more thermally stable than the wild-type domain. Using G2 as a scaffold, we constructed phage-displayed libraries of FHA1 variants and affinity selected for variants that bound selectively to five pT peptides. These reagents are renewable and have high protein yields (~20-25mg/L), when expressed in Escherichia coli. Thus, we have changed the specificity of the FHA1 domain and demonstrated that engineering phosphopeptide-binding domains is an attractive avenue for generating new anti-phosphopeptide binding specificities in vitro by phage display.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kritika Pershad
- Department of Biological Sciences, Laboratory for Molecular Biology (M/C 567), University of Illinois at Chicago, Molecular Biology Research Building, Chicago, IL 60607, USA.
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6
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Aucher W, Becker E, Ma E, Miron S, Martel A, Ochsenbein F, Marsolier-Kergoat MC, Guerois R. A strategy for interaction site prediction between phospho-binding modules and their partners identified from proteomic data. Mol Cell Proteomics 2010; 9:2745-59. [PMID: 20733106 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m110.003319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Small and large scale proteomic technologies are providing a wealth of potential interactions between proteins bearing phospho-recognition modules and their substrates. Resulting interaction maps reveal such a dense network of interactions that the functional dissection and understanding of these networks often require to break specific interactions while keeping the rest intact. Here, we developed a computational strategy, called STRIP, to predict the precise interaction site involved in an interaction with a phospho-recognition module. The method was validated by a two-hybrid screen carried out using the ForkHead Associated (FHA)1 domain of Rad53, a key protein of Saccharomyces cerevisiae DNA checkpoint, as a bait. In this screen we detected 11 partners, including Cdc7 and Cdc45, essential components of the DNA replication machinery. FHA domains are phospho-threonine binding modules and the threonines involved in both interactions could be predicted using the STRIP strategy. The threonines T484 and T189 in Cdc7 and Cdc45, respectively, were mutated and loss of binding could be monitored experimentally with the full-length proteins. The method was further tested for the analysis of 63 known Rad53 binding partners and provided several key insights regarding the threonines likely involved in these interactions. The STRIP method relies on a combination of conservation, phosphorylation likelihood, and binding specificity criteria and can be accessed via a web interface at http://biodev.extra.cea.fr/strip/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willy Aucher
- Laboratoire du Métabolisme de l'ADN et Réponses aux Génotoxiques, Gif-sur-Yvette F-91191, France
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7
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Traven A, Lo TL, Pike BL, Friesen H, Guzzo J, Andrews B, Heierhorst J. Dual functions of Mdt1 in genome maintenance and cell integrity pathways in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Yeast 2010; 27:41-52. [PMID: 19894211 DOI: 10.1002/yea.1730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence indicates considerable cross-talk between genome maintenance and cell integrity control pathways. The RNA recognition motif (RRM)- and SQ/TQ cluster domain (SCD)-containing protein Mdt1 is required for repair of 3'-blocked DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) and efficient recombinational maintenance of telomeres in budding yeast. Here we show that deletion of MDT1 (PIN4/YBL051C) leads to severe synthetic sickness in the absence of the genes for the central cell integrity MAP kinases Bck1 and Slt2/Mpk1. Consistent with a cell integrity function, mdt1Delta cells are hypersensitive to the cell wall toxin calcofluor white and the Bck1-Slt2 pathway activator caffeine. An RRM-deficient mdt1-RRM0 allele shares the severe bleomycin hypersensitivity, inefficient recombinational telomere maintenance and slt2 synthetic sickness phenotypes, but not the cell wall toxin hypersensitivity with mdt1Delta. However, the mdt1-RRM(3A) allele, where only the RNA-binding site is mutated, behaves similarly to the wild-type, suggesting that the Mdt1 RRM functions as a protein-protein interaction rather than a nucleic acid-binding module. Surprisingly, in a strain background where double mutants are sick but still viable, bck1Deltamdt1Delta and slt2Deltamdt1Delta mutants differ in some of their phenotypes, consistent with the emerging concept of flexible signal entry and exit points in the Bck1-Mkk1/2-Slt2 pathway. Overall, the results indicate that Mdt1 has partially separable functions in both cell wall and genome integrity pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Traven
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research and Department of Medicine SVH, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria 3065, Australia
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Mahajan A, Yuan C, Lee H, Chen ESW, Wu PY, Tsai MD. Structure and function of the phosphothreonine-specific FHA domain. Sci Signal 2008; 1:re12. [PMID: 19109241 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.151re12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The forkhead-associated (FHA) domain is the only known phosphoprotein-binding domain that specifically recognizes phosphothreonine (pThr) residues, distinguishing them from phosphoserine (pSer) residues. In contrast to its very strict specificity toward pThr, the FHA domain recognizes very diverse patterns in the residues surrounding the pThr residue. For example, the FHA domain of Ki67, a protein associated with cellular proliferation, binds to an extended target surface involving residues remote from the pThr, whereas the FHA domain of Dun1, a DNA damage-response kinase, specifically recognizes a doubly phosphorylated Thr-Gln (TQ) cluster by virtue of its possessing two pThr-binding sites. The FHA domain exists in various proteins with diverse functions and is particularly prevalent among proteins involved in the DNA damage response. Despite a very short history, a number of unique structural and functional properties of the FHA domain have been uncovered. This review highlights the diversity of biological functions of the FHA domain-containing proteins and the structural bases for the novel binding specificities and multiple binding modes of FHA domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Mahajan
- Biophysics Program, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Diphosphothreonine-specific interaction between an SQ/TQ cluster and an FHA domain in the Rad53-Dun1 kinase cascade. Mol Cell 2008; 30:767-78. [PMID: 18570878 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2008.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2008] [Revised: 03/21/2008] [Accepted: 05/13/2008] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Forkhead-associated (FHA) domains recognize phosphothreonines, and SQ/TQ cluster domains (SCDs) contain concentrated phosphorylation sites for ATM/ATR-like DNA-damage-response kinases. The Rad53-SCD1 has dual functions in regulating the activation of the Rad53-Dun1 checkpoint kinase cascade but with unknown molecular mechanisms. Here we present structural, biochemical, and genetic evidence that Dun1-FHA possesses an unprecedented diphosphothreonine-binding specificity. The Dun1-FHA has >100-fold increased affinity for diphosphorylated relative to monophosphorylated Rad53-SCD1 due to the presence of two separate phosphothreonine-binding pockets. In vivo, any single threonine of Rad53-SCD1 is sufficient for Rad53 activation and RAD53-dependent survival of DNA damage, but two adjacent phosphothreonines in the Rad53-SCD1 and two phosphothreonine-binding sites in the Dun1-FHA are necessary for Dun1 activation and DUN1-dependent transcriptional responses to DNA damage. The results uncover a phospho-counting mechanism that regulates the specificity of SCD, and provide mechanistic insight into a role of multisite phosphorylation in DNA-damage signaling.
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Liang X, Van Doren SR. Mechanistic insights into phosphoprotein-binding FHA domains. Acc Chem Res 2008; 41:991-9. [PMID: 18656966 DOI: 10.1021/ar700148u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
[Structure: see text]. FHA domains are protein modules that switch signals in diverse biological pathways by monitoring the phosphorylation of threonine residues of target proteins. As part of the effort to gain insight into cellular avoidance of cancer, FHA domains involved in the cellular response to DNA damage have been especially well-characterized. The complete protein where the FHA domain resides and the interaction partners determine the nature of the signaling. Thus, a key biochemical question is how do FHA domains pick out their partners from among thousands of alternatives in the cell? This Account discusses the structure, affinity, and specificity of FHA domains and the formation of their functional structure. Although FHA domains share sequence identity at only five loop residues, they all fold into a beta-sandwich of two beta-sheets. The conserved arginine and serine of the recognition loops recognize the phosphorylation of the threonine targeted. Side chains emanating from loops that join beta-strand 4 with 5, 6 with 7, or 10 with 11 make specific contacts with amino acids of the ligand that tailor sequence preferences. Many FHA domains choose a partner in extended conformation, somewhat according to the residue three after the phosphothreonine in sequence (pT + 3 position). One group of FHA domains chooses a short carboxylate-containing side chain at pT + 3. Another group chooses a long, branched aliphatic side chain. A third group prefers other hydrophobic or uncharged polar side chains at pT + 3. However, another FHA domain instead chooses on the basis of pT - 2, pT - 3, and pT + 1 positions. An FHA domain from a marker of human cancer instead chooses a much longer protein fragment that adds a beta-strand to its beta-sheet and that presents hydrophobic residues from a novel helix to the usual recognition surface. This novel recognition site and more remote sites for the binding of other types of protein partners were predicted for the entire family of FHA domains by a bioinformatics approach. The phosphopeptide-dependent dynamics of an FHA domain, SH2 domain, and PTB domain suggest a common theme: rigid, preformed binding surfaces support van der Waals contacts that provide favorable binding enthalpy. Despite the lack of pronounced conformational changes in FHA domains linked to binding events, more subtle adjustments may be possible. In the one FHA domain tested, phosphothreonine peptide binding is accompanied by increased flexibility just outside the binding site and increased rigidity across the beta-sandwich. The folding of the same FHA domain progresses through near-native intermediates that stabilize the recognition loops in the center of the phosphoprotein-binding surface; this may promote rigidity in the interface and affinity for targets phosphorylated on threonine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyang Liang
- Department of Biochemistry, 105 Schweitzer Hall, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
| | - Steven R. Van Doren
- Department of Biochemistry, 105 Schweitzer Hall, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
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11
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Stein A, Aloy P. Contextual specificity in peptide-mediated protein interactions. PLoS One 2008; 3:e2524. [PMID: 18596940 PMCID: PMC2438476 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0002524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2008] [Accepted: 05/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Most biological processes are regulated through complex networks of transient protein interactions where a globular domain in one protein recognizes a linear peptide from another, creating a relatively small contact interface. Although sufficient to ensure binding, these linear motifs alone are usually too short to achieve the high specificity observed, and additional contacts are often encoded in the residues surrounding the motif (i.e. the context). Here, we systematically identified all instances of peptide-mediated protein interactions of known three-dimensional structure and used them to investigate the individual contribution of motif and context to the global binding energy. We found that, on average, the context is responsible for roughly 20% of the binding and plays a crucial role in determining interaction specificity, by either improving the affinity with the native partner or impeding non-native interactions. We also studied and quantified the topological and energetic variability of interaction interfaces, finding a much higher heterogeneity in the context residues than in the consensus binding motifs. Our analysis partially reveals the molecular mechanisms responsible for the dynamic nature of peptide-mediated interactions, and suggests a global evolutionary mechanism to maximise the binding specificity. Finally, we investigated the viability of non-native interactions and highlight cases of potential cross-reaction that might compensate for individual protein failure and establish backup circuits to increase the robustness of cell networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelie Stein
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB), Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Patrick Aloy
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB), Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC), Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Bernstein NK, Karimi-Busheri F, Rasouli-Nia A, Mani R, Dianov G, Glover JNM, Weinfeld M. Polynucleotide kinase as a potential target for enhancing cytotoxicity by ionizing radiation and topoisomerase I inhibitors. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2008; 8:358-67. [PMID: 18473721 PMCID: PMC2962422 DOI: 10.2174/187152008784220311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The cytotoxicity of many antineoplastic agents is due to their capacity to damage DNA and there is evidence indicating that DNA repair contributes to the cellular resistance to such agents. DNA strand breaks constitute a significant proportion of the lesions generated by a broad range of genotoxic agents, either directly, or during the course of DNA repair. Strand breaks that are caused by many agents including ionizing radiation, topoisomerase I inhibitors, and DNA repair glycosylases such as NEIL1 and NEIL2, often contain 5'-hydroxyl and/or 3'-phosphate termini. These ends must be converted to 5'-phosphate and 3'-hydroxyl termini in order to allow DNA polymerases and ligases to catalyze repair synthesis and strand rejoining. A key enzyme involved in this end-processing is polynucleotide kinase (PNK), which possesses two enzyme activities, a DNA 5'-kinase activity and a 3'-phosphatase activity. PNK participates in the single-strand break repair pathway and the non-homologous end joining pathway for double-strand break repair. RNAi-mediated down-regulation of PNK renders cells more sensitive to ionizing radiation and camptothecin, a topoisomerase I inhibitor. Structural analysis of PNK revealed the protein is composed of three domains, the kinase domain at the C-terminus, the phosphatase domain in the centre and a forkhead associated (FHA) domain at the N-terminus. The FHA domain plays a critical role in the binding of PNK to other DNA repair proteins. Thus each PNK domain may be a suitable target for small molecule inhibition to effectively reduce resistance to ionizing radiation and topoisomerase I inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- N K Bernstein
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, 11560 University Avenue, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Tam ATY, Pike BL, Heierhorst J. Location-specific functions of the two forkhead-associated domains in Rad53 checkpoint kinase signaling. Biochemistry 2008; 47:3912-6. [PMID: 18302321 DOI: 10.1021/bi800027t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Signaling proteins often contain multiple modular protein-protein interaction domains of the same type. The Saccharomyces cerevisiae checkpoint kinase Rad53 contains two phosphothreonine-binding forkhead-associated (FHA) domains. To investigate if the precise position of these domains relative to each other is important, we created three rad53 alleles in which FHA1 and FHA2 domains were individually or simultaneously transposed to the opposite location. All three mutants were approximately 100-fold hypersensitive to DNA lesions whose survival requires intact Rad53 FHA domain functions, but they were not hypersensitive to DNA damage that is addressed in an FHA domain-independent manner. FHA domain-transposed Rad53 could still be recruited for activation by upstream kinases but then failed to autophosphorylate and activate FHA domain-dependent downstream functions. The results indicate that precise FHA domain positions are important for their roles in Rad53, possibly via regulation of the topology of oligomeric Rad53 signaling complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela T Y Tam
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research and Department of Medicine SVH, The University of Melbourne, 9 Princes Street, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia
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14
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Guillemain G, Ma E, Mauger S, Miron S, Thai R, Guérois R, Ochsenbein F, Marsolier-Kergoat MC. Mechanisms of checkpoint kinase Rad53 inactivation after a double-strand break in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Cell Biol 2007; 27:3378-89. [PMID: 17325030 PMCID: PMC1899965 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00863-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, double-strand breaks (DSBs) activate DNA checkpoint pathways that trigger several responses including a strong G(2)/M arrest. We have previously provided evidence that the phosphatases Ptc2 and Ptc3 of the protein phosphatase 2C type are required for DNA checkpoint inactivation after a DSB and probably dephosphorylate the checkpoint kinase Rad53. In this article we have investigated further the interactions between Ptc2 and Rad53. We showed that forkhead-associated domain 1 (FHA1) of Rad53 interacts with a specific threonine of Ptc2, T376, located outside its catalytic domain in a TXXD motif which constitutes an optimal FHA1 binding sequence in vitro. Mutating T376 abolishes Ptc2 interaction with the Rad53 FHA1 domain and results in adaptation and recovery defects following a DSB. We found that Ckb1 and Ckb2, the regulatory subunits of the protein kinase CK2, are necessary for the in vivo interaction between Ptc2 and the Rad53 FHA1 domain, that Ckb1 binds Ptc2 in vitro and that ckb1Delta and ckb2Delta mutants are defective in adaptation and recovery after a DSB. Our data thus strongly suggest that CK2 is the kinase responsible for the in vivo phosphorylation of Ptc2 T376.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghislaine Guillemain
- CEA, Direction des Sciences du Vivant, Institut de Biologie et de la Technologies de Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
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15
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Byeon IJL, Li H, Song H, Gronenborn AM, Tsai MD. Sequential phosphorylation and multisite interactions characterize specific target recognition by the FHA domain of Ki67. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2006; 12:987-93. [PMID: 16244663 DOI: 10.1038/nsmb1008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2005] [Accepted: 09/22/2005] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The forkhead-associated (FHA) domain of human Ki67 interacts with the human nucleolar protein hNIFK, recognizing a 44-residue fragment, hNIFK226-269, phosphorylated at Thr234. Here we show that high-affinity binding requires sequential phosphorylation by two kinases, CDK1 and GSK3, yielding pThr238, pThr234 and pSer230. We have determined the solution structure of Ki67FHA in complex with the triply phosphorylated peptide hNIFK226-269(3P), revealing not only local recognition of pThr234 but also the extension of the beta-sheet of the FHA domain by the addition of a beta-strand of hNIFK. The structure of an FHA domain in complex with a biologically relevant binding partner provides insights into ligand specificity and potentially links the cancer marker protein Ki67 to a signaling pathway associated with cell fate specification.
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Affiliation(s)
- In-Ja L Byeon
- Laboratory of Chemical Physics, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, US National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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