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Electronic modulation of metal-support interactions improves polypropylene hydrogenolysis over ruthenium catalysts. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5186. [PMID: 36057603 PMCID: PMC9440920 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32934-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ruthenium (Ru) is the one of the most promising catalysts for polyolefin hydrogenolysis. Its performance varies widely with the support, but the reasons remain unknown. Here, we introduce a simple synthetic strategy (using ammonia as a modulator) to tune metal-support interactions and apply it to Ru deposited on titania (TiO2). We demonstrate that combining deuterium nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy with temperature variation and density functional theory can reveal the complex nature, binding strength, and H amount. H2 activation occurs heterolytically, leading to a hydride on Ru, an H+ on the nearest oxygen, and a partially positively charged Ru. This leads to partial reduction of TiO2 and high coverages of H for spillover, showcasing a threefold increase in hydrogenolysis rates. This result points to the key role of the surface hydrogen coverage in improving hydrogenolysis catalyst performance. Catalytic pathways of plastic waste valorization to lubricants are attractive avenues to foster circular economy. Tuning of catalyst electronic properties allows to significantly improve its activity due to boosted hydrogen storage on the surface.
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2
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Cesari C, Bortoluzzi M, Femoni C, Carmela Iapalucci M, Zacchini S. Synthesis, molecular structure and fluxional behavior of the elusive [HRu 4(CO) 12] 3- carbonyl anion. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:2250-2261. [PMID: 35060580 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt03622j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The elusive mono-hydride tri-anion [HRu4(CO)12]3- (4) has been isolated and fully characterized for the first time. Cluster 4 can be obtained by the deprotonation of [H3Ru4(CO)12]- (2) with NaOH in DMSO. A more convenient synthesis is represented by the reaction of [HRu3(CO)11]- (6) with an excess of NaOH in DMSO. The molecular structure of 4 has been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction (SC-XRD) as the [NEt4]3[4] salt. It displays a tetrahedral structure of pseudo C3v symmetry with the unique hydride ligand capping a triangular Ru3 face. Variable temperature (VT) 1H and 13C{1H} NMR experiments indicate that 4 is fluxional in solution and reveal an equilibrium between the C3v isomer found in the solid state and a second isomer with Cs symmetry. Protonation-deprotonation reactions inter-converting H4Ru4(CO)12 (1), [H3Ru4(CO)12]- (2), [H2Ru4(CO)12]2- (3), [HRu4(CO)12]3- (4) and the purported [Ru4(CO)12]4- (5) have been monitored by IR and 1H NMR spectroscopy. Whilst attempting the optimization of the synthesis of 4, crystals of [NEt4]2[Ru3(CO)9(CO3)] ([NEt4]2[7]) were obtained. Anion 7 contains an unprecedented CO32- ion bonded to a zero-valent Ru3(CO)9 fragment. Finally, the reaction of 6 as the [N(PPh3)2]+ ([PPN]+) salt with NaOH in DMSO affords [Ru3(CO)9(NPPh3)]- (9) instead of 4. Computational DFT studies have been carried out in order to support experimental evidence and the location of the hydride ligands as well as to shed light on possible isomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana Cesari
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari", Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Marco Bortoluzzi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Molecolari e Nanosistemi, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30175 Mestre (Ve), Italy
| | - Cristina Femoni
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari", Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Maria Carmela Iapalucci
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari", Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Stefano Zacchini
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari", Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy.
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3
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Rothermel N, Limbach HH, del Rosal I, Poteau R, Mencia G, Chaudret B, Buntkowsky G, Gutmann T. Surface reactions of ammonia on ruthenium nanoparticles revealed by 15N and 13C solid-state NMR. Catal Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cy02476g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ruthenium nanoparticles (Ru NPs) stabilized by bis-diphenylphosphinobutane (dppb) and surface-saturated with hydrogen have been exposed to gaseous 15NH3 and 13CO and studied using solid-state NMR and DFT calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels Rothermel
- Technical University of Darmstadt
- Institute of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry
- D-64287 Darmstadt
- Germany
| | - Hans-Heinrich Limbach
- Free Universität of Berlin
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- D-14195 Berlin
- Germany
| | - Iker del Rosal
- LPCNO
- INSA-CNRS-UPS
- Institut National des Sciences Appliquées
- Université de Toulouse
- 31077 Toulouse
| | - Romuald Poteau
- LPCNO
- INSA-CNRS-UPS
- Institut National des Sciences Appliquées
- Université de Toulouse
- 31077 Toulouse
| | - Gabriel Mencia
- LPCNO
- INSA-CNRS-UPS
- Institut National des Sciences Appliquées
- Université de Toulouse
- 31077 Toulouse
| | - Bruno Chaudret
- LPCNO
- INSA-CNRS-UPS
- Institut National des Sciences Appliquées
- Université de Toulouse
- 31077 Toulouse
| | - Gerd Buntkowsky
- Technical University of Darmstadt
- Institute of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry
- D-64287 Darmstadt
- Germany
| | - Torsten Gutmann
- Technical University of Darmstadt
- Institute of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry
- D-64287 Darmstadt
- Germany
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4
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Cesari C, Bortoluzzi M, Femoni C, Iapalucci MC, Zacchini S. One-pot atmospheric pressure synthesis of [H 3Ru 4(CO) 12] . Dalton Trans 2021; 50:9610-9622. [PMID: 34160508 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt01517f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Reductive carbonylation of RuCl3·3H2O at CO-atmospheric pressure results in the [H3Ru4(CO)12]- (1) polyhydride carbonyl cluster. The one-pot synthesis involves the following steps: heating RuCl3·3H2O at 80 °C in 2-ethoxyethanol for 2 h, addition of three equivalents of KOH, heating at 135 °C for 2 h, addition of a fourth equivalent of KOH and heating at 135 °C for 1 h. The resulting K[1] salt is transformed into [NEt4][1] upon metathesis with [NEt4]Br in H2O. The IR, 1H and 13C{1H} NMR spectroscopic data are in agreement with those reported in the literature. [Ru8(CO)16(X)4(CO3)4]4- (X = Cl, Br, I; 2-X) is formed as a by-product during the synthesis of 1, and the two compounds are separated on the basis of their different solubilities in organic solvents. The nature of the halide of 2-X depends on the [NEt4]X salt used for metathesis. 2-Br is transformed into [Ru10(CO)20(Br)4(CO3)4]2- (3) upon reaction with an excess of HBF4·Et2O. 1 is readily deprotonated by strong bases affording the previously known [H2Ru4(CO)12]2- (4). The reaction of 1 with [Cu(MeCN)4][BF4] affords [H3Ru4(CO)12(CuMeCN)] (7), whereas [H2Ru4(CO)12(CuBr)2]2- (8) is obtained from the reaction of 4 with [Cu(MeCN)4][BF4]/[NEt4]Br. All the compounds have been spectroscopically characterized, their molecular structures determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction (SC-XRD) and investigated using DFT methods in selected cases in order to confirm the hydride positions and to study the relative stability of possible isomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana Cesari
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari", Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Marco Bortoluzzi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Molecolari e Nanosistemi, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30175 Mestre (Ve), Italy
| | - Cristina Femoni
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari", Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Maria Carmela Iapalucci
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari", Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Stefano Zacchini
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari", Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy.
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5
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Asensio JM, Bouzouita D, van Leeuwen PWNM, Chaudret B. σ-H-H, σ-C-H, and σ-Si-H Bond Activation Catalyzed by Metal Nanoparticles. Chem Rev 2019; 120:1042-1084. [PMID: 31659903 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Activation of H-H, Si-H, and C-H bonds through σ-bond coordination has grown in the past 30 years from a scientific curiosity to an important tool in the functionalization of hydrocarbons. Several mechanisms were discovered via which the initially σ-bonded substrate could be converted: oxidative addition, heterolytic cleavage, σ-bond metathesis, electrophilic attack, etc. The use of metal nanoparticles (NPs) in this area is a more recent development, but obviously nanoparticles offer a much richer basis than classical homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts for tuning reactivity for such a demanding process as C-H functionalization. Here, we will review the surface chemistry of nanoparticles and catalytic reactions occurring in the liquid phase, catalyzed by either colloidal or supported metal NPs. We consider nanoparticles prepared in solution, which are stabilized and tuned by polymers, ligands, and supports. The question we have addressed concerns the differences and similarities between molecular complexes and metal NPs in their reactivity toward σ-bond activation and functionalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan M Asensio
- LPCNO, Université de Toulouse , CNRS , INSA, UPS, 135 avenue de Rangueil , 31077 Toulouse , France
| | - Donia Bouzouita
- LPCNO, Université de Toulouse , CNRS , INSA, UPS, 135 avenue de Rangueil , 31077 Toulouse , France
| | - Piet W N M van Leeuwen
- LPCNO, Université de Toulouse , CNRS , INSA, UPS, 135 avenue de Rangueil , 31077 Toulouse , France
| | - Bruno Chaudret
- LPCNO, Université de Toulouse , CNRS , INSA, UPS, 135 avenue de Rangueil , 31077 Toulouse , France
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6
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González-Gómez R, Cusinato L, Bijani C, Coppel Y, Lecante P, Amiens C, Del Rosal I, Philippot K, Poteau R. Carboxylic acid-capped ruthenium nanoparticles: experimental and theoretical case study with ethanoic acid. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:9392-9409. [PMID: 31038521 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr00391f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Given that the properties of metal nanoparticles (NPs) depend on several parameters (namely, morphology, size, surface composition, crystalline structure, etc.), a computational model that brings a better understanding of a structure-property relationship at the nanoscale is a significant plus in order to explain the surface properties of metal NPs and also their catalytic viability, in particular, when envisaging a new stabilizing agent. In this study we combined experimental and theoretical tools to obtain a mapping of the surface of ruthenium NPs stabilized by ethanoic acid as a new capping ligand. For this purpose, the organometallic approach was applied as the synthesis method. The morphology and crystalline structure of the obtained particles was characterized by state-of-the art techniques (TEM, HRTEM, WAXS) and their surface composition was determined by various techniques (solution and solid-state NMR, IR, chemical titration, DFT calculations). DFT calculations of the vibrational features of model NPs and of the chemical shifts of model clusters allowed us to secure the spectroscopic experimental assignations. Spectroscopic data as well as DFT mechanistic studies showed that ethanoic acid lies on the metal surface as ethanoate, together with hydrogen atoms. The optimal surface composition determined by DFT calculations appeared to be ca. [0.4-0.6] H/Rusurf and 0.4 ethanoate/RuSurf, which was corroborated by experimental results. Moreover, for such a composition, a hydrogen adsorption Gibbs free energy in the range -2.0 to -3.0 kcal mol-1 was calculated, which makes these ruthenium NPs a promising nanocatalyst for the hydrogen evolution reaction in the electrolysis of water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto González-Gómez
- LPCNO (IRSAMC), Université de Toulouse, INSA, UPS, CNRS (UMR 5215), Institut National des Sciences -Appliquées, 135 avenue de Rangueil, F-31077 Toulouse, France.
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7
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Brodrecht M, Breitzke H, Gutmann T, Buntkowsky G. Biofunctionalization of Nano Channels by Direct In-Pore Solid-Phase Peptide Synthesis. Chemistry 2018; 24:17814-17822. [PMID: 30230046 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201804065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Diatom biosilica are highly complex inorganic/organic hybrid materials. To get deeper insights on their structure at a molecular level, model systems that mimic the complex natural compounds were synthesized and characterized. A simple and efficient peptide immobilization strategy was developed, which uses a well-ordered porous silica material as a support and commercially available Fmoc-amino acids, similar to the known solid-phase peptide synthesis. As an example, Fmoc-glycine and Fmoc-phenylalanine are immobilized on the silica support. The success of functionalization was investigated by 13 C CP MAS and 29 Si CP MAS solid-state NMR. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and elemental analysis (EA) were performed to quantify the functionalization. Changes of the specific surface area, pore volume, and pore diameters in all modification steps were studied by Brunauer-Emmett-Teller based nitrogen adsorption-desorption measurements (BET). The combination of the analytical methods provided high grafting densities of 2.1±0.2 molecules/nm2 on the surface. Furthermore, they allowed for monitoring chemical changes on the pore surface and changes of the pore properties of the material during the different functionalization steps. This universal approach is suitable for the selective synthesis of pores with tunable surface-peptide functionalization, with applications to the synthesis of a big variety of silica-peptide model systems, which in the future may lead to a deeper understanding of complex biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Brodrecht
- TU Darmstadt, Eduard-Zintl-Institute for Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 8, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Hergen Breitzke
- TU Darmstadt, Eduard-Zintl-Institute for Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 8, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Torsten Gutmann
- TU Darmstadt, Eduard-Zintl-Institute for Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 8, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Gerd Buntkowsky
- TU Darmstadt, Eduard-Zintl-Institute for Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 8, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
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8
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Berti B, Femoni C, Iapalucci MC, Ruggieri S, Zacchini S. Functionalization, Modification, and Transformation of Platinum Chini Clusters. Eur J Inorg Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201800526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Berti
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari”; Università di Bologna; Viale Risorgimento 4 40136 Bologna Italy
| | - Cristina Femoni
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari”; Università di Bologna; Viale Risorgimento 4 40136 Bologna Italy
| | - Maria Carmela Iapalucci
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari”; Università di Bologna; Viale Risorgimento 4 40136 Bologna Italy
| | - Silvia Ruggieri
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari”; Università di Bologna; Viale Risorgimento 4 40136 Bologna Italy
| | - Stefano Zacchini
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari”; Università di Bologna; Viale Risorgimento 4 40136 Bologna Italy
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9
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Martínez-Prieto LM, Chaudret B. Organometallic Ruthenium Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Surface Chemistry, and Insights into Ligand Coordination. Acc Chem Res 2018; 51:376-384. [PMID: 29308876 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.7b00378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Although there has been for the past 20 years great interest in the synthesis and use of metal nanoparticles, little attention has been paid to the complexity of the surface of these species. In particular, the different aspects concerning the ligands present, their location, their mode of binding, and their dynamics have been little studied. Our group has started in the early 1990s an investigation of the surface coordination chemistry of ruthenium and platinum nanoparticles but at that time with a lack of adequate techniques to fulfill our ambition. Over 10 years later, we went back to this problem and could obtain a more precise vision of the surface species. This Account is centered on ruthenium chemistry. This metal has been the most studied in our group, first thanks to the availability of a precursor, Ru(cyclooctadiene)(cyclooctatriene) (Ru(COD)(COT)), which possesses the ability to decompose in very mild conditions without leaving residues on the resulting nanoparticles and second because of the absence of magnetic perturbations (Knight shift, paramagnetism, ferromagnetism, etc.), which has allowed the use of solution and solid state NMR. In this respect, it has been possible to evidence the presence of a high concentration of hydrides on the surface of these particles, to study their dynamics, and to show that since the polarity of the Ru-H bond is similar to that of the C-H bond, a Ru/H NP would behave as a big lipophilic entity. The second point was to characterize the coordination of ancillary ligands. This has been achieved for different ligands, in particular phosphines and carbenes, which made possible the study of the modification of NP reactivity induced by surface ligands. This led to the conclusion that the presence of surface ligands can benefit both the activity of NP catalysts and their selectivity. If it was expected that the selectivity could be modulated, the promoting effect from the presence of ligands on, for example, arene or CO hydrogenation was totally unexpected. Playing with poison atoms (Sn, Fe, etc.) or ligands (CO) may allow us to play with the reactivity of the NPs to make them more selective for selected reactions. Finally, the search for specific ligands for nanoparticles is still in its infancy, but some examples have been found as have specific reactions of nanoparticles. Obviously arene hydrogenation and CO hydrogenation were well-known in heterogeneous catalysis, but we could demonstrate that they can be carried out in very mild conditions on ligand stabilized RuNPs. On the other hand, the enantiospecific C-H activation leading to enantioselective labeling of large organic or biomolecules or the C-C bond cleavage in mild conditions were both unexpected. There is still much work to perform for reaching the degree of control on nanoparticles that is presently achieved in organometallic molecular chemistry, but this work shows that it is possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis M. Martínez-Prieto
- LPCNO, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INSA, UPS, 135, Avenue de Rangueil, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Bruno Chaudret
- LPCNO, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INSA, UPS, 135, Avenue de Rangueil, 31077 Toulouse, France
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Capacci C, Ciabatti I, Femoni C, Iapalucci MC, Funaioli T, Zacchini S, Zanotti V. Molecular Nickel Phosphide Carbonyl Nanoclusters: Synthesis, Structure, and Electrochemistry of [Ni 11P(CO) 18] 3- and [H 6-nNi 31P 4(CO) 39] n- (n = 4 and 5). Inorg Chem 2018; 57:1136-1147. [PMID: 29303559 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b02598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The reaction of [NEt4]2[Ni6(CO)12] in thf with 0.5 equiv of PCl3 affords the monophosphide [Ni11P(CO)18]3- that in turn further reacts with PCl3 resulting in the tetra-phosphide carbonyl cluster [HNi31P4(CO)39]5-. Alternatively, the latter can be obtained from the reaction of [NEt4]2[Ni6(CO)12] in thf with 0.8-0.9 equiv of PCl3. The [HNi31P4(CO)39]5- penta-anion is reversibly protonated by strong acids leading to the [H2Ni31P4(CO)39]4- tetra-anion, whereas deprotonation affords the [Ni31P4(CO)39]6- hexa-anion. The latter is reduced with Na/naphthalene yielding the [Ni31P4(CO)39]7- hepta-anion. In order to shed light on the polyhydride nature and redox behavior of these clusters, electrochemical and spectroelectrochemical studies were carried out on [Ni11P(CO)18]3-, [HNi31P4(CO)39]5-, and [H2Ni31P4(CO)39]4-. The reversible formation of the stable [Ni11P(CO)18]4- tetra-anion is demonstrated through the spectroelectrochemical investigation of [Ni11P(CO)18]3-. The redox changes of [HNi31P4(CO)39]5- show features of chemical reversibility and the vibrational spectra in the νCO region of the nine redox states of the cluster [HNi31P4(CO)39]n- (n = 3-11) are reported. The spectroelectrochemical investigation of [H2Ni31P4(CO)39]4- revealed the presence of three chemically reversible reduction processes, and the IR spectra of [H2Ni31P4(CO)39]n- (n = 4-7) have been recorded. The different spectroelectrochemical behavior of [HNi31P4(CO)39]5- and [H2Ni31P4(CO)39]4- support their formulations as polyhydrides. Unfortunately, all the attempts to directly confirm their poly hydrido nature by 1H NMR spectroscopy failed, as previously found for related large metal carbonyl clusters. Thus, the presence and number of hydride ligands have been based on the observed protonation/deprotonation reactions and the spectroelectrochemical experiments. The molecular structures of the new clusters have been determined by single-crystal X-ray analysis. These represent the first examples of structurally characterized molecular nickel carbonyl nanoclusters containing interstitial phosphide atoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Capacci
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari", Università di Bologna , Viale Risorgimento 4, I-40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Iacopo Ciabatti
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari", Università di Bologna , Viale Risorgimento 4, I-40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Cristina Femoni
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari", Università di Bologna , Viale Risorgimento 4, I-40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Carmela Iapalucci
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari", Università di Bologna , Viale Risorgimento 4, I-40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Tiziana Funaioli
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, University of Pisa , Via Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Stefano Zacchini
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari", Università di Bologna , Viale Risorgimento 4, I-40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Valerio Zanotti
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari", Università di Bologna , Viale Risorgimento 4, I-40136 Bologna, Italy
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11
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Limbach HH, Pery T, Rothermel N, Chaudret B, Gutmann T, Buntkowsky G. Gas phase 1H NMR studies and kinetic modeling of dihydrogen isotope equilibration catalyzed by Ru-nanoparticles under normal conditions: dissociative vs. associative exchange. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:10697-10712. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp07770j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Exposure of surface H-containing Ru-nanoparticles to D2 gas produces HD via associative adsorption, surface H-transfer and associative desorption.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tal Pery
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie
- Freie Universität Berlin
- D-14195 Berlin
- Germany
| | - Niels Rothermel
- Eduard-Zintl-Institut für Anorganische und Physikalische Chemie
- Technische Universität Darmstadt
- D-64287 Darmstadt
- Germany
| | - Bruno Chaudret
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie des Nano Objets
- LPCNO
- Institut National des Sciences Appliquées
- Toulouse 31077
- France
| | - Torsten Gutmann
- Eduard-Zintl-Institut für Anorganische und Physikalische Chemie
- Technische Universität Darmstadt
- D-64287 Darmstadt
- Germany
| | - Gerd Buntkowsky
- Eduard-Zintl-Institut für Anorganische und Physikalische Chemie
- Technische Universität Darmstadt
- D-64287 Darmstadt
- Germany
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12
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Cattabriga E, Ciabatti I, Femoni C, Iapalucci MC, Longoni G, Zacchini S. Globular molecular platinum carbonyl nanoclusters: Synthesis and molecular structures of the [Pt 26 (CO) 32 ] − and [Pt 14+x (CO) 18+x ] 4− anions and their comparison to related platinum “browns”. Inorganica Chim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2017.04.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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13
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Groszewicz PB, Breitzke H, Buntkowsky G. Compensating the asymmetric probe response in broad MAS NMR spectra of quadrupolar nuclei. SOLID STATE NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE 2017; 84:227-233. [PMID: 28673726 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssnmr.2017.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The spinning sidebands envelope of satellite transitions often display an asymmetric shape, which is caused by an asymmetric response of the NMR probe circuit. In this work, we revisit the basic concepts of the RLC circuit at the heart of every NMR probe and present two approaches capable of minimizing this artifact. While the first one consists of deliberately mistuning the probe, the second one relies on measuring the probe's response function and deconvoluting its contribution from the spectra. Both approaches are validated with 23Na NMR spectra of a lead-free relaxor ferroelectric (BNT-1BT). This material is particularly suitable as an example of the applicability of both strategies for samples with a disordered local structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro B Groszewicz
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Hergen Breitzke
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Gerd Buntkowsky
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany.
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14
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Kinetics of hydrogen adsorption and mobility on Ru nanoparticles supported on alumina: Effects on the catalytic mechanism of ammonia synthesis. J Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2016.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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15
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Chadwick FM, Krämer T, Gutmann T, Rees NH, Thompson AL, Edwards AJ, Buntkowsky G, Macgregor SA, Weller AS. Selective C-H Activation at a Molecular Rhodium Sigma-Alkane Complex by Solid/Gas Single-Crystal to Single-Crystal H/D Exchange. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:13369-13378. [PMID: 27631345 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b07968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The controlled catalytic functionalization of alkanes via the activation of C-H bonds is a significant challenge. Although C-H activation by transition metal catalysts is often suggested to operate via intermediate σ-alkane complexes, such transient species are difficult to observe due to their instability in solution. This instability may be controlled by use of solid/gas synthetic techniques that enable the isolation of single-crystals of well-defined σ-alkane complexes. Here we show that, using this unique platform, selective alkane C-H activation occurs, as probed by H/D exchange using D2, and that five different isotopomers/isotopologues of the σ-alkane complex result, as characterized by single-crystal neutron diffraction studies for three examples. Low-energy fluxional processes associated with the σ-alkane ligand are identified using variable-temperature X-ray diffraction, solid-state NMR spectroscopy, and periodic DFT calculations. These observations connect σ-alkane complexes with their C-H activated products, and demonstrate that alkane-ligand mobility, and selective C-H activation, are possible when these processes occur in the constrained environment of the solid-state.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Mark Chadwick
- Department of Chemistry, Mansfield Road, University of Oxford , Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Tobias Krämer
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University , Edinburgh EH14 4AS, U.K
| | - Torsten Gutmann
- Eduard-Zintl-Institut für Anorganische und Physikalische Chemie, Technische Universität Darmstadt , Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 8, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Nicholas H Rees
- Department of Chemistry, Mansfield Road, University of Oxford , Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Amber L Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, Mansfield Road, University of Oxford , Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Alison J Edwards
- Australian Centre for Neutron Scattering, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organization , Locked Bag 2001 Kirrawee D.C., New South Wales 2232, Australia
| | - Gerd Buntkowsky
- Eduard-Zintl-Institut für Anorganische und Physikalische Chemie, Technische Universität Darmstadt , Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 8, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Stuart A Macgregor
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University , Edinburgh EH14 4AS, U.K
| | - Andrew S Weller
- Department of Chemistry, Mansfield Road, University of Oxford , Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
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16
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Cattabriga E, Ciabatti I, Femoni C, Funaioli T, Iapalucci MC, Zacchini S. Syntheses, Structures, and Electrochemistry of the Defective ccp [Pt33(CO)38]2– and the bcc [Pt40(CO)40]6– Molecular Nanoclusters. Inorg Chem 2016; 55:6068-79. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.6b00607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Cattabriga
- Dipartimento di
Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari”, Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Iacopo Ciabatti
- Dipartimento di
Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari”, Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Cristina Femoni
- Dipartimento di
Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari”, Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Tiziana Funaioli
- Dipartimento di
Chimica e Chimica Industriale, University of Pisa, Via Moruzzi
13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Maria Carmela Iapalucci
- Dipartimento di
Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari”, Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefano Zacchini
- Dipartimento di
Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari”, Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
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17
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Highly selective hydrogenation of arenes using nanostructured ruthenium catalysts modified with a carbon-nitrogen matrix. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11326. [PMID: 27113087 PMCID: PMC4853427 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Selective hydrogenations of (hetero)arenes represent essential processes in the chemical industry, especially for the production of polymer intermediates and a multitude of fine chemicals. Herein, we describe a new type of well-dispersed Ru nanoparticles supported on a nitrogen-doped carbon material obtained from ruthenium chloride and dicyanamide in a facile and scalable method. These novel catalysts are stable and display both excellent activity and selectivity in the hydrogenation of aromatic ethers, phenols as well as other functionalized substrates to the corresponding alicyclic reaction products. Furthermore, reduction of the aromatic core is preferred over hydrogenolysis of the C–O bond in the case of ether substrates. The selective hydrogenation of biomass-derived arenes, such as lignin building blocks, plays a pivotal role in the exploitation of novel sustainable feedstocks for chemical production and represents a notoriously difficult transformation up to now. The selective reduction of arenes is important in organic synthesis and also valorization of biomass. Here, the authors report the use of ruthenium-based nanoparticles, which display high activity in arene reduction and preferentially hydrogenate aromatic rings rather than cleaving etheric C-O bonds.
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18
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Fernández C, Karelovic A, Gaigneaux EM, Ruiz P. New concepts in low-temperature catalytic hydrogenation and their implications for process intensification. CAN J CHEM ENG 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/cjce.22431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Camila Fernández
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Molecules, Solids and Reactivity (IMCN-MOST); Université catholique de Louvain; Croix du Sud 2/17 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve Belgium
| | - Alejandro Karelovic
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Molecules, Solids and Reactivity (IMCN-MOST); Université catholique de Louvain; Croix du Sud 2/17 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve Belgium
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Concepción; Barrio Universitario s/n; Concepción Chile
| | - Eric M. Gaigneaux
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Molecules, Solids and Reactivity (IMCN-MOST); Université catholique de Louvain; Croix du Sud 2/17 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve Belgium
| | - Patricio Ruiz
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Molecules, Solids and Reactivity (IMCN-MOST); Université catholique de Louvain; Croix du Sud 2/17 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve Belgium
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19
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Fernández C, Pezzotta C, Raj G, Gaigneaux EM, Ruiz P. Understanding the growth of RuO2 colloidal nanoparticles over a solid support: An atomic force microscopy study. Catal Today 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2015.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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20
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Werner M, Heil A, Rothermel N, Breitzke H, Groszewicz PB, Thankamony AS, Gutmann T, Buntkowsky G. Synthesis and solid state NMR characterization of novel peptide/silica hybrid materials. SOLID STATE NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE 2015; 72:73-78. [PMID: 26411982 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssnmr.2015.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Revised: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The successful synthesis and solid state NMR characterization of silica-based organic-inorganic hybrid materials is presented. For this, collagen-like peptides are immobilized on carboxylate functionalized mesoporous silica (COOH/SiOx) materials. A pre-activation of the silica material with TSTU (O-(N-Succinimidyl)-N,N,N',N'-tetramethyluronium tetrafluoroborate) is performed to enable a covalent binding of the peptides to the linker. The success of the covalent immobilization is indicated by the decrease of the (13)C CP-MAS NMR signal of the TSTU moiety. A qualitative distinction between covalently bound and adsorbed peptide is feasible by (15)N CP-MAS Dynamic Nuclear Polarization (DNP). The low-field shift of the (15)N signal of the peptide's N-terminus clearly identifies it as the binding site. The DNP enhancement allows the probing of natural abundance (15)N nuclei, rendering expensive labeling of peptides unnecessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayke Werner
- Eduard-Zintl-Institute of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 4, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Andreas Heil
- Eduard-Zintl-Institute of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 4, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Niels Rothermel
- Eduard-Zintl-Institute of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 4, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Hergen Breitzke
- Eduard-Zintl-Institute of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 4, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Pedro Braga Groszewicz
- Eduard-Zintl-Institute of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 4, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Aany Sofia Thankamony
- Eduard-Zintl-Institute of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 4, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Torsten Gutmann
- Eduard-Zintl-Institute of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 4, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - Gerd Buntkowsky
- Eduard-Zintl-Institute of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 4, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany.
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21
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Buntkowsky G, Gutmann T. Eine Mausefalle für Carbenium-Ionen: NMR-Detektive bei der Arbeit. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201504899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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22
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Buntkowsky G, Gutmann T. A Mousetrap for Carbenium Ions: NMR Detectives at Work. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:9450-1. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201504899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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23
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Bonhomme C, Gervais C, Laurencin D. Recent NMR developments applied to organic-inorganic materials. PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY 2014; 77:1-48. [PMID: 24411829 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnmrs.2013.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In this contribution, the latest developments in solid state NMR are presented in the field of organic-inorganic (O/I) materials (or hybrid materials). Such materials involve mineral and organic (including polymeric and biological) components, and can exhibit complex O/I interfaces. Hybrids are currently a major topic of research in nanoscience, and solid state NMR is obviously a pertinent spectroscopic tool of investigation. Its versatility allows the detailed description of the structure and texture of such complex materials. The article is divided in two main parts: in the first one, recent NMR methodological/instrumental developments are presented in connection with hybrid materials. In the second part, an exhaustive overview of the major classes of O/I materials and their NMR characterization is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Bonhomme
- Laboratoire de Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Paris, UMR CNRS 7574, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 06, Collège de France, 11 Place Marcelin Berthelot, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France.
| | - Christel Gervais
- Laboratoire de Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Paris, UMR CNRS 7574, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 06, Collège de France, 11 Place Marcelin Berthelot, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Danielle Laurencin
- Institut Charles Gerhardt de Montpellier, UMR5253, CNRS UM2 UM1 ENSCM, CC1701, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 05, France
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24
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Gutmann T, Grünberg A, Rothermel N, Werner M, Srour M, Abdulhussain S, Tan S, Xu Y, Breitzke H, Buntkowsky G. Solid-state NMR concepts for the investigation of supported transition metal catalysts and nanoparticles. SOLID STATE NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE 2013; 55-56:1-11. [PMID: 23972428 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssnmr.2013.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Revised: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, solid-state NMR spectroscopy has evolved into an important characterization tool for the study of solid catalysts and chemical processes on their surface. This interest is mainly triggered by the need of environmentally benign organic transformations ("green chemistry"), which has resulted in a large number of new catalytically active hybrid materials, which are organized on the meso- and nanoscale. Typical examples of these catalysts are supported homogeneous transition metal catalysts or transition metal nanoparticles (MNPs). Solid-state NMR spectroscopy is able to characterize both the structures of these materials and the chemical processes on the catalytic surface. This article presents recent trends both on the characterization of immobilized homogeneous transition metal catalysts and on the characterization of surface species on transition metal surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torsten Gutmann
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Technical University Darmstadt, Petersenstrasse 22, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany
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25
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Gutmann T, del Rosal I, Chaudret B, Poteau R, Limbach HH, Buntkowsky G. From Molecular Complexes to Complex Metallic Nanostructures-2H Solid-State NMR Studies of Ruthenium-Containing Hydrogenation Catalysts. Chemphyschem 2013; 14:3026-33. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201300200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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26
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Gutmann T, Bonnefille E, Breitzke H, Debouttière PJ, Philippot K, Poteau R, Buntkowsky G, Chaudret B. Investigation of the surface chemistry of phosphine-stabilized ruthenium nanoparticles – an advanced solid-state NMR study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2013; 15:17383-94. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cp52927d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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27
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Rafter E, Gutmann T, Löw F, Buntkowsky G, Philippot K, Chaudret B, van Leeuwen PWNM. Secondary phosphineoxides as pre-ligands for nanoparticle stabilization. Catal Sci Technol 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cy20683h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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28
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Ma Q, Jia AQ, Chen Q, Shi HT, Leung WH, Zhang QF. Synthesis and characterization of ruthenium hydride and halide complexes with bis(2-mercapto-1-arylimidazolyl)borate ligands. J Organomet Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2012.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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29
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Katari M, Rao MN, Rajaraman G, Ghosh P. Computational Insight into a Gold(I) N-Heterocyclic Carbene Mediated Alkyne Hydroamination Reaction. Inorg Chem 2012; 51:5593-604. [DOI: 10.1021/ic2024605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Madanakrishna Katari
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400 076, India
| | - Mitta Nageswar Rao
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400 076, India
| | - Gopalan Rajaraman
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400 076, India
| | - Prasenjit Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400 076, India
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30
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Ge GX, Yan HX, Jing Q, Luo YH. Theoretical Study of Hydrogen Adsorption on Ruthenium Clusters. J CLUST SCI 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10876-011-0395-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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31
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del Rosal I, Gutmann T, Walaszek B, Gerber IC, Chaudret B, Limbach HH, Buntkowsky G, Poteau R. 2H NMR calculations on polynuclear transition metal complexes: on the influence of local symmetry and other factors. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:20199-207. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cp22081k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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