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Somprasong S, Reis MC, Harutyunyan SR. Catalytic Access to Chiral δ-Lactams via Nucleophilic Dearomatization of Pyridine Derivatives. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202217328. [PMID: 36522289 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202217328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Nitrogen-bearing rings are common features in the molecular structures of modern drugs, with chiral δ-lactams being an important subclass due to their known pharmacological properties. Catalytic dearomatization of preactivated pyridinium ion derivatives emerged as a powerful method for the rapid construction of chiral N-heterocycles. However, direct catalytic dearomatization of simple pyridine derivatives are scarce and methodologies yielding chiral δ-lactams are yet to be developed. Herein, we describe an enantioselective C4-dearomatization of methoxypyridine derivatives for the preparation of functionalised enantioenriched δ-lactams using chiral copper catalysis. Experimental 13 C kinetic isotope effects and density functional theory calculations shed light on the reaction mechanism and the origin of enantioselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siriphong Somprasong
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marta Castiñeira Reis
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Syuzanna R Harutyunyan
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
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2
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Colombo C, Bennet AJ. The physical organic chemistry of glycopyranosyl transfer reactions in solution and enzyme-catalyzed. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2019; 53:145-157. [PMID: 31689605 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2019.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Our understanding of the mechanisms of glycopyranosyl transfer that occur in solution, both for the chemical synthesis of complex structures and that for the cleavage of glycosidic bonds has allowed us to design biologically active molecules. Recent efforts on the reactivity of glycopyranosides, which are critical entities in all biological systems, coupled with the advent of modern spectroscopic instrumentation have allowed physical organic chemists to broaden our knowledge of glycosyl transfer reaction transition states, both in solution and for enzyme-catalyzed processes, and of critical high energy intermediates. This review details recent physical organic, kinetic and structural studies that have led to elucidation of several different mechanism for the transfer of glycopyranosyl moieties from various substrates to acceptors, such as water or a sugar hydroxyl group.
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Barrios Antúnez DJ, Greenhalgh MD, Brueckner AC, Walden DM, Elías-Rodríguez P, Roberts P, Young BG, West TH, Slawin AMZ, Ha-Yeon Cheong P, Smith AD. Catalytic enantioselective synthesis of perfluoroalkyl-substituted β-lactones via a concerted asynchronous [2 + 2] cycloaddition: a synthetic and computational study. Chem Sci 2019; 10:6162-6173. [PMID: 31360423 PMCID: PMC6585878 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc00390h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The enantioselective preparation of a range of perfluoroalkyl-substituted β-lactones through an isothiourea (HyperBTM) catalysed reaction using symmetric anhydrides as ammonium enolate precursors and perfluoroalkylketones (RF = CF3, C2F5, C4F9) is reported. Following optimisation, high diastereo- and enantioselectivity was observed for β-lactone formation using C2F5- and C4F9-substituted ketones at room temperature (26 examples, up to >95 : 5 dr and >99 : 1 er), whilst -78 °C was necessary for optimal dr and er with CF3-substituted ketones (11 examples, up to >95 : 5 dr and >99 : 1 er). Derivatisation of the β-lactones through ring-opening, as well as a two-step conversion to give perfluoroalkyl-substituted oxetanes, is demonstrated without loss of stereochemical integrity. Density functional theory computations, alongside 13C natural abundance KIE studies, have been used to probe the reaction mechanism with a concerted asynchronous [2 + 2]-cycloaddition pathway favoured over a stepwise aldol-lactonisation process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark D Greenhalgh
- EaStCHEM , School of Chemistry , University of St Andrews , North Haugh , St Andrews , KY16 9ST , UK .
| | - Alexander C Brueckner
- Department of Chemistry , Oregon State University , 153 Gilbert Hall , Corvallis , Oregon 97333 , USA .
| | - Daniel M Walden
- Department of Chemistry , Oregon State University , 153 Gilbert Hall , Corvallis , Oregon 97333 , USA .
| | - Pilar Elías-Rodríguez
- EaStCHEM , School of Chemistry , University of St Andrews , North Haugh , St Andrews , KY16 9ST , UK .
| | - Patrick Roberts
- EaStCHEM , School of Chemistry , University of St Andrews , North Haugh , St Andrews , KY16 9ST , UK .
| | - Benjamin G Young
- Department of Chemistry, Physics, and Engineering , Biola University , 315 Lim Center , La Mirada , California 90639 , USA
| | - Thomas H West
- EaStCHEM , School of Chemistry , University of St Andrews , North Haugh , St Andrews , KY16 9ST , UK .
| | - Alexandra M Z Slawin
- EaStCHEM , School of Chemistry , University of St Andrews , North Haugh , St Andrews , KY16 9ST , UK .
| | - Paul Ha-Yeon Cheong
- Department of Chemistry , Oregon State University , 153 Gilbert Hall , Corvallis , Oregon 97333 , USA .
| | - Andrew D Smith
- EaStCHEM , School of Chemistry , University of St Andrews , North Haugh , St Andrews , KY16 9ST , UK .
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Kwan EE, Park Y, Besser HA, Anderson TL, Jacobsen EN. Sensitive and Accurate 13C Kinetic Isotope Effect Measurements Enabled by Polarization Transfer. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:43-46. [PMID: 28005341 PMCID: PMC5674980 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b10621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Polarization transfer is demonstrated as a sensitive technique for the measurement of isotopic fractionation of protonated carbons at natural abundance. This method allows kinetic isotope effects (KIEs) to be determined with substantially less material or shorter acquisition time compared with traditional experiments. Computations quantitatively reproduce the KIEs in a Diels-Alder reaction and a catalytic glycosylation. The glycosylation is shown to occur by an effectively concerted mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene E. Kwan
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Yongho Park
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Harrison A. Besser
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Thayer L. Anderson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Eric N. Jacobsen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
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6
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Tormos JR, Suarez MB, Fitzpatrick PF. 13C kinetic isotope effects on the reaction of a flavin amine oxidase determined from whole molecule isotope effects. Arch Biochem Biophys 2016; 612:115-119. [PMID: 27815088 PMCID: PMC5257176 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2016.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A large number of flavoproteins catalyze the oxidation of amines. Because of the importance of these enzymes in metabolism, their mechanisms have previously been studied using deuterium, nitrogen, and solvent isotope effects. While these results have been valuable for computational studies to distinguish among proposed mechanisms, a measure of the change at the reacting carbon has been lacking. We describe here the measurement of a 13C kinetic isotope effect for a representative amine oxidase, polyamine oxidase. The isotope effect was determined by analysis of the isotopic composition of the unlabeled substrate, N, N'-dibenzyl-1,4-diaminopropane, to obtain a pH-independent value of 1.025. The availability of a 13C isotope effect for flavoprotein-catalyzed amine oxidation provides the first measure of the change in bond order at the carbon involved in this carbon-hydrogen bond cleavage and will be of value to understanding the transition state structure for this class of enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- José R Tormos
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, St. Mary's University, San Antonio, TX 78228, United States
| | - Marina B Suarez
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Texas-San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, United States
| | - Paul F Fitzpatrick
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, United States.
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Cheng GJ, Zhang X, Chung LW, Xu L, Wu YD. Computational organic chemistry: bridging theory and experiment in establishing the mechanisms of chemical reactions. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:1706-25. [PMID: 25568962 DOI: 10.1021/ja5112749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms of chemical reactions, especially catalysis, has been an important and active area of computational organic chemistry, and close collaborations between experimentalists and theorists represent a growing trend. This Perspective provides examples of such productive collaborations. The understanding of various reaction mechanisms and the insight gained from these studies are emphasized. The applications of various experimental techniques in elucidation of reaction details as well as the development of various computational techniques to meet the demand of emerging synthetic methods, e.g., C-H activation, organocatalysis, and single electron transfer, are presented along with some conventional developments of mechanistic aspects. Examples of applications are selected to demonstrate the advantages and limitations of these techniques. Some challenges in the mechanistic studies and predictions of reactions are also analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gui-Juan Cheng
- Lab of Computational Chemistry and Drug Design, Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School , Shenzhen 518055, China
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