1
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Enyedi KN, Basa B, Mező G, Lajkó E. Photoinduced Hydrogel-Forming Caged Peptides with Improved Solubility. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:6894-6900. [PMID: 38371799 PMCID: PMC10870261 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c08289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Self-assembling peptides are attractive alternatives in the field of biomaterial science due to their variability and biocompatibility. Unfortunately, such peptides have poor solubility, and their purification, synthesis, and overall handling are challenging. Our main objective was to develop a cage peptide design with full control over self-assembly. Theoretically, aggregation can be suppressed by temporally masking the amino acid side chains at critical positions. Taking into account several biological and synthetic requirements, a photosensitive protecting group, p-hydroxy-phenacyl (pHP), was chosen as the "masking" moiety. To test our theory, EAK16-II was chosen as a model self-assembling peptide, and a caged derivative containing photosensitive pHP groups was synthesized. Both spectroscopic and in vitro experiments on A2058 melanoma cells confirmed our hypothesis that the caged-EAK16-II peptide has good solubility and that the hydrogel formed after photolysis results in similar viability and cell aggregate formation of melanoma cells as the native EAK16-II-based hydrogel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kata N. Enyedi
- Faculty
of Science, Institute of Chemistry, Department of Organic Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter
sétány 1/A, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
- HUN-REN-ELTE
Research Group of Peptide Chemistry, Eötvös
Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Bettina Basa
- Faculty
of Science, Institute of Chemistry, Department of Organic Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter
sétány 1/A, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
- HUN-REN-ELTE
Research Group of Peptide Chemistry, Eötvös
Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Mező
- Faculty
of Science, Institute of Chemistry, Department of Organic Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter
sétány 1/A, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
- HUN-REN-ELTE
Research Group of Peptide Chemistry, Eötvös
Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Eszter Lajkó
- Department
of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobiology, Semmelweis
University, Nagyvárad tér 4, 1089 Budapest, Hungary
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2
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Lovrinčević V, Guo Y, Vuk D, Škorić I, Ma J, Basarić N. 3-Substituted 2-Aminonaphthalene Photocages for Carboxylic Acids and Alcohols; Decaging Mechanism and Potential Applications in Synthesis. J Org Chem 2023; 88:15176-15188. [PMID: 37831436 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
3-Hydroxymethyl-2-aminonaphthalene photocage (photoremovable protecting group) 2 was synthesized and transformed to different ethers and esters to investigate the applicability to decage alcohols and carboxylic acids, respectively. The photoelimination of carboxylic acids takes place relatively efficiently (ΦR = 0.11) upon excitation with near-visible light, contrary to the elimination of alcohols. The scope of the decaging of both alcohols and esters was demonstrated on several examples, including aliphatic and aromatic substrates, carbohydrates, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. The photophysical properties of the photocage and its models, methyl ether 4a and acetyl ester 5a, were investigated. The fluorescence quantum yields (Φf = 0.40-0.002) were found to be reversely proportional to the efficiency of elimination of OH, alcohols, or carboxylic acids. The decaging photochemical reaction mechanism was investigated experimentally by transient absorption techniques with time scales from femtoseconds to seconds and computationally on the TD-DFT level of theory. The photoelimination of carboxylates takes place directly in the singlet excited state by a homolytic cleavage producing a radical pair within 1 ns. The subsequent electron transfer gives rise to aminonaphthalene carbocation and the carboxylate. A wide scope of substrates that can be decaged relatively efficiently with near-visible light and the chromo-orthogonal compatibility of aminonaphthalene and aniline derivatives render these photocages potentially applicable in organic synthesis or biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vilma Lovrinčević
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Trg Marka Marulića 19, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Yan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Shaanxi, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Dragana Vuk
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Trg Marka Marulića 19, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Irena Škorić
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Trg Marka Marulića 19, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jiani Ma
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Shaanxi, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Nikola Basarić
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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3
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Pecio Ł, Pecio S, Mroczek T, Oleszek W. Spiro-Flavonoids in Nature: A Critical Review of Structural Diversity and Bioactivity. Molecules 2023; 28:5420. [PMID: 37513292 PMCID: PMC10385819 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28145420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Based on the literature data from 1973 to 2022, this work summarizes reports on spiro-flavonoids with a spiro-carbon at the center of their structure and how this affects their isolation methods, stereochemistry, and biological activity. The review collects 65 unique structures, including spiro-biflavonoids, spiro-triflavonoids, spiro-tetraflavonoids, spiro-flavostilbenoids, and scillascillin-type homoisoflavonoids. Scillascillin-type homoisoflavonoids comprise spiro[bicyclo[4.2.0]octane-7,3'-chromane]-1(6),2,4-trien-4'-one, while the other spiro-flavonoids contain either 2H,2'H-3,3'-spirobi[benzofuran]-2-one or 2'H,3H-2,3'-spirobi[benzofuran]-3-one in the core of their structures. Spiro-flavonoids have been described in more than 40 species of eight families, including Asparagaceae, Cistaceae, Cupressaceae, Fabaceae, Pentaphylacaceae, Pinaceae, Thymelaeaceae, and Vitaceae. The possible biosynthetic pathways for each group of spiro-flavonoids are summarized in detail. Anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities are the most important biological activities of spiro-flavonoids, both in vitro and in vivo. Our work identifies the most promising natural sources, the existing challenges in assigning the stereochemistry of these compounds, and future research perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Pecio
- Department of Biochemistry and Crop Quality, Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation-State Research Institute, 8 Czartoryskich Street, 24-100 Puławy, Poland
- Department of Chemistry of Natural Products, Medical University of Lublin, 1 Chodźki Street, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Solomiia Pecio
- Department of Biochemistry and Crop Quality, Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation-State Research Institute, 8 Czartoryskich Street, 24-100 Puławy, Poland
| | - Tomasz Mroczek
- Department of Chemistry of Natural Products, Medical University of Lublin, 1 Chodźki Street, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Wiesław Oleszek
- Department of Biochemistry and Crop Quality, Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation-State Research Institute, 8 Czartoryskich Street, 24-100 Puławy, Poland
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4
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Oang KY, Park S, Moon J, Park E, Lee HK, Sato T, Nozawa S, Adachi SI, Kim J, Kim J, Sohn JH, Ihee H. Extracting Kinetics and Thermodynamics of Molecules without Heavy Atoms via Time-Resolved Solvent Scattering Signals. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:3103-3110. [PMID: 36951437 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Time-resolved X-ray liquidography (TRXL) has emerged as a powerful technique for studying the structural dynamics of small molecules and macromolecules in liquid solutions. However, TRXL has limited sensitivity for small molecules containing light atoms only, whose signal has lower contrast compared with the signal from solvent molecules. Here, we present an alternative approach to bypass this limitation by detecting the change in solvent temperature resulting from a photoinduced reaction. Specifically, we analyzed the heat dynamics of TRXL data obtained from p-hydroxyphenacyl diethyl phosphate (HPDP). This analysis enabled us to experimentally determine the number of intermediates and their respective enthalpy changes, which can be compared to theoretical enthalpies to identify the intermediates. This work demonstrates that TRXL can be used to uncover the kinetics and reaction pathways for small molecules without heavy atoms even if the scattering signal from the solute molecules is buried under the strong solvent scattering signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Key Young Oang
- Radiation Center for Ultrafast Science, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI), Daejeon 34057, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungjun Park
- Department of Chemistry and KI for BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Center for Advanced Reaction Dynamics, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiwon Moon
- Department of Chemistry, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunji Park
- Department of Chemistry, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Kyung Lee
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Tokushi Sato
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Shunsuke Nozawa
- Institute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, 1-1 Oho, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Adachi
- Institute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, 1-1 Oho, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan
- Department of Materials Structure Science, School of High Energy Accelerator Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, 1-1 Oho, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan
| | - Joonghan Kim
- Department of Chemistry, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongho Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Hun Sohn
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyotcherl Ihee
- Department of Chemistry and KI for BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Center for Advanced Reaction Dynamics, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
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5
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van Wilderen LJGW, Kern-Michler D, Neumann C, Reinfelds M, von Cosel J, Horz M, Burghardt I, Heckel A, Bredenbeck J. Choose your leaving group: selective photodeprotection in a mixture of pHP-caged compounds by VIPER excitation. Chem Sci 2023; 14:2624-2630. [PMID: 36908963 PMCID: PMC9993852 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc06259c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Photocages are light-triggerable molecular moieties that can locally release a pre-determined leaving group (LG). Finding a suitable photocage for a particular application may be challenging, as the choice may be limited by for instance the optical or physicochemical properties of the system. Using more than one photocage to release different LGs in a reaction mixture may even be more difficult. In this work an experimental strategy is presented that allows us to hand-pick the release of different LGs, and to do so in any order. This is achieved by using isotopologue photocage-LG mixtures in combination with ultrafast VIbrationally Promoted Electronic Resonance (VIPER) excitation. The latter provides the required molecular selectivity simply by tuning the wavenumber of the used IR pulses to the resonance of a specific photocage isotopologue, as is demonstrated here for the para-hydroxyphenacyl (pHP) photocage. For spectroscopic convenience, we use isotopologues of the infrared (IR) spectroscopic marker -SCN as different LGs. Especially for applications where fast LG release is required, pHP is found to be an excellent candidate, as free LG formation is observed to occur with a 10 ps lifetime. The devised strategy may open up new complex uncaging applications, where multiple LGs can be formed locally on a short time scale and in any sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luuk J G W van Wilderen
- Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Institute of Biophysics Max-von-Laue-Str. 1 60438 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Daniela Kern-Michler
- Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Institute of Biophysics Max-von-Laue-Str. 1 60438 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Carsten Neumann
- Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Institute of Biophysics Max-von-Laue-Str. 1 60438 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Matiss Reinfelds
- Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology Max-von-Laue-Str. 7 60438 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Jan von Cosel
- Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Max-von-Laue-Str. 7 60438 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Maximiliane Horz
- Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Max-von-Laue-Str. 7 60438 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Irene Burghardt
- Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Max-von-Laue-Str. 7 60438 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Alexander Heckel
- Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology Max-von-Laue-Str. 7 60438 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Jens Bredenbeck
- Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Institute of Biophysics Max-von-Laue-Str. 1 60438 Frankfurt am Main Germany
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6
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Pecio Ł, Alilou M, Kozachok S, Orhan IE, Eren G, Şenol Deniz FS, Stuppner H, Oleszek W. Absolute configuration of spiro-flavostilbenoids from Yucca schidigera Roezl ex Ortgies: First indication of (2R)-naringenin as the key building block. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2023; 207:113584. [PMID: 36603655 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2022.113584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The absolute configurations of the known but unusual spiro-flavostilbenoids found in the bark of Yucca schidigera Roezl ex Ortgies, were determined by applying time-dependent density functional theory simulation of electronic circular dichroism spectra. The absolute configurations obtained were as follows: (2S,3R) for yuccaol A, yuccaol D and yuccalide A; (2S,3S) for yuccaol B, yuccaol C and yuccaol E; (2S,3S,2'S,3'S) for gloriosaol A; (2S,3R,2'S,3'R) for gloriosaol C; (2S,3S,2'S,3'R) for gloriosaol D; (2S,3R,2'S,3'S) for gloriosaol E. These findings indicate that the compounds are all biosynthetic derivatives either of (2R)-naringenin and trans-resveratrol or of trans-3,3',5,5'-tetrahydroxy-4'-methoxystilbene. In contrast, gloriosaols are direct derivatives of yuccaols (note that substituting by stilbenoid changes the absolute configuration of C-2 naringenin carbon to 2S). A putative mechanism for their biosynthesis is proposed taking into account key aspects of regio- and stereoselectivity. Yuccaol B and gloriosaol A showed in vitro moderate inhibitory effects against acetyl-/butyrylcholinesterases (AChE/BChE) with IC50 values of 43/81 and 45/65 μM respectively. The selectivity index values calculated from the IC50 values of BChE and AChE were 1.9 and 1.4. Molecular docking simulations showed their interaction with the peripheral anionic site of human AChE and the catalytic site of the human BChE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Pecio
- Department of Biochemistry and Crop Quality, Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation-State Research Institute, Czartoryskich 8, 24-100 Puławy, Poland; Department of Natural Products Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Mostafa Alilou
- Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacognosy, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, Innsbruck 6020, Austria.
| | - Solomiia Kozachok
- Department of Biochemistry and Crop Quality, Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation-State Research Institute, Czartoryskich 8, 24-100 Puławy, Poland
| | - Ilkay Erdogan Orhan
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, 06330 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Gökçen Eren
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, 06330 Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Hermann Stuppner
- Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacognosy, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Wiesław Oleszek
- Department of Biochemistry and Crop Quality, Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation-State Research Institute, Czartoryskich 8, 24-100 Puławy, Poland
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7
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Shin HS, Moon DY, An S, Park BS. Solvent assisted photochemical formation of a new keto[3,3]paracyclophane. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:4303-4308. [PMID: 35575223 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob00660j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Photolysis of a phenacyl benzoate tethered with a phenol leads to a very efficient release of benzoic acid, which is suggested to occur by electron transfer and/or proton transfer from the remote phenol moiety to the triplet excited carbonyl. Photolysis of the compound in protic solvents forms a new keto[3,3]paracyclophane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Suk Shin
- Department of Chemistry, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Korea.
| | - Da Yoon Moon
- Department of Chemistry, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Korea.
| | - Sejin An
- Department of Chemistry, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Korea.
| | - Bong Ser Park
- Department of Chemistry, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Korea.
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8
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Roy B, Mengji R, Roy S, Pal B, Jana A, Singh NDP. NIR-Responsive Lysosomotropic Phototrigger: An "AIE + ESIPT" Active Naphthalene-Based Single-Component Photoresponsive Nanocarrier with Two-Photon Uncaging and Real-Time Monitoring Ability. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:4862-4870. [PMID: 35049266 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c19022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In recent times, organelle-targeted drug delivery systems have gained tremendous attention due to the site-specific delivery of active drug molecules, resulting in enhanced bioefficacy. In this context, a phototriggered drug delivery system (DDS) for releasing an active molecule is superior, as it provides spatial and temporal control over the release. So far, a near-infrared (NIR) light-responsive organelle-targeted DDS has not yet been developed. Hence, we introduced a two-photon NIR light-responsive lysosome-targeted "AIE + ESIPT" active single-component DDS based on the naphthalene chromophore. The two-photon absorption cross section of our DDS is 142 GM at 850 nm. The DDS was converted into pure organic nanoparticles for biological applications. Our nano-DDS is capable of selective targeting, AIE luminogenic imaging, and drug release within the lysosome. In vitro studies using cancerous cell lines showed that our single-component photoresponsive nanocarrier exhibited enhanced cytotoxicity and real-time monitoring ability of drug release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biswajit Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Rakesh Mengji
- Department of Organic Synthesis and Process Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology Hyderabad, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500007, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Samrat Roy
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, West Bengal 741246, India
| | - Bipul Pal
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, West Bengal 741246, India
| | - Avijit Jana
- Department of Organic Synthesis and Process Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology Hyderabad, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500007, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - N D Pradeep Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India
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9
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Lovrinčević V, Vuk D, Škorić I, Basarić N. Chromo-Orthogonal Deprotection of Carboxylic Acids by Aminonaphthalene and Aminoaniline Photocages. J Org Chem 2022; 87:2489-2500. [PMID: 35084183 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c02407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Photoremovable protecting groups (photocages) 6b-6i based on 1-amino-2-hydroxymethylnaphthalene were developed, and their applicability to release alcohols and carboxylic acids in photohydrolysis was investigated. Compound 6b cannot release alcohol since N-demethylation takes place instead. However, the photorelease of carboxylic acids from 6c-6i was demonstrated on caged substrates, including some nonsteroidal drugs and a neurotransmitter. A simultaneous use of aniline and aminonaphthalene cages allows for the chromatic orthogonality and selective deprotection by UV-B or near-visible and UV-A light, respectively. The photochemical reaction mechanism of decaging was investigated by fluorescence measurements and laser flash photolysis, indicating that the heterolysis and elimination of carboxylic acids take place in the singlet excited state, delivering carbocation as an intermediate. The photoheterolysis in the singlet excited state, which directly releases caged substrates, is highly applicable for the photocages and has advantages compared to hitherto used nitrobenzyl derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vilma Lovrinčević
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Dragana Vuk
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Irena Škorić
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Nikola Basarić
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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10
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Wang J, Zhang L, Li Z. Aggregation-Induced Emission Luminogens with Photoresponsive Behaviors for Biomedical Applications. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2101169. [PMID: 34783194 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202101169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescent biomedical materials can visualize subcellular structures and therapy processes in vivo. The aggregation-induced emission (AIE) phenomenon helps suppress the quenching effect in the aggregated state suffered by conventional fluorescent materials, thereby contributing to design strategies for fluorescent biomedical materials. Photoresponsive biomedical materials have attracted attention because of the inherent advantages of light; i.e., remote control, high spatial and temporal resolution, and environmentally friendly characteristics, and their combination with AIE facilitates development of fluorescent molecules with efficient photochemical reactions upon light irradiation. In this review, organic compounds with AIE features for biomedical applications and design strategies for photoresponsive AIE luminogens (AIEgens) are first summarized briefly. Applications are then reviewed, with the employment of photoresponsive and AIE-active molecules for photoactivation imaging, super-resolution imaging, light-induced drug delivery, photodynamic therapy with photochromic behavior, and bacterial targeting and killing being discussed at length. Finally, the future outlook for AIEgens is considered with the aim of stimulating innovative work for further development of this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqiang Wang
- Institute of Molecular Aggregation Science Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Liyao Zhang
- School of Life Sciences Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Zhen Li
- Institute of Molecular Aggregation Science Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 China
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University International Campus of Tianjin University Binhai New City Fuzhou 350207 China
- Department of Chemistry Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 China
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan 430074 China
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11
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Štacko P, Šolomek T. Photoremovable Protecting Groups: Across the Light Spectrum to Near- Infrared Absorbing Photocages. Chimia (Aarau) 2021; 75:873-881. [PMID: 34728015 DOI: 10.2533/chimia.2021.873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We discuss the past decade of progress in the field of photoremovable protecting groups that allowed the development of photocages activatable by near-IR light and highlight the individual conceptual advancements that lead to general guidelines to design new such photoremovable protecting groups. We emphasize the importance of understanding the individual photochemical reaction mechanisms that was necessary to achieve this progress and provide an outlook of the subsequent steps to facilitate a swift translation of this research into clinical praxis. Since this issue of CHIMIA is dedicated to the late Prof. Thomas Bally, we decided to provide a personal perspective on the field to which he contributed himself. We tried to write this review with the general readership of CHIMIA in mind in a hope to pay a tribute to the extraordinary dedication and clarity with which Thomas Bally used to explain abstract chemical concepts to his students or colleagues. We are uncertain whether we matched such challenge but we believe that he would have liked such approach very much.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Štacko
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich; Prievidza Chemical Society, M. Hodžu 10/16, 971 01 Prievidza, Slovakia;,
| | - Tomáš Šolomek
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland; Prievidza Chemical Society, M. Hodžu 10/16, 971 01 Prievidza, Slovakia;,
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12
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Klausen M, Blanchard-Desce M. Two-photon uncaging of bioactive compounds: Starter guide to an efficient IR light switch. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY C: PHOTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2021.100423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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13
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Steinmetz MG, Givens RS. The Discovery, Development and Demonstration of Three Caged Compounds †. Photochem Photobiol 2021; 97:1168-1181. [PMID: 34101860 DOI: 10.1111/php.13462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
An overview of the history, mechanistic aspects and applications is provided for p-hydroxyphenacyl (pHP) and benzoin photoremovable protecting groups, which release biologically important leaving groups upon photolysis with UV light. Also discussed is (7-diethylaminocoumarin-4-yl)methyl (DEACM), a photoremovable protecting group that absorbs visible light. These are followed by the α-keto amides and naphtho- and benzothiophene-2-carboxanilides as caging groups, which eliminate leaving groups via photochemically produced zwitterionic intermediates. Also covered are amino-1,4-benzoquinones, which upon exposure to green and red wavelengths of light photorearrange to an unstable photoproduct that subsequently eliminates leaving groups in aqueous media. Selected examples are given that use these photoremovable protecting (caging) groups for the light-activated release of biologically important substrates under physiological conditions in cells and tissue as practical applications in biology, biochemistry and physiology. These caging groups have found significant applications because their photochemistry is efficient and a single coproduct is formed in addition to the photoreleased substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark G Steinmetz
- Department of Chemistry, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, USA.,Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Richard S Givens
- Department of Chemistry, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, USA.,Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
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14
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Weinstain R, Slanina T, Kand D, Klán P. Visible-to-NIR-Light Activated Release: From Small Molecules to Nanomaterials. Chem Rev 2020; 120:13135-13272. [PMID: 33125209 PMCID: PMC7833475 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Photoactivatable (alternatively, photoremovable, photoreleasable, or photocleavable) protecting groups (PPGs), also known as caged or photocaged compounds, are used to enable non-invasive spatiotemporal photochemical control over the release of species of interest. Recent years have seen the development of PPGs activatable by biologically and chemically benign visible and near-infrared (NIR) light. These long-wavelength-absorbing moieties expand the applicability of this powerful method and its accessibility to non-specialist users. This review comprehensively covers organic and transition metal-containing photoactivatable compounds (complexes) that absorb in the visible- and NIR-range to release various leaving groups and gasotransmitters (carbon monoxide, nitric oxide, and hydrogen sulfide). The text also covers visible- and NIR-light-induced photosensitized release using molecular sensitizers, quantum dots, and upconversion and second-harmonic nanoparticles, as well as release via photodynamic (photooxygenation by singlet oxygen) and photothermal effects. Release from photoactivatable polymers, micelles, vesicles, and photoswitches, along with the related emerging field of photopharmacology, is discussed at the end of the review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy Weinstain
- School
of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Tomáš Slanina
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Dnyaneshwar Kand
- School
of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Petr Klán
- Department
of Chemistry and RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
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15
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Adatia KK, Halbritter T, Reinfelds M, Michele A, Tran M, Laschat S, Heckel A, Tovar GEM, Southan A. Coumarin‐4‐ylmethyl‐ and p‐Hydroxyphenacyl‐Based Photoacid Generators with High Solubility in Aqueous Media: Synthesis, Stability and Photolysis. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.201900258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karishma K. Adatia
- Institute of Interfacial Process Engineering and Plasma Technology IGVPUniversity of Stuttgart Nobelstr. 12 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Thomas Halbritter
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical BiologyGoethe University Frankfurt Max-von-Laue-Str. 7 60438 Frankfurt/Main Germany
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Iceland Dunhaga 3 107 Reykjavik Iceland
| | - Matiss Reinfelds
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical BiologyGoethe University Frankfurt Max-von-Laue-Str. 7 60438 Frankfurt/Main Germany
| | - Andre Michele
- Institute of Interfacial Process Engineering and Plasma Technology IGVPUniversity of Stuttgart Nobelstr. 12 70569 Stuttgart Germany
- Institute of Organic Chemistry IOCUniversity of Stuttgart Pfaffenwaldring 55 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Michael Tran
- Institute of Interfacial Process Engineering and Plasma Technology IGVPUniversity of Stuttgart Nobelstr. 12 70569 Stuttgart Germany
- Institute of Organic Chemistry IOCUniversity of Stuttgart Pfaffenwaldring 55 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Sabine Laschat
- Institute of Organic Chemistry IOCUniversity of Stuttgart Pfaffenwaldring 55 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Alexander Heckel
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical BiologyGoethe University Frankfurt Max-von-Laue-Str. 7 60438 Frankfurt/Main Germany
| | - Günter E. M. Tovar
- Institute of Interfacial Process Engineering and Plasma Technology IGVPUniversity of Stuttgart Nobelstr. 12 70569 Stuttgart Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB Nobelstr. 12 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Alexander Southan
- Institute of Interfacial Process Engineering and Plasma Technology IGVPUniversity of Stuttgart Nobelstr. 12 70569 Stuttgart Germany
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16
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Field T, Peterson J, Ma C, Jagadesan P, Da Silva JP, Rubina M, Ramamurthy V, Givens RS. Competing pathways for photoremovable protecting groups: the effects of solvent, oxygen and encapsulation. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2020; 19:1364-1372. [DOI: 10.1039/d0pp00067a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Photolysis of p-hydroxyphenacyloxy arenes releases free phenols in good yields governed by their pKa. At high pKa, new byproducts (Bvs. A) reveal a change in reaction mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Field
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Kansas
- Lawrence
- USA
| | | | - Chicheng Ma
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Kansas
- Lawrence
- USA
| | | | - José P. Da Silva
- CCMAR - Centre of Marine Sciences
- University of Algarve
- Campus de Gambelas
- Portugal
| | - Marina Rubina
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Kansas
- Lawrence
- USA
| | - V. Ramamurthy
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Miami
- Coral Gables
- USA
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17
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Singh AK, Kundu M, Roy S, Roy B, Shah SS, Nair AV, Pal B, Mondal M, Singh NDP. A two-photon responsive naphthyl tagged p-hydroxyphenacyl based drug delivery system: uncaging of anti-cancer drug in the phototherapeutic window with real-time monitoring. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:9986-9989. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cc01903h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A two-photon responsive drug delivery system having two-photon absorption (TPA) in the phototherapeutic window with a two-photon uncaging cross-section ≥10 GM and exhibiting real-time monitoring of anti-cancer drug release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar Singh
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
- 721302 Kharagpur
- India
| | - Moumita Kundu
- School of Medical Science and Technology
- Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
- Kharagpur
- India
| | - Samrat Roy
- Department of Physical Sciences
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research
- Kolkata, Mohanpur, Nadia 741246
- India
| | - Biswajit Roy
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
- 721302 Kharagpur
- India
| | - Sk. Sheriff Shah
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
- 721302 Kharagpur
- India
| | - Asha V Nair
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
- 721302 Kharagpur
- India
| | - Bipul Pal
- Department of Physical Sciences
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research
- Kolkata, Mohanpur, Nadia 741246
- India
| | - Mahitosh Mondal
- School of Medical Science and Technology
- Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
- Kharagpur
- India
| | - N. D. Pradeep Singh
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
- 721302 Kharagpur
- India
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18
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Roy B, Kundu M, Singh AK, Singha T, Bhattacharya S, Datta PK, Mandal M, Singh NDP. Stepwise dual stimuli triggered dual drug release by a single naphthalene based two-photon chromophore to reverse MDR for alkylating agents with dual surveillance in uncaging steps. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:13140-13143. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc05604a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A single chromophore based dinitrophenylsulphonyl–naphthalene–chlorambucil conjugate drug delivery system is presented for the dual stimuli controlled release of SO2and chlorambucil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biswajit Roy
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
- Kharagpur-721302
- India
| | - Moumita Kundu
- School of Medical Science and Technology
- Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
- Kharagpur-721302
- India
| | - Amit Kumar Singh
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
- Kharagpur-721302
- India
| | - Tara Singha
- Department of Physics
- Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
- Kharagpur-721302
- India
| | | | - Prasanta Kumar Datta
- Department of Physics
- Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
- Kharagpur-721302
- India
| | - Mahitosh Mandal
- School of Medical Science and Technology
- Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
- Kharagpur-721302
- India
| | - N. D. Pradeep Singh
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
- Kharagpur-721302
- India
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19
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Salahi F, Purohit V, Ferraudi G, Stauffacher C, Wiest O, Helquist P. pHP-Tethered N-Acyl Carbamate: A Photocage for Nicotinamide. Org Lett 2018; 20:2547-2550. [PMID: 29652162 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b00697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of a new photocaged nicotinamide having an N-acyl carbamate linker and a p-hydroxyphenacyl (pHP) chromophore is described. The photophysical and photochemical studies showed an absorption maximum at λ = 330 nm and a quantum yield for release of 11% that are dependent upon both pH and solvent. While the acyl carbamate releases nicotinamide efficiently, a simpler amide linker was inert to photocleavage. This photocaged nicotinamide has significant advantages with respect to quantum yield, absorbance wavelength, rate of release, and solubility that make it the first practical example of a photocaged amide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farbod Salahi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame , Indiana 46556 , United States
| | - Vatsal Purohit
- Department of Biological Sciences , Purdue University , 915 West State Street , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
| | - Guillermo Ferraudi
- Notre Dame Radiation Research Laboratory , Notre Dame , Indiana 46556 , United States
| | - Cynthia Stauffacher
- Department of Biological Sciences , Purdue University , 915 West State Street , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
| | - Olaf Wiest
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame , Indiana 46556 , United States.,Laboratory of Computational Chemistry and Drug Design, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology , Peking University, Shenzhen Graduate School , Shenzhen 518055 , China
| | - Paul Helquist
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame , Indiana 46556 , United States
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20
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Madea D, Slanina T, Klán P. A 'photorelease, catch and photorelease' strategy for bioconjugation utilizing a p-hydroxyphenacyl group. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 52:12901-12904. [PMID: 27738680 DOI: 10.1039/c6cc07496k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A bioorthogonal 'catch and photorelease' strategy, which combines alkyne-azide cycloaddition between p-hydroxyphenacyl azide and alkyne derivatives to form a 1,2,3-triazole adduct and subsequent photochemical release of the triazole moiety via a photo-Favorskii rearrangement, is introduced. The first step can also involve photorelease of a strained alkyne and its Cu-free click reaction with azide.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Madea
- Department of Chemistry and RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - T Slanina
- Department of Chemistry and RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - P Klán
- Department of Chemistry and RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic.
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21
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Slanina T, Šebej P. Visible-light-activated photoCORMs: rational design of CO-releasing organic molecules absorbing in the tissue-transparent window. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2018; 17:692-710. [DOI: 10.1039/c8pp00096d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Rational design of visible-light-activatable transition-metal-free CO-releasing molecules with an emphasis on mechanistic details of the CO release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Slanina
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology
- Goethe-University Frankfurt
- 60438 Frankfurt
- Germany
| | - Peter Šebej
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment
- Faculty of Science
- Masaryk University
- 625 00 Brno
- Czech Republic
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22
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Škalamera Đ, Blažek Bregović V, Antol I, Bohne C, Basarić N. Hydroxymethylaniline Photocages for Carboxylic Acids and Alcohols. J Org Chem 2017; 82:12554-12568. [PMID: 29119784 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b02314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
ortho-, meta- and para-Hydroxymethylaniline methyl ethers 3-5-OMe and acetyl derivatives 3-5-OAc were investigated as potential photocages for alcohols and carboxylic acids, respectively. The measurements of photohydrolysis efficiency showed that the decaging from ortho- and meta-derivatives takes place efficiently in aqueous solution, but not for the para-derivatives. Contrary to previous reports, we show that the meta-derivatives are better photocages for alcohols, whereas ortho-derivatives are better protective groups for carboxylic acids. The observed differences were fully disclosed by mechanistic studies involving fluorescence measurements and laser flash photolysis (LFP). Photoheterolysis for the para-derivatives does not take place, whereas both meta- and ortho-derivatives undergo heterolysis and afford the corresponding carbocations 3-C and 4-C. The ortho-carbocation 4-o-C was detected by LFP in aqueous solution (λmax = 410 nm, τ ≈ 90 μs). Moreover, spectroscopic measurements for the meta-acetyl derivative 3-m-OAC indicated the formation of cation in the excited state. The application of an ortho-aniline derivative as a protective group was demonstrated by synthesizing several derivatives of carboxylic acids. In all cases, the photochemical deprotection was accomplished in high yields (>80%). This mechanistic study fully rationalized the photochemistry of aniline photocages which is important for the design of new photocages and has potential for synthetic, biological, and medicinal applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Đani Škalamera
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute , Bijenička cesta 54, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Vesna Blažek Bregović
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute , Bijenička cesta 54, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivana Antol
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute , Bijenička cesta 54, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Cornelia Bohne
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria , Box 1700 STN CSC, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Nikola Basarić
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute , Bijenička cesta 54, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
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23
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Torti E, Havel V, Yawer MA, Ludvíková L, Babiak M, Klán P, Sindelar V. Supramolecular Storage and Controlled Photorelease of an Oxidizing Agent using a Bambusuril Macrocycle. Chemistry 2017; 23:16768-16772. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201704948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo Torti
- Department of Chemistry & RECETOX, Faculty of Science; Masaryk University; Kamenice 5 625 00 Brno Czech Republic
| | - Václav Havel
- Department of Chemistry & RECETOX, Faculty of Science; Masaryk University; Kamenice 5 625 00 Brno Czech Republic
| | - Mirza A. Yawer
- Department of Chemistry & RECETOX, Faculty of Science; Masaryk University; Kamenice 5 625 00 Brno Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Ludvíková
- Department of Chemistry & RECETOX, Faculty of Science; Masaryk University; Kamenice 5 625 00 Brno Czech Republic
| | - Michal Babiak
- CEITEC-Central European Institute of Technology and National Centre for Biomolecular Research; Masaryk University; Kamenice 5 625 00 Brno Czech Republic
| | - Petr Klán
- Department of Chemistry & RECETOX, Faculty of Science; Masaryk University; Kamenice 5 625 00 Brno Czech Republic
| | - Vladimir Sindelar
- Department of Chemistry & RECETOX, Faculty of Science; Masaryk University; Kamenice 5 625 00 Brno Czech Republic
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24
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Kamatham N, Mendes DC, Da Silva JP, Givens RS, Ramamurthy V. Photorelease of Incarcerated Caged Acids from Hydrophobic Coumaryl Esters into Aqueous Solution. Org Lett 2016; 18:5480-5483. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b02655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nareshbabu Kamatham
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida 33124, United States
| | - Débora C. Mendes
- Meditbio, FCT, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - José P. Da Silva
- Meditbio, FCT, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Richard S. Givens
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - V. Ramamurthy
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida 33124, United States
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25
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Houk AL, Givens RS, Elles CG. Two-Photon Activation of p-Hydroxyphenacyl Phototriggers: Toward Spatially Controlled Release of Diethyl Phosphate and ATP. J Phys Chem B 2016; 120:3178-86. [PMID: 26962676 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b12150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Two-photon activation of the p-hydroxyphenacyl (pHP) photoactivated protecting group is demonstrated for the first time using visible light at 550 nm from a pulsed laser. Broadband two-photon absorption measurements reveal a strong two-photon transition (>10 GM) near 4.5 eV that closely resembles the lowest-energy band at the same total excitation energy in the one-photon absorption spectrum of the pHP chromophore. The polarization dependence of the two-photon absorption band is consistent with excitation to the same S3 ((1)ππ*) excited state for both one- and two-photon activation. Monitoring the progress of the uncaging reaction under nonresonant excitation at 550 nm confirms a quadratic intensity dependence and that two-photon activation of the uncaging reaction is possible using visible light in the range 500-620 nm. Deprotonation of the pHP chromophore under mildly basic conditions shifts the absorption band to lower energy (3.8 eV) in both the one- and two-photon absorption spectra, suggesting that two-photon activation of the pHP chromophore may be possible using light in the range 550-720 nm. The results of these measurements open the possibility of spatially and temporally selective release of biologically active compounds from the pHP protecting group using visible light from a pulsed laser.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L Houk
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas , Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Richard S Givens
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas , Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Christopher G Elles
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas , Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
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26
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Šolomek T, Wirz J, Klán P. Searching for Improved Photoreleasing Abilities of Organic Molecules. Acc Chem Res 2015; 48:3064-72. [PMID: 26569596 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.5b00400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Photoremovable protecting groups (PPGs) are chemical auxiliaries that provide spatial and temporal control over the release of various molecules: bioagents (neurotransmitters and cell-signaling molecules, Ca(2+) ions), acids, bases, oxidants, insecticides, pheromones, fragrances, etc. A major challenge for the improvement of PPGs lies in the development of organic chromophores that release the desired bioagents upon continuous irradiation at wavelengths above 650 nm, that is, in the tissue-transparent window. Understanding of the photorelease reaction mechanisms, investigated by laser flash photolysis and rationalized with the aid of quantum chemical calculations, allows for achieving this goal. In particular, simple Hückel calculations provide useful guidelines for designing new PPGs, because both the lowest excited singlet and triplet states of conjugated systems can be reasonably well described by a single electronic configuration formed by promotion of a single electron from the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) to the lowest unoccupied MO (LUMO) of the ground state configuration. Here we show that Hückel calculations permit rapid identification of common features in the nodal properties of the frontier orbitals of various chromophores that can be classified into distinct chromophore families. If the electronic excitation involves a substantial electron density transfer to an sp(2) carbon atom at which HOMO and LUMO are nearly disjoint, for example, by virtue of symmetry, favorable photoheterolysis can be expected when the corresponding atom carries a leaving group at the α-position. We show examples of photoheterolytic reactions that indicate that the efficiency of photoheterolysis diminishes for chromophores absorbing in the NIR region. We provide a rationale for more efficient photoheterolytic reactions occurring via the triplet state, and we demonstrate the advantages of this mechanistic pathway. Analogies in the structure-reactivity relationships of PPGs can therefore lead to new strategies for the development of more efficient NIR-absorbing photoremovable protecting groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Šolomek
- Department
of Chemistry and RECETOX, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jakob Wirz
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 80, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Petr Klán
- Department
of Chemistry and RECETOX, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
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27
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Denning DM, Pedowitz NJ, Thum MD, Falvey DE. Uncaging Alcohols Using UV or Visible Light Photoinduced Electron Transfer to 9-Phenyl-9-tritylone Ethers. Org Lett 2015; 17:5986-9. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5b02924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Derek M. Denning
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Nichole J. Pedowitz
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Matthew D. Thum
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Daniel E. Falvey
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
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28
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Slanina T, Šebej P, Heckel A, Givens RS, Klán P. Caged Fluoride: Photochemistry and Applications of 4-Hydroxyphenacyl Fluoride. Org Lett 2015; 17:4814-7. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5b02374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Slanina
- Department
of Chemistry and RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Peter Šebej
- Department
of Chemistry and RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Alexander Heckel
- Institute
for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Richard S. Givens
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, 5010 Malott
Hall, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Petr Klán
- Department
of Chemistry and RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
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29
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Bownik I, Šebej P, Literák J, Heger D, Šimek Z, Givens RS, Klán P. 4-Hydroxyphenacyl Ammonium Salts: A Photoremovable Protecting Group for Amines in Aqueous Solutions. J Org Chem 2015; 80:9713-21. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b01770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Richard S. Givens
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, 5010 Malott
Hall, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
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Shin M, Kaplan SV, Raider KD, Johnson MA. Simultaneous measurement and quantitation of 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid and dopamine with fast-scan cyclic voltammetry. Analyst 2015; 140:3039-47. [PMID: 25785694 DOI: 10.1039/c4an02007c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Caged compounds have been used extensively to investigate neuronal function in a variety of preparations, including cell culture, ex vivo tissue samples, and in vivo. As a first step toward electrochemically measuring the extent of caged compound photoactivation while also measuring the release of the catecholamine neurotransmitter, dopamine, fast-scan cyclic voltammetry at carbon-fiber microelectrodes (FSCV) was used to electrochemically characterize 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid (4HPAA) in the absence and presence of dopamine. 4HPAA is a by-product formed during the process of photoactivation of p-hydroxyphenacyl-based caged compounds, such as p-hydroxyphenylglutamate (pHP-Glu). Our data suggest that the oxidation of 4HPAA occurs through the formation of a conjugated species. Moreover, we found that a triangular waveform of -0.4 V to +1.3 V to -0.4 V at 600 V s(-1), repeated every 100 ms, provided an oxidation current of 4HPAA that was enhanced with a limit of detection of 100 nM, while also allowing the detection and quantitation of dopamine within the same scan. Along with quantifying 4HPAA in biological preparations, the results from this work will allow the electrochemical measurement of photoactivation reactions that generate 4HPAA as a by-product as well as provide a framework for measuring the photorelease of electroactive by-products from caged compounds that incorporate other chromophores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mimi Shin
- Department of Chemistry and R.N. Adams Institute for Bioanalytical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA.
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31
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Jagadesan P, Da Silva JP, Givens RS, Ramamurthy V. Photorelease of Incarcerated Guests in Aqueous Solution with Phenacyl Esters as the Trigger. Org Lett 2015; 17:1276-9. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5b00252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pradeepkumar Jagadesan
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida 33124, United States
| | - José P. Da Silva
- Meditbio,
FCT, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Richard S. Givens
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - V. Ramamurthy
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida 33124, United States
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32
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Wehrung D, Chamsaz EA, Joy A, Oyewumi MO. Formulation and photoirradiation parameters that influenced photoresponsive drug delivery using alkoxylphenacyl-based polycarbonates. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2014; 88:962-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2014.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Revised: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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33
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Senadheera SN, Yousef AL, Givens RS. Photorelease of phosphates: Mild methods for protecting phosphate derivatives. Beilstein J Org Chem 2014; 10:2038-54. [PMID: 25246963 PMCID: PMC4168878 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.10.212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We have developed a new photoremovable protecting group for caging phosphates in the near UV. Diethyl 2-(4-hydroxy-1-naphthyl)-2-oxoethyl phosphate (14a) quantitatively releases diethyl phosphate upon irradiation in aq MeOH or aq MeCN at 350 nm, with quantum efficiencies ranging from 0.021 to 0.067 depending on the solvent composition. The deprotection reactions originate from the triplet excited state, are robust under ambient conditions and can be carried on to 100% conversion. Similar results were found with diethyl 2-(4-methoxy-1-naphthyl)-2-oxoethyl phosphate (14b), although it was significantly less efficient compared with 14a. A key step in the deprotection reaction in aq MeOH is considered to be a Favorskii rearrangement of the naphthyl ketone motif of 14a,b to naphthylacetate esters 25 and 26. Disruption of the ketone-naphthyl ring conjugation significantly shifts the photoproduct absorption away from the effective incident wavelength for decaging of 14, driving the reaction to completion. The Favorskii rearrangement does not occur in aqueous acetonitrile although diethyl phosphate is released. Other substitution patterns on the naphthyl or quinolin-5-yl core, such as the 2,6-naphthyl 10 or 8-benzyloxyquinolin-5-yl 24 platforms, also do not rearrange by aryl migration upon photolysis and, therefore, do not proceed to completion. The 2,6-naphthyl ketone platform instead remains intact whereas the quinolin-5-yl ketone fragments to a much more complex, highly absorbing reaction mixture that competes for the incident light.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Abraham L Yousef
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, U.S.A
| | - Richard S Givens
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, U.S.A
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34
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Buck AT, Beck CL, Winter AH. Inverted Substrate Preferences for Photochemical Heterolysis Arise from Conical Intersection Control. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:8933-40. [DOI: 10.1021/ja501777r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander T. Buck
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, 2101d Hach Hall, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Christie L. Beck
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, 2101d Hach Hall, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Arthur H. Winter
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, 2101d Hach Hall, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
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35
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Chamsaz EA, Sun S, Maddipatla MVSN, Joy A. Photoresponsive polyesters by incorporation of alkoxyphenacyl or coumarin chromophores along the backbone. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2014; 13:412-21. [DOI: 10.1039/c3pp50311a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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36
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Shurygina MP, Kurskii YA, Druzhkov NO, Chesnokov SA, Fukin GK, Cherkasov VK, Abakumov GA. The mechanism of the photochemical transformations of 2,5-di-tert-butyl-6-hydroxy-6-methylcyclohexa-2,4-dienone. Russ Chem Bull 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-014-0400-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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37
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Senadheera SN, Evans AS, Toscano JP, Givens RS. 2-Diazo-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethanone: a versatile photochemical and synthetic reagent. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2013; 13:324-41. [PMID: 24305682 DOI: 10.1039/c3pp50305d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
α-Diazo arylketones are well-known substrates for Wolff rearrangement to phenylacetic acids through a ketene intermediate by either thermal or photochemical activation. Likewise, α-substituted p-hydroxyphenacyl (pHP) esters are substrates for photo-Favorskii rearrangements to phenylacetic acids by a different pathway that purportedly involves a cyclopropanone intermediate. In this paper, we show that the photolysis of a series of α-diazo-p-hydroxyacetophenones and p-hydroxyphenacyl (pHP) α-esters both generate the identical rearranged phenylacetates as major products. Since α-diazo-p-hydroxyacetophenone (1a, pHP N2) contains all the necessary functionalities for either Wolff or Favorskii rearrangement, we were prompted to probe this intriguing mechanistic dichotomy under conditions favorable to the photo-Favorskii rearrangement, i.e., photolysis in hydroxylic media. An investigation of the mechanism for conversion of 1a to p-hydroxyphenyl acetic acid (4a) using time-resolved infrared (TRIR) spectroscopy clearly demonstrates the formation of a ketene intermediate that is subsequently trapped by solvent or nucleophiles. The photoreaction of 1a is quenched by oxygen and sensitized by triplet sensitizers and the quantum yields for 1a-c range from 0.19 to a robust 0.25. The lifetime of the triplet, determined by Stern-Volmer quenching, is 31 ns with a rate for appearance of 4a of k = 7.1 × 10(6) s(-1) in aq. acetonitrile (1 : 1 v : v). These studies establish that the primary rearrangement pathway for 1a involves ketene formation in accordance with the photo-Wolff rearrangement. Furthermore we have also demonstrated the synthetic utility of 1a as an esterification and etherification reagent with a variety of substituted α-diazo-p-hydroxyacetophenones, using them as synthons for efficiently coupling it to acids and phenols to produce pHP protect substrates.
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Šolomek T, Heger D, Ngoy BP, Givens RS, Klán P. The Pivotal Role of Oxyallyl Diradicals in Photo-Favorskii Rearrangements: Transient Spectroscopic and Computational Studies. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:15209-15. [DOI: 10.1021/ja407588p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Richard S. Givens
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall
Drive, 5010 Malott Hall, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
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39
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40
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Givens RS, Rubina M, Stensrud KF. Stereochemically probing the photo-Favorskii rearrangement: a mechanistic investigation. J Org Chem 2013; 78:1709-17. [PMID: 23057737 PMCID: PMC3586294 DOI: 10.1021/jo301640q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Using model (R)-2-acetyl-2-phenyl acetate esters of (S)- or (R)-α-substituted-p-hydroxybutyrophenones (S,R)-12a and (R,R)-12b, we have shown that a highly efficient photo-Favorskii rearrangement proceeds through a series of intermediates to form racemic rearrangement products. The stereogenic methine on the photoproduct, rac-2-(p-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid (rac-9), is formed by closure of a phenoxy-allyloxy intermediate 17 collapsing to a cyclopropanone, the "Favorskii" intermediate 18. These results quantify the intermediacy of a racemized triplet biradical (3)16 on the major rearrangement pathway elusively to the intermediate 18. Thus, intersystem crossing from the triplet biradical surface to the ground state generates a planar zwitterion prior to formation of a Favorskii cyclopropanone that retains no memory of its stereochemical origin. These results parallel the mechanism of Dewar and Bordwell for the ground state formation of cyclopropanone 3 that proceeds through an oxyallyl zwitterionic intermediate. The results are not consistent with the stereospecific S(N)2 ground state Favorskii mechanism observed by Stork, House, and Bernetti. Interconversion of the diastereomeric starting esters of (S,R)-12a and (R,R)-12b during photolysis did not occur, thus ruling out leaving group return prior to rearrangement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard S Givens
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, 5010 Malott Hall, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States.
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41
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Kammath VB, Šolomek T, Ngoy BP, Heger D, Klán P, Rubina M, Givens RS. A photo-Favorskii ring contraction reaction: the effect of ring size. J Org Chem 2013; 78:1718-29. [PMID: 22686289 PMCID: PMC3502675 DOI: 10.1021/jo300850a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The effect of ring size on the photo-Favorskii induced ring-contraction reaction of the hydroxybenzocycloalkanonyl acetate and mesylate esters (7a-d, 8a-c) has provided new insight into the mechanism of the rearrangement. By monotonically decreasing the ring size in these cyclic derivatives, the increasing ring strain imposed on the formation of the elusive bicyclic spirocyclopropanone 20 results in a divergence away from rearrangement and toward solvolysis. Cycloalkanones of seven or eight carbons undergo a highly efficient photo-Favorskii rearrangement with ring contraction paralleling the photochemistry of p-hydroxyphenacyl esters. In contrast, the five-carbon ring does not rearrange but is diverted to the photosolvolysis channel avoiding the increased strain energy that would accompany the formation of the spirobicyclic ketone, the "Favorskii intermediate 20". The six-carbon analogue demonstrates the bifurcation in reaction channels, yielding a solvent-sensitive mixture of both. Employing a combination of time-resolved absorption measurements, quantum yield determinations, isotopic labeling, and solvent variation studies coupled with theoretical treatment, a more comprehensive mechanistic description of the rearrangement has emerged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viju Balachandran Kammath
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5/A8, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Šolomek
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5/A8, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 126/3, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Bokolombe Pitchou Ngoy
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5/A8, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 126/3, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Dominik Heger
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5/A8, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 126/3, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Klán
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5/A8, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 126/3, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Marina Rubina
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, 5010 Malott Hall, 66045 Lawrence, Kansas, United States
| | - Richard S. Givens
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, 5010 Malott Hall, 66045 Lawrence, Kansas, United States
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42
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Klán P, Šolomek T, Bochet CG, Blanc A, Givens R, Rubina M, Popik V, Kostikov A, Wirz J. Photoremovable protecting groups in chemistry and biology: reaction mechanisms and efficacy. Chem Rev 2013; 113:119-91. [PMID: 23256727 PMCID: PMC3557858 DOI: 10.1021/cr300177k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1222] [Impact Index Per Article: 111.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Petr Klán
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
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43
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Sun S, Chamsaz EA, Joy A. Photoinduced Polymer Chain Scission of Alkoxyphenacyl Based Polycarbonates. ACS Macro Lett 2012; 1:1184-1188. [PMID: 35607192 DOI: 10.1021/mz3002947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
We report the design and development of a new class of alkoxyphenacyl based photodegradable polycarbonates. These polymers incorporate the photoactive moiety in the backbone and, when irradiated at 300 nm, undergo controlled chain scission. Micropatterned thin films of these polymers were fabricated by photolithographic techniques. The use of these photodegradable polymers for controlled release applications was demonstrated by the release of Nile Red from polymeric nanoparticles. In addition, these polymers are mechanically robust, thermally stable, and hydrolytically degradable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangyi Sun
- Department of Polymer Science, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio
44325, United States
| | - Elaheh A. Chamsaz
- Department of Polymer Science, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio
44325, United States
| | - Abraham Joy
- Department of Polymer Science, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio
44325, United States
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44
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Ngoy BP, Sebej P, Solomek T, Lim BH, Pastierik T, Park BS, Givens RS, Heger D, Klán P. 2-Hydroxyphenacyl ester: a new photoremovable protecting group. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2012; 11:1465-75. [PMID: 22766787 DOI: 10.1039/c2pp25133g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A 2-hydroxyphenacyl moiety absorbing below 370 nm is proposed as a new photoremovable protecting group for carboxylates and sulfonates. Laser flash photolysis and steady-state sensitization studies show that the leaving group is released from a short-lived triplet state. In addition, DFT-based quantum chemical calculations were performed to determine the key reaction steps. We found that triplet excited state intramolecular proton transfer represents a major deactivation channel. Minor productive pathways involving the triplet anion and quinoid triplet enol intermediates have also been identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bokolombe Pitchou Ngoy
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
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45
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Klíčová Ĺ, Šebej P, Šolomek T, Hellrung B, Slavíček P, Klán P, Heger D, Wirz J. Adiabatic Triplet State Tautomerization of p-Hydroxyacetophenone in Aqueous Solution. J Phys Chem A 2012; 116:2935-44. [DOI: 10.1021/jp3011469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ĺubica Klíčová
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty
of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice
5/A8, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Peter Šebej
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty
of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice
5/A8, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds
in the Environment, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 3, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Šolomek
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty
of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice
5/A8, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds
in the Environment, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 3, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Institute of Chemical Technology, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Bruno Hellrung
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 80, CH-4056
Basel, Switzerland
| | - Petr Slavíček
- Institute of Chemical Technology, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Klán
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty
of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice
5/A8, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds
in the Environment, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 3, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Dominik Heger
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty
of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice
5/A8, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds
in the Environment, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 3, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jakob Wirz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 80, CH-4056
Basel, Switzerland
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46
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Maitrani C, Heyes DJ, Hay S, Arumugam S, Popik VV, Phillips RS. Preparation and photophysical properties of a caged kynurenine. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:2734-7. [PMID: 22444682 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.02.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2012] [Revised: 02/24/2012] [Accepted: 02/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
We have prepared l-kyurenine 4-hydroxyphenacyl ester, a caged derivative of L-kynurenine. N(α)-tBOC-L-tryptophan was reacted with 4-hydroxyphenacyl bromide in DMF with K(2)CO(3) as the base to give the N(α)-tBOC 4-hydroxyphenacyl ester. The ester was then treated with O(3) in MeOH at -20°C, followed by trifluoroacetic acid in CH(2)Cl(2), then aqueous HCl to obtain the caged kynurenine as the dihydrochloride salt. The caged kynurenine is stable as a dry solid in the dark at -78°C, but in aqueous solutions in phosphate buffer at pH 7-8 hydrolyzes rapidly (t(1/2) ∼5 min). Solutions in Tris at pH 7 are more stable (t(1/2) >30 min), and solutions in 1mM HCl are stable for several hours. As expected, the ester is cleaved in microseconds with laser pulses at 355 nm. The caged kynurenine may be useful for preparation of substrate complexes for crystallography or in biological studies on kynurenine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandan Maitrani
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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47
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Givens RS, Rubina M, Wirz J. Applications of p-hydroxyphenacyl (pHP) and coumarin-4-ylmethyl photoremovable protecting groups. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2012; 11:472-88. [PMID: 22344608 PMCID: PMC3422890 DOI: 10.1039/c2pp05399c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2011] [Accepted: 01/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Most applications of photoremovable protecting groups have used o-nitrobenzyl compounds and their (often commercially available) derivatives that, however, have several disadvantages. The focus of this review is on applications of the more recently developed title compounds, which are especially well suited for time-resolved biochemical and physiological investigations, because they release the caged substrates in high yield within a few nanoseconds or less. Together, these two chromophores cover the action spectrum for photorelease from >700 nm to 250 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard S. Givens
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Kansas, USA; Tel: +1 785 864 3846
| | - Marina Rubina
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Kansas, USA; Tel: +1 785 864 1574
| | - Jakob Wirz
- Department of Chemistry, Klingelbergstrasse 80, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland; Tel: +41 76 413 47 48
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48
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Wu T, Tang H, Bohne C, Branda NR. Reporting the Release of Caged Species by a Combination of Two Sequential Photoreactions, a Molecular Switch, and One Color of Light. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:2741-4. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201108336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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49
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Wu T, Tang H, Bohne C, Branda NR. Reporting the Release of Caged Species by a Combination of Two Sequential Photoreactions, a Molecular Switch, and One Color of Light. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201108336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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50
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Li MD, Yeung CS, Guan X, Ma J, Li W, Ma C, Phillips DL. Water- and Acid-Mediated Excited-State Intramolecular Proton Transfer and Decarboxylation Reactions of Ketoprofen in Water-Rich and Acidic Aqueous Solutions. Chemistry 2011; 17:10935-50. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201003297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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