1
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Uchacz T, Maroń AM, Szlachcic P, Danel A, Pokladko-Kowar M, Gondek E, Kolek P, Zapotoczny S, Stadnicka KM. Photoinduced charge transfer in push-pull pyrazoline-based chromophores - Relationship between molecular structure and photophysical, photovoltaic properties. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 296:122643. [PMID: 37001263 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.122643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The manuscript describes the effect of molecular structure on the photophysical and photovoltaic properties of the pyrazoline-based donor-branched-π-system-acceptor compounds decorated with two end groups: phenyl or thiophene. Although the absorption to the first singlet excited state is strongly allowed, the emission quantum yield is low in all studied solvents. This behaviour was explained by the existence of two non-radiative deactivation channels: the back electron transfer process, especially operated in polar solvents, and internal conversion realized as the rotation of flexible rotors (cyano, keto phenyl or thiophene). The feasibility of the photoinduced electron transfer process was corroborated by electrochemical, spectroelectrochemical measurements as well as DFT calculations. DFT calculations also support the existence of multiple conformations in the ground state, which differ from one another in terms of charge distribution and the values of ground state dipole moment. Finally, the mechanism of the singlet excited state deactivation of the studied compounds was determined by ultrafast pump-probe measurements. Our studies revealed that charge/electron transfer process may undergo over carbonyl bridge, included in branched π-system. Moreover, the thiophene decorated pyrazoline is characterized by a better photovoltaic power conversion efficiency, while the phenyl-ended pyrazoline can be applied as a viscosity sensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Uchacz
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Anna M Maroń
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Silesia, Szkolna 9, 40-006 Katowice, Poland
| | - Paweł Szlachcic
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Food Technology, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Balicka 122, 31-149 Kraków, Poland
| | - Andrzej Danel
- Faculty of Material Engineering and Physics, Cracow University of Technology, Podchorążych 1, 30-084 Kraków, Poland
| | - Monika Pokladko-Kowar
- Faculty of Material Engineering and Physics, Cracow University of Technology, Podchorążych 1, 30-084 Kraków, Poland
| | - Ewa Gondek
- Faculty of Material Engineering and Physics, Cracow University of Technology, Podchorążych 1, 30-084 Kraków, Poland
| | - Przemysław Kolek
- Institute of Physics, University of Rzeszów, 1 Pigonia Street, PL-35-310 Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Szczepan Zapotoczny
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Katarzyna M Stadnicka
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
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2
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New pyrazoline based fluorescent probes for selective detection of Al3+ ion in aqueous solution. Inorganica Chim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2021.120767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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3
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Synthesis of 1, 3, 5-trisubstituted-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazole catalyzed by vitamin B1 and its fluorescence properties. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-021-04655-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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4
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Barrett BJ, Jimenez D, Klausen RS, Bragg AE. Intramolecular Photoinduced Charge Transfer and Recombination Dynamics in Vinylarene Terminated Organosilanes. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:8460-8471. [PMID: 34296881 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c01297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We report on charge-transfer dynamics of newly designed acceptor-donor-acceptor organosilanes, with a specific focus on how donor-acceptor combination and local chemical environment can be used to control the lifetime for intramolecular charge-separation between silane electron donors and organic acceptors. In this work linear oligosilanes were capped with arene-vinyl end groups of variable electron-accepting strength: weak (diester vinyl), intermediate (ester,cyano vinyl), and strong (dicyanovinyl). Ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy was used to characterize their structure-dependent charge-transfer and recombination behaviors. All structures exhibit similar photoinduced ultrafast spectral dynamics that we ascribe to relaxation of the nascent charge-separated excited state followed by a return to the ground state via charge recombination. We find that relaxation of the nascent "hot" charge-separated excited state scales with the strength of dipole-dipole interactions between solvent molecules and the polar arene-vinyl acceptor. Furthermore, electron-accepting strength governs whether electronic coupling dictates charge recombination rate: weak acceptors produce charge-separated states that exhibit relatively large electronic coupling for back-electron transfer (approaching the adiabatic limit) that result in fast recombination, whereas the strong and moderate-strength acceptors support more stable charge-separated states with weaker coupling and longer lifetimes. We find that recombination rates increase substantially for structures with weak and moderate-strength acceptors in cyclohexane (i.e., negligible solvent reorganization energy), which we attribute to an increased electronic coupling in a nonpolar solvent environment where charge pairs are weakly screened. In contrast, for structures with strong electron acceptors, the very low reorganization energy of cyclohexane places back-electron transfer even further into the Marcus inverted regime, with a resultant increase in charge-separation lifetime. Together these results provide critical insights on how to tune photoinduced charge-transfer behavior in organic-inorganic hybrids that have potential material applications in molecular electronics and optoelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon J Barrett
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Daniel Jimenez
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Rebekka S Klausen
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Arthur E Bragg
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
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5
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Telegin FY, Marfin YS. New insights into quantifying the solvatochromism of BODIPY based fluorescent probes. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2021; 255:119683. [PMID: 33799189 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2021.119683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A simple semiempiric phenomenological approach is developed for quantifying the solvent effect on the absorption and emission properties of BODIPYs. It is based on a new rule describing the linear relationship between the difference (Stokes shift) and the sum (double Gibbs free energy of electron transfer) for absorption and emission wavenumbers derived from a combination of solvent functions of Liptay theory. This rule is correspondent to changes of dipole moments in the ground and excited states. High reliability and advantages of the developed approach in comparison with traditional methods of the analysis of the solvatochromism based on Dimroth-Reichard and Lippert-Mataga solvent scales are illustrated for selected BODIPYs exhibiting positive, negative, and near-zero solvatochromism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Y Telegin
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Ivanovo State University of Chemistry and Technology 7, Sheremetevsky Ave, Ivanovo 153000, Russia.
| | - Yuriy S Marfin
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Ivanovo State University of Chemistry and Technology 7, Sheremetevsky Ave, Ivanovo 153000, Russia
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6
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Gomes PMO, Ouro PMS, Silva AMS, Silva VLM. Styrylpyrazoles: Properties, Synthesis and Transformations. Molecules 2020; 25:E5886. [PMID: 33322752 PMCID: PMC7764498 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25245886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Revised: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The pyrazole nucleus and its reduced forms, pyrazolines and pyrazolidine, are privileged scaffolds in medicinal chemistry due to their remarkable biological activities. A huge number of pyrazole derivatives have been studied and reported over time. This review article gives an overview of pyrazole derivatives that contain a styryl (2-arylvinyl) group linked in different positions of the pyrazole backbone. Although there are studies on the synthesis of styrylpyrazoles dating back to the 1970s and even earlier, this type of compound has rarely been studied. This timely review intends to summarize the properties, biological activity, methods of synthesis and transformation of styrylpyrazoles; thus, highlighting the interest and huge potential for application of this kind of compound.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Artur M. S. Silva
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (P.M.O.G.); (P.M.S.O.)
| | - Vera L. M. Silva
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (P.M.O.G.); (P.M.S.O.)
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7
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Şenol AM, Bayrak Ç, Menzek A, Onganer Y, Yaka N. Synthesis and photophysical properties of new pyrazolines with triphenyl and ester derivatives. J Mol Struct 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2020.128213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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8
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Yu LB, Hao XL, Zhang C, He TF, Ren AM. The theory of cysteine two-photon fluorescence probes of coumarinocoumarin derivatives and kinetics of ICT and PET mechanisms of probe molecules. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2020.112525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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9
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Liu D, El-Zohry AM, Taddei M, Matt C, Bussotti L, Wang Z, Zhao J, Mohammed OF, Di Donato M, Weber S. Long-Lived Charge-Transfer State Induced by Spin-Orbit Charge Transfer Intersystem Crossing (SOCT-ISC) in a Compact Spiro Electron Donor/Acceptor Dyad. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:11591-11599. [PMID: 32270586 PMCID: PMC7496792 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202003560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
We prepared conceptually novel, fully rigid, spiro compact electron donor (Rhodamine B, lactam form, RB)/acceptor (naphthalimide; NI) orthogonal dyad to attain the long‐lived triplet charge‐transfer (3CT) state, based on the electron spin control using spin‐orbit charge transfer intersystem crossing (SOCT‐ISC). Transient absorption (TA) spectra indicate the first charge separation (CS) takes place within 2.5 ps, subsequent SOCT‐ISC takes 8 ns to produce the 3NI* state. Then the slow secondary CS (125 ns) gives the long‐lived 3CT state (0.94 μs in deaerated n‐hexane) with high energy level (ca. 2.12 eV). The cascade photophysical processes of the dyad upon photoexcitation are summarized as 1NI*→1CT→3NI*→3CT. With time‐resolved electron paramagnetic resonance (TREPR) spectra, an EEEAAA electron‐spin polarization pattern was observed for the naphthalimide‐localized triplet state. Our spiro compact dyad structure and the electron spin‐control approach is different to previous methods for which invoking transition‐metal coordination or chromophores with intrinsic ISC ability is mandatory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Ling Gong Road, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Ahmed M El-Zohry
- Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Maria Taddei
- LENS (European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy), via N. Carrara 1, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - Clemens Matt
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstrasse 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Laura Bussotti
- LENS (European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy), via N. Carrara 1, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - Zhijia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Ling Gong Road, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Jianzhang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Ling Gong Road, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Omar F Mohammed
- Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mariangela Di Donato
- LENS (European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy), via N. Carrara 1, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy.,ICCOM-CNR, via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - Stefan Weber
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstrasse 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
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10
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Liu D, El‐Zohry AM, Taddei M, Matt C, Bussotti L, Wang Z, Zhao J, Mohammed OF, Di Donato M, Weber S. Long‐Lived Charge‐Transfer State Induced by Spin‐Orbit Charge Transfer Intersystem Crossing (SOCT‐ISC) in a Compact Spiro Electron Donor/Acceptor Dyad. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202003560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dongyi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals School of Chemical Engineering Dalian University of Technology 2 Ling Gong Road Dalian 116024 China
| | - Ahmed M. El‐Zohry
- Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) Thuwal 23955-6900 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Maria Taddei
- LENS (European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy) via N. Carrara 1 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI) Italy
| | - Clemens Matt
- Institute of Physical Chemistry Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg Albertstrasse 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Laura Bussotti
- LENS (European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy) via N. Carrara 1 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI) Italy
| | - Zhijia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals School of Chemical Engineering Dalian University of Technology 2 Ling Gong Road Dalian 116024 China
| | - Jianzhang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals School of Chemical Engineering Dalian University of Technology 2 Ling Gong Road Dalian 116024 China
| | - Omar F. Mohammed
- Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) Thuwal 23955-6900 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mariangela Di Donato
- LENS (European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy) via N. Carrara 1 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI) Italy
- ICCOM-CNR via Madonna del Piano 10 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI) Italy
| | - Stefan Weber
- Institute of Physical Chemistry Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg Albertstrasse 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
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11
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Visible light mediated metal-free oxidative aromatization of 1,3,5-trisubstituted pyrazolines. Tetrahedron Lett 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2019.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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12
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Spectroscopic studies of aryl substituted 1-phenyl-2-pyrazolines: Steric and electronic substitution effects. J Mol Struct 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2018.07.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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13
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Jiang J, Alsam A, Wang S, Aly SM, Pan Z, Mohammed OF, Schanze KS. Effect of Conjugation Length on Photoinduced Charge Transfer in π-Conjugated Oligomer-Acceptor Dyads. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:4891-4901. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b03547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Junlin Jiang
- Department
of Chemistry and Center for Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
| | - Amani Alsam
- Solar
and Photovoltaics Engineering Research Center, Division of Physical
Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Shanshan Wang
- Department
of Chemistry and Center for Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
| | - Shawkat M. Aly
- Solar
and Photovoltaics Engineering Research Center, Division of Physical
Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Zhenxing Pan
- Department
of Chemistry and Center for Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
| | - Omar F. Mohammed
- Solar
and Photovoltaics Engineering Research Center, Division of Physical
Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Kirk S. Schanze
- Department
of Chemistry and Center for Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Way, San Antonio, Texas 78249, United States
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14
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Zhou T, Yang L, Liang L, Liu H, Zhu Y, Shui M, Yuan L, Xu F, Niu Y, Wang C, Xu P. Rational Design of a Near-Infrared Fluorescent Probe Based on a Pyridazinone Scaffold. European J Org Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201700355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tongliang Zhou
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Peking University Health Science Center; Beijing China
| | - Lingfei Yang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Peking University Health Science Center; Beijing China
| | - Lei Liang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Peking University Health Science Center; Beijing China
| | - Hui Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Peking University Health Science Center; Beijing China
| | - Yuanjun Zhu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Peking University; Beijing China
| | - Mengyang Shui
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Peking University; Beijing China
| | - Lan Yuan
- Medical and Healthy Analysis Center; Peking University; Beijing China
| | - Fengrong Xu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Peking University Health Science Center; Beijing China
| | - Yan Niu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Peking University Health Science Center; Beijing China
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Peking University Health Science Center; Beijing China
| | - Ping Xu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Peking University Health Science Center; Beijing China
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15
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Kundu P, Banerjee D, Maiti G, Chattopadhyay N. Dehydrogenation induced inhibition of intramolecular charge transfer in substituted pyrazoline analogues. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:11937-11946. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp01121k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Experimental and computational studies reveal that dehydrogenation of the pyrazoline ring modifies its ground and excited state photophysics radically by restricting the ICT process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pronab Kundu
- Department of Chemistry
- Jadavpur University
- Kolkata-700032
- India
| | | | - Gourhari Maiti
- Department of Chemistry
- Jadavpur University
- Kolkata-700032
- India
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16
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Varghese B, Al-Busafi SN, Suliman FO, Al-Kindy SMZ. Unveiling a versatile heterocycle: pyrazoline – a review. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra08939b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The design and synthesis of novel fluorescent heterocyclic dyes is a “hotspot” research area, due to their favourable photophysical and electronic properties, which could allow huge advances in the fields of physics, chemistry and biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beena Varghese
- Department of Chemistry
- College of Science
- Sultan Qaboos University
- Sultanate of Oman
| | - Saleh N. Al-Busafi
- Department of Chemistry
- College of Science
- Sultan Qaboos University
- Sultanate of Oman
| | | | - Salma M. Z. Al-Kindy
- Department of Chemistry
- College of Science
- Sultan Qaboos University
- Sultanate of Oman
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17
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Mahmood Z, Zhao J. Thiol-Activatable Triplet–Triplet Annihilation Upconversion with Maleimide-Perylene as the Caged Triplet Acceptor/Emitter. J Org Chem 2016; 81:587-94. [PMID: 26694534 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b02415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zafar Mahmood
- State Key
Laboratory of Fine
Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, E-208 West Campus, 2 Ling-Gong Road, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Jianzhang Zhao
- State Key
Laboratory of Fine
Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, E-208 West Campus, 2 Ling-Gong Road, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
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18
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Mahmood Z, Zhao J. The unquenched triplet excited state of the fluorescent OFF/ON Bodipy-derived molecular probe based on photo-induced electron transfer. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2016; 15:1358-1365. [DOI: 10.1039/c6pp00307a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Different from the singlet excited state (fluorescence), the triplet state of the probes is not quenched by photo-induced electron transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zafar Mahmood
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Dalian University of Technology
- Dalian 116024
- P. R. China
| | - Jianzhang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Dalian University of Technology
- Dalian 116024
- P. R. China
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19
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Zhou M, Hu J, Zheng M, Song Q, Li J, Zhang Y. Photo-click construction of a targetable and activatable two-photon probe imaging protease in apoptosis. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:2342-5. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc09973k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Targetable and activatable two-photon probes constructed using photo-click chemistry were conducted in mitochondria, lysosome and apoptosis imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science
- Institute of Chemistry & BioMedical Sciences
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing
| | - Jing Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science
- Institute of Chemistry & BioMedical Sciences
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing
| | - Mengmeng Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science
- Institute of Chemistry & BioMedical Sciences
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing
| | - Qinhua Song
- Department of Chemistry
- Joint Laboratory of Green Synthetic Chemistry
- University of Science and Technology of China
- Hefei 230026
- P. R. China
| | - Jinbo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science
- Institute of Chemistry & BioMedical Sciences
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing
| | - Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science
- Institute of Chemistry & BioMedical Sciences
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing
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20
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Morgan MT, McCallum A, Fahrni CJ. Rational Design of a Water-Soluble, Lipid-Compatible Fluorescent Probe for Cu(I) with Sub-Part-Per-Trillion Sensitivity. Chem Sci 2015; 7:1468-1473. [PMID: 28042469 PMCID: PMC5201193 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc03643g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Knowledge-driven optimization of the ligand and fluorophore architectures yielded an ultrasensitive Cu(i)-selective fluorescent probe featuring a 180-fold fluorescence contrast and 41% quantum yield.
Fluorescence probes represent an attractive solution for the detection of the biologically important Cu(i) cation; however, achieving a bright, high-contrast response has been a challenging goal. Concluding from previous studies on pyrazoline-based fluorescent Cu(i) probes, the maximum attainable fluorescence contrast and quantum yield were limited due to several non-radiative deactivation mechanisms, including ternary complex formation, excited state protonation, and colloidal aggregation in aqueous solution. Through knowledge-driven optimization of the ligand and fluorophore architectures, we overcame these limitations in the design of CTAP-3, a Cu(i)-selective fluorescent probe offering a 180-fold fluorescence enhancement, 41% quantum yield, and a limit of detection in the sub-part-per-trillion concentration range. In contrast to lipophilic Cu(i)-probes, CTAP-3 does not aggregate and interacts only weakly with lipid bilayers, thus maintaining a high contrast ratio even in the presence of liposomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Morgan
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0400, USA. ; Tel: +1 404 385-1164
| | - A McCallum
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0400, USA. ; Tel: +1 404 385-1164
| | - C J Fahrni
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0400, USA. ; Tel: +1 404 385-1164
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21
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Zhu Z, Li Y, Wei C, Wen X, Xi Z, Yi L. Multi-Fluorinated Azido Coumarins for Rapid and Selective Detection of Biological H2S in Living Cells. Chem Asian J 2015; 11:68-71. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201500940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhentao Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites; Beijing University of Chemical Technology (BUCT); 15 Beisanhuan East Road, Chaoyang District Beijing 100029 P. R. China
| | - Yanyan Li
- Department of Chemical Biology; State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry; National Engineering Research Center of Pesticide (Tianjin); Nankai University; Weijin Road 94 Tianjin 300071 P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin)
| | - Chao Wei
- Department of Chemical Biology; State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry; National Engineering Research Center of Pesticide (Tianjin); Nankai University; Weijin Road 94 Tianjin 300071 P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin)
| | - Xin Wen
- Department of Chemical Biology; State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry; National Engineering Research Center of Pesticide (Tianjin); Nankai University; Weijin Road 94 Tianjin 300071 P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin)
| | - Zhen Xi
- Department of Chemical Biology; State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry; National Engineering Research Center of Pesticide (Tianjin); Nankai University; Weijin Road 94 Tianjin 300071 P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin)
| | - Long Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites; Beijing University of Chemical Technology (BUCT); 15 Beisanhuan East Road, Chaoyang District Beijing 100029 P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin)
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22
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Zhou L, Zhang X, Lv Y, Yang C, Lu D, Wu Y, Chen Z, Liu Q, Tan W. Localizable and Photoactivatable Fluorophore for Spatiotemporal Two-Photon Bioimaging. Anal Chem 2015; 87:5626-31. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b00691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Liyi Zhou
- Molecular
Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Bio-Sensing
and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College
of Biology, and Collaborative Research Center of Molecular Engineering
for Theranostics, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Xiaobing Zhang
- Molecular
Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Bio-Sensing
and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College
of Biology, and Collaborative Research Center of Molecular Engineering
for Theranostics, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Yifan Lv
- Molecular
Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Bio-Sensing
and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College
of Biology, and Collaborative Research Center of Molecular Engineering
for Theranostics, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Chao Yang
- Molecular
Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Bio-Sensing
and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College
of Biology, and Collaborative Research Center of Molecular Engineering
for Theranostics, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Danqing Lu
- Molecular
Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Bio-Sensing
and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College
of Biology, and Collaborative Research Center of Molecular Engineering
for Theranostics, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Yuan Wu
- Molecular
Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Bio-Sensing
and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College
of Biology, and Collaborative Research Center of Molecular Engineering
for Theranostics, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
- Department
of Chemistry, Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, Center
for Research at Bio/Nano Interface, Shands Cancer Center, University
of Florida Genetics Institute and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
| | - Zhuo Chen
- Molecular
Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Bio-Sensing
and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College
of Biology, and Collaborative Research Center of Molecular Engineering
for Theranostics, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Qiaoling Liu
- Molecular
Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Bio-Sensing
and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College
of Biology, and Collaborative Research Center of Molecular Engineering
for Theranostics, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Weihong Tan
- Molecular
Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Bio-Sensing
and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College
of Biology, and Collaborative Research Center of Molecular Engineering
for Theranostics, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
- Department
of Chemistry, Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, Center
for Research at Bio/Nano Interface, Shands Cancer Center, University
of Florida Genetics Institute and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
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23
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Synthesis of two nickel (II) complexes bearing pyrrolide-imine ligand and their catalytic effects on thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate. J Mol Struct 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2014.12.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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24
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Zammit R, Pappova M, Zammit E, Gabarretta J, Magri DC. 1,3,5-Triarylpyrazolines — pH-driven off-on-off molecular logic devices based on a “receptor1-fluorophore-spacer-receptor2” format with internal charge transfer (ICT) and photoinduced electron transfer (PET) mechanisms. CAN J CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2014-0266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The excited state photophysical properties of the 1,3,5-triarylpyrazolines 1–4 were studied in methanol and 1:1 (v/v) methanol–water, as well as 1:4 (v/v) methanol–water and water by fluorescence spectroscopy. The molecules 2–4 incorporate a “receptor1-fluorophore-spacer-receptor2” format while 1 is a reference compound based on a “fluorophore-receptor1” design. The molecular probes operate according to photoinduced electron transfer (PET) and internal charge transfer (ICT) processes. At basic and neutral pHs, 2–4 are essentially nonfluorescent due to PET from the electron-donating dimethylamino moiety appended on the 5-phenyl ring to the excited state of the 1,3,5-triarylpyrazoline fluorophore. At proton concentrations of 10−3 mol/L, the dimethylamino unit is protonated resulting in a strong blue fluorescence about 460 nm with significant quantum yields up to 0.54. At acid concentrations above 10−2 mol/L, fluorescence quenching is observed by an ICT mechanism due to protonation of the pyrazoline chromophore. Symmetrical off-on-off fluorescence–pH profiles are observed, spanning six log units with a narrow on window within three pH units. Hence, 2–4 are novel examples of ternary photonic pH sensing molecular devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramon Zammit
- Department of Chemistry, University of Malta, Msida, MSD 2080, Malta
| | - Maria Pappova
- Department of Chemistry, University of Malta, Msida, MSD 2080, Malta
| | - Esther Zammit
- Department of Chemistry, University of Malta, Msida, MSD 2080, Malta
| | - John Gabarretta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Malta, Msida, MSD 2080, Malta
| | - David C. Magri
- Department of Chemistry, University of Malta, Msida, MSD 2080, Malta
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25
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Gu PY, Zhang YH, Chen DY, Lu CJ, Zhou F, Xu QF, Lu JM. Tuning the fluorescence of aggregates for end-functionalized polymers through varying polymer chains with different polarities. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra14314k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Two pyrazoline initiators and their four end-functionalized polymers have been prepared and their tunable emission behaviors have been investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Yang Gu
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology
- Soochow University
- Suzhou 215123
| | - You-Hao Zhang
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology
- Soochow University
- Suzhou 215123
| | - Dong-Yun Chen
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology
- Soochow University
- Suzhou 215123
| | - Cai-Jian Lu
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology
- Soochow University
- Suzhou 215123
| | - Feng Zhou
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology
- Soochow University
- Suzhou 215123
| | - Qing-Feng Xu
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology
- Soochow University
- Suzhou 215123
| | - Jian-Mei Lu
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology
- Soochow University
- Suzhou 215123
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26
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Hettie KS, Glass TE. Coumarin-3-aldehyde as a scaffold for the design of tunable PET-modulated fluorescent sensors for neurotransmitters. Chemistry 2014; 20:17488-99. [PMID: 25346467 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201403128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Revised: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
NeuroSensor 521 (NS521) is a fluorescent sensor for primary-amine neurotransmitters based on a platform that consists of an aryl moiety appended to position C4 of the coumarin-3-aldehyde scaffold. We demonstrate that sensors based on this platform behave as a directly linked donor-acceptor system that operates through an intramolecular acceptor-excited photoinduced electron transfer (a-PET) mechanism. To evaluate the PET process, a series of benzene- and thiophene-substituted derivatives were prepared and the photophysical properties, binding affinities, and fluorescence responses toward glutamate, norepinephrine, and dopamine were determined. The calculated energy of the highest occupied molecular orbital (EHOMO ) of the pendant aryl substituents, along with oxidation and reduction potential values derived from the calculated molecular orbital energy values of the platform components, allowed for calculation of the fluorescence properties of the benzene sensor series. Interestingly, the thiophene derivatives did not fit the typical PET model, highlighting the limitations of the method. A new sensor, NeuroSensor 539, displayed enhanced photophysical properties aptly suited for biological imaging. NeuroSensor 539 was validated by selectively labeling and imaging norepinephrine in secretory vesicles of live chromaffin cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth S Hettie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211 (USA)
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27
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Zhang X, Kang J, Niu P, Wu J, Yu W, Chang J. I2-mediated oxidative C-N bond formation for metal-free one-pot synthesis of di-, tri-, and tetrasubstituted pyrazoles from α,β-unsaturated aldehydes/ketones and hydrazines. J Org Chem 2014; 79:10170-8. [PMID: 25279429 DOI: 10.1021/jo501844x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
An I2-mediated metal-free oxidative C-N bond formation methodology has been established for the regioselective pyrazole synthesis. This practical and eco-friendly one-pot protocol requires no isolation of the less stable intermediates hydrazones and provides a facile access to a variety of di-, tri-, and tetrasubstituted (aryl, alkyl, and/or vinyl) pyrazoles from readily available α,β-unsaturated aldehydes/ketones and hydrazine salts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinting Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450001, China
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28
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Morgan MT, Sumalekshmy S, Sarwar M, Beck H, Crooke S, Fahrni CJ. Probing ternary complex equilibria of crown ether ligands by time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy. J Phys Chem B 2014; 118:14196-202. [PMID: 25313708 PMCID: PMC4266341 DOI: 10.1021/jp5077406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Ternary complex formation with solvent
molecules and other adventitious
ligands may compromise the performance of metal-ion-selective fluorescent
probes. As Ca(II) can accommodate more than 6 donors in the first
coordination sphere, commonly used crown ether ligands are prone to
ternary complex formation with this cation. The steric strain imposed
by auxiliary ligands, however, may result in an ensemble of rapidly
equilibrating coordination species with varying degrees of interaction
between the cation and the specific donor atoms mediating the fluorescence
response, thus diminishing the change in fluorescence properties upon
Ca(II) binding. To explore the influence of ligand architecture on
these equilibria, we tethered two structurally distinct aza-15-crown-5
ligands to pyrazoline fluorophores as reporters. Due to ultrafast
photoinduced electron-transfer (PET) quenching of the fluorophore
by the ligand moiety, the fluorescence decay profile directly reflects
the species composition in the ground state. By adjusting the PET
driving force through electronic tuning of the pyrazoline fluorophores,
we were able to differentiate between species with only subtle variations
in PET donor abilities. Concluding from a global analysis of the corresponding
fluorescence decay profiles, the coordination species composition
was indeed strongly dependent on the ligand architecture. Altogether,
the combination of time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy with selective
tuning of the PET driving force represents an effective analytical
tool to study dynamic coordination equilibria and thus to optimize
ligand architectures for the design of high-contrast cation-responsive
fluorescence switches.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Thomas Morgan
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology , 901 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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29
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Cui X, Zhao J, Zhou Y, Ma J, Zhao Y. Reversible Photoswitching of Triplet–Triplet Annihilation Upconversion Using Dithienylethene Photochromic Switches. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:9256-9. [PMID: 24936705 DOI: 10.1021/ja504211y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoneng Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Fine
Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, E-208 West Campus, 2 Ling-Gong Road, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Jianzhang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine
Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, E-208 West Campus, 2 Ling-Gong Road, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Yuhan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Fine
Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, E-208 West Campus, 2 Ling-Gong Road, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Jie Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Fine
Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, E-208 West Campus, 2 Ling-Gong Road, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Yilong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine
Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, E-208 West Campus, 2 Ling-Gong Road, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
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Marenich AV, Ho J, Coote ML, Cramer CJ, Truhlar DG. Computational electrochemistry: prediction of liquid-phase reduction potentials. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:15068-106. [PMID: 24958074 DOI: 10.1039/c4cp01572j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 314] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This article reviews recent developments and applications in the area of computational electrochemistry. Our focus is on predicting the reduction potentials of electron transfer and other electrochemical reactions and half-reactions in both aqueous and nonaqueous solutions. Topics covered include various computational protocols that combine quantum mechanical electronic structure methods (such as density functional theory) with implicit-solvent models, explicit-solvent protocols that employ Monte Carlo or molecular dynamics simulations (for example, Car-Parrinello molecular dynamics using the grand canonical ensemble formalism), and the Marcus theory of electronic charge transfer. We also review computational approaches based on empirical relationships between molecular and electronic structure and electron transfer reactivity. The scope of the implicit-solvent protocols is emphasized, and the present status of the theory and future directions are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandr V Marenich
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center, and Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street S.E., Minneapolis, MN 55455-0431, USA.
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31
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Ferrocene-based sulfonyl dihydropyrazole derivatives: Synthesis, structure, electrochemistry and effect on thermal decomposition of NH4ClO4. J Mol Struct 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2014.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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32
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Gu PY, Zhang YH, Liu GY, Ge JF, Xu QF, Zhang Q, Lu JM. A New V-Shaped Organic Fluorescent Compound Integrated with Crystallization-Induced Emission Enhancement and IntramolecularCharge Transfer. Chem Asian J 2013; 8:2161-6. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201300331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Revised: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Fahrni CJ. Synthetic fluorescent probes for monovalent copper. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2013; 17:656-62. [PMID: 23769869 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2013.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Revised: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescent probes are powerful and cost-effective tools for the detection of metal ions in biological systems. Compared to non-redox-active metal ions, the design of fluorescent probes for biological copper is challenging. Within the reducing cellular environment, copper is predominantly present in its monovalent oxidation state; therefore, the design of fluorescent probes for biological copper must take into account the rich redox and coordination chemistry of Cu(I). Recent progress in understanding the underlying solution chemistry and photophysical pathways led to the development of new probes that offer high fluorescence contrast and excellent selectivity towards monovalent copper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph J Fahrni
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, GA 30332-0400, USA.
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34
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Morgan MT, Bagchi P, Fahrni CJ. High-contrast fluorescence sensing of aqueous Cu(I) with triarylpyrazoline probes: dissecting the roles of ligand donor strength and excited state proton transfer. Dalton Trans 2013; 42:3240-8. [PMID: 23169532 PMCID: PMC3755598 DOI: 10.1039/c2dt31985c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Cu(I)-responsive fluorescent probes based on a photoinduced electron transfer (PET) mechanism generally show incomplete fluorescence recovery relative to the intrinsic quantum yield of the fluorescence reporter. Previous studies on probes with an N-aryl thiazacrown Cu(I)-receptor revealed that the recovery is compromised by incomplete Cu(I)-N coordination and resultant ternary complex formation with solvent molecules. Building upon a strategy that successfully increased the fluorescence contrast and quantum yield of Cu(I) probes in methanol, we integrated the arylamine PET donor into the backbone of a hydrophilic thiazacrown ligand with a sulfonated triarylpyrazoline as a water-soluble fluorescence reporter. This approach was not only expected to disfavor ternary complex formation in aqueous solution but also to maximize PET switching through a synergistic Cu(I)-induced conformational change. The resulting water-soluble probe 1 gave a strong 57-fold fluorescence enhancement upon saturation with Cu(I) with high selectivity over other cations, including Cu(II), Hg(II), and Cd(II); however, the recovery quantum yield did not improve over probes with the original N-aryl thiazacrown design. Concluding from detailed photophysical data, including responses to acidification, solvent isotope effects, quantum yields, and time-resolved fluorescence decay profiles, the fluorescence contrast of 1 is compromised by inadequate coordination of Cu(I) to the weakly basic arylamine nitrogen of the PET donor and by fluorescence quenching via two distinct excited state proton transfer pathways operating under neutral and acidic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Thomas Morgan
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, GA 30332-0400, U.S.A
| | - Pritha Bagchi
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, GA 30332-0400, U.S.A
| | - Christoph J. Fahrni
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, GA 30332-0400, U.S.A
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35
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Easwaramoorthi S, Umamahesh B, Cheranmadevi P, Rathore RS, Iyer Sathiyanarayanan K. Synthesis of green light emitting fused pyrazolinopiperidines - photophysical and electrochemical studies. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ra22259k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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36
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Lu B, Zhang J, Wang M, Zhou Y, Chen X. Synthesis and Fluorescent Property of Pyrazoline Derivatives. CHINESE J CHEM 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.201100642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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37
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Ciupa A, Mahon MF, De Bank PA, Caggiano L. Simple pyrazoline and pyrazole “turn on” fluorescent sensors selective for Cd2+ and Zn2+ in MeCN. Org Biomol Chem 2012; 10:8753-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ob26608c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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38
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Gu PY, Lu CJ, Ye FL, Ge JF, Xu QF, Hu ZJ, Li NJ, Lu JM. Initiator-lightened polymers: preparation of end-functionalized polymers by ATRP and their intramolecular charge transfer and aggregation-induced emission. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:10234-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cc35266d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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39
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Gu PY, Lu CJ, Xu QF, Ye GJ, Chen WQ, Duan XM, Wang LH, Lu JM. Star-shaped polymer PFStODO by atom transfer radical polymerization: Its synthesis, characterization, and fluorescence property. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.25055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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40
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Raker J, Wang Y, Pechulis AD, Haber JC, Lynch MA, Spring SL. Synthesis of novel benzo[b]pyrazolo[1,5]diazepines. J Heterocycl Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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41
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Selective fluorescent probes for live-cell monitoring of sulphide. Nat Commun 2011; 2:495. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms1506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 441] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2011] [Accepted: 09/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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42
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Morgan MT, Bagchi P, Fahrni CJ. Designed to dissolve: suppression of colloidal aggregation of Cu(I)-selective fluorescent probes in aqueous buffer and in-gel detection of a metallochaperone. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:15906-9. [PMID: 21916472 DOI: 10.1021/ja207004v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Due to the lipophilicity of the metal-ion receptor, previously reported Cu(I)-selective fluorescent probes form colloidal aggregates, as revealed by dynamic light scattering. To address this problem, we have developed a hydrophilic triarylpyrazoline-based fluorescent probe, CTAP-2, that dissolves directly in water and shows a rapid, reversible, and highly selective 65-fold fluorescence turn-on response to Cu(I) in aqueous solution. CTAP-2 proved to be sufficiently sensitive for direct in-gel detection of Cu(I) bound to the metallochaperone Atox1, demonstrating the potential for cation-selective fluorescent probes to serve as tools in metalloproteomics for identifying proteins with readily accessible metal-binding sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Thomas Morgan
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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43
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Shao J, Ji S, Li X, Zhao J, Zhou F, Guo H. Thiophene-Inserted Aryl-Dicyanovinyl Compounds: The Second Generation of Fluorescent Molecular Rotors with Significantly Redshifted Emission and Large Stokes Shift. European J Org Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201100891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Enantioselective Recognition of Tartaric Acids with Ethynylated Carbazole-Based Chiral Bisboronic Acid Chemosensors with Improved Response at Acidic pH. J Fluoresc 2011; 21:1979-86. [DOI: 10.1007/s10895-011-0898-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2011] [Accepted: 05/09/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Wu Y, Guo H, Shao J, Zhang X, Ji S, Zhao J. Synthesis of Ethynylated Phenothiazine Based Fluorescent Boronic Acid Probes. J Fluoresc 2011; 21:1143-54. [DOI: 10.1007/s10895-010-0791-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2010] [Accepted: 12/09/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Guo H, Jing Y, Yuan X, Ji S, Zhao J, Li X, Kan Y. Highly selective fluorescent OFF–ON thiol probes based on dyads of BODIPY and potent intramolecular electron sink 2,4-dinitrobenzenesulfonyl subunits. Org Biomol Chem 2011; 9:3844-53. [DOI: 10.1039/c0ob00910e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Chaudhry AF, Mandal S, Hardcastle KI, Fahrni CJ. High-contrast Cu(I)-selective fluorescent probes based on synergistic electronic and conformational switching. Chem Sci 2011; 2:1016-1024. [PMID: 21949587 DOI: 10.1039/c1sc00024a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The design of fluorescent probes for the detection of redox-active transition metals such as Cu(I/II) is challenging due to potentially interfering metal-induced non-radiative deactivation pathways. By using a ligand architecture with a built-in conformational switch that maximizes the change in donor potential upon metal binding and an electronically decoupled tunable pyrazoline fluorophore as acceptor, we systematically optimized the photoinduced electron transfer (PET) switching behavior of a series of Cu(I)-selective probes and achieved an excellent fluorescence enhancement of greater than 200-fold. Crystal structure analysis combined with NMR solution studies revealed significant conformational changes of the ligand framework upon Cu(I) coordination. The photophysical data are consistent with a kinetically controlled PET reaction involving only the ligand moiety, despite the fact that Cu(I)-mediated reductive quenching would be thermodynamically preferred. The study demonstrates that high-contrast ratios can be achieved even for redox-active metal cations, providing that the metal-initiated quenching pathways are kinetically unfavorable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneese F Chaudhry
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, GA 30332-0400, U.S.A
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Ji S, Guo H, Yuan X, Li X, Ding H, Gao P, Zhao C, Wu W, Wu W, Zhao J. A highly selective OFF-ON red-emitting phosphorescent thiol probe with large stokes shift and long luminescent lifetime. Org Lett 2010; 12:2876-9. [PMID: 20499862 DOI: 10.1021/ol100999j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
An OFF-ON red-emitting phosphorescent thiol probe is designed by using the (3)MLCT photophysics of Ru(II) complexes, i.e., with Ru(II) as the electron donor. The probe is non-luminescent because the MLCT is corrupted by electron transfer from Ru(II) to an intramolecular electron sink (2,4-dinitrobenzenesulfonyl). Thiols cleave the electron sink, and the MLCT is re-established. Phosphorescence at 598 nm was enhanced by 90-fold, with a 143 nm (5256 cm(-1)) Stokes shift and a 1.1 mus luminescent lifetime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaomin Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, 158 Zhongshan Road, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116012, PR China
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Powe AM, Das S, Lowry M, El-Zahab B, Fakayode SO, Geng ML, Baker GA, Wang L, McCarroll ME, Patonay G, Li M, Aljarrah M, Neal S, Warner IM. Molecular Fluorescence, Phosphorescence, and Chemiluminescence Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2010; 82:4865-94. [DOI: 10.1021/ac101131p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Aleeta M. Powe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40208, Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, Department of Chemistry, Winston-Salem State University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27110, Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Institute and the Optical Science and Technology Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, Department
| | - Susmita Das
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40208, Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, Department of Chemistry, Winston-Salem State University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27110, Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Institute and the Optical Science and Technology Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, Department
| | - Mark Lowry
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40208, Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, Department of Chemistry, Winston-Salem State University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27110, Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Institute and the Optical Science and Technology Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, Department
| | - Bilal El-Zahab
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40208, Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, Department of Chemistry, Winston-Salem State University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27110, Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Institute and the Optical Science and Technology Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, Department
| | - Sayo O. Fakayode
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40208, Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, Department of Chemistry, Winston-Salem State University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27110, Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Institute and the Optical Science and Technology Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, Department
| | - Maxwell L. Geng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40208, Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, Department of Chemistry, Winston-Salem State University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27110, Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Institute and the Optical Science and Technology Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, Department
| | - Gary A. Baker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40208, Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, Department of Chemistry, Winston-Salem State University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27110, Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Institute and the Optical Science and Technology Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, Department
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40208, Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, Department of Chemistry, Winston-Salem State University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27110, Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Institute and the Optical Science and Technology Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, Department
| | - Matthew E. McCarroll
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40208, Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, Department of Chemistry, Winston-Salem State University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27110, Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Institute and the Optical Science and Technology Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, Department
| | - Gabor Patonay
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40208, Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, Department of Chemistry, Winston-Salem State University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27110, Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Institute and the Optical Science and Technology Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, Department
| | - Min Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40208, Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, Department of Chemistry, Winston-Salem State University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27110, Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Institute and the Optical Science and Technology Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, Department
| | - Mohannad Aljarrah
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40208, Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, Department of Chemistry, Winston-Salem State University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27110, Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Institute and the Optical Science and Technology Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, Department
| | - Sharon Neal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40208, Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, Department of Chemistry, Winston-Salem State University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27110, Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Institute and the Optical Science and Technology Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, Department
| | - Isiah M. Warner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40208, Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, Department of Chemistry, Winston-Salem State University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27110, Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Institute and the Optical Science and Technology Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, Department
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Chaudhry AF, Verma M, Morgan MT, Henary MM, Siegel N, Hales JM, Perry JW, Fahrni CJ. Kinetically controlled photoinduced electron transfer switching in Cu(I)-responsive fluorescent probes. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:737-47. [PMID: 20020716 DOI: 10.1021/ja908326z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Copper(I)-responsive fluorescent probes based on photoinduced electron transfer (PET) switching consistently display incomplete recovery of emission upon Cu(I) binding compared to the corresponding isolated fluorophores, raising the question of whether Cu(I) might engage in adverse quenching pathways. To address this question, we performed detailed photophysical studies on a series of Cu(I)-responsive fluorescent probes that are based on a 16-membered thiazacrown receptor ([16]aneNS(3)) tethered to 1,3,5-triarylpyrazoline-fluorophores. The fluorescence enhancement upon Cu(I) binding, which is mainly governed by changes in the photoinduced electron transfer (PET) driving force between the ligand and fluorophore, was systematically optimized by increasing the electron withdrawing character of the 1-aryl-ring, yielding a maximum 29-fold fluorescence enhancement upon saturation with Cu(I) in methanol and a greater than 500-fold enhancement upon protonation with trifluoroacetic acid. Time-resolved fluorescence decay data for the Cu(I)-saturated probe indicated the presence of three distinct emissive species in methanol. Contrary to the notion that Cu(I) might engage in reductive electron transfer quenching, femtosecond time-resolved pump-probe experiments provided no evidence for formation of a transient Cu(II) species upon photoexcitation. Variable temperature (1)H NMR experiments revealed a dynamic equilibrium between the tetradentate NS(3)-coordinated Cu(I) complex and a ternary complex involving coordination of a solvent molecule, an observation that was further supported by quantum chemical calculations. The combined photophysical, electrochemical, and solution chemistry experiments demonstrate that electron transfer from Cu(I) does not compete with radiative deactivation of the excited fluorophore, and, hence, that the Cu(I)-induced fluorescence switching is kinetically controlled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneese F Chaudhry
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
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