1
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Yang F, Armentrout PB. Periodic trends in the hydration energies and critical sizes of alkaline earth and transition metal dication water complexes. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2023:e21830. [PMID: 36644985 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
This review encompasses guided ion beam tandem mass spectrometry studies of hydrated metal dication complexes. Metals include the Group 2 alkaline earths (Mg, Ca, Sr, and Ba), late first-row transition metals (Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, and Zn), along with Cd. In all cases, threshold collision-induced dissociation experiments are used to quantitatively determine the sequential hydration energies for M2+ (H2 O)x complexes ranging in size from one to 11 water molecules. Periodic trends in these bond dissociation energies are examined and discussed. Values are compared to other experimental results when available. In addition to dissociation by simple water ligand loss, complexes at a select size (which differs from metal to metal) are also observed to undergo charge separation to yield a hydrated metal hydroxide cation and a hydrated proton. This leads to the concept of a critical size, xcrit , and the periodic trends in this value are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - P B Armentrout
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
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2
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Carnegie PD, Marks JH, Brathwaite AD, Ward TB, Duncan MA. Microsolvation in V +(H 2O) n Clusters Studied with Selected-Ion Infrared Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:1093-1103. [PMID: 31961153 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b11275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Gas-phase ion-molecule clusters of the form V+(H2O)n (n = 1-30) are produced by laser vaporization in a supersonic expansion. These ions are analyzed and mass-selected with a time-of-flight mass spectrometer and investigated with infrared laser photodissociation spectroscopy. The small clusters (n ≤ 7) are studied with argon tagging, while the larger clusters are studied via the elimination of water molecules. The vibrational spectra for the small clusters include only free O-H stretching vibrations, while larger clusters exhibit redshifted hydrogen bonding vibrations. The spectral patterns reveal that the coordination around V+ ions is completed with four water molecules. A symmetric square-planar structure forms for the n = 4 ion, and this becomes the core ion in larger structures. Clusters up to n = 8 have mostly two-dimensional structures, but hydrogen bonding networks evolve to three-dimensional structures in larger clusters. The free O-H vibration of acceptor-acceptor-donor (AAD)-coordinated surface molecules converges to a frequency near that of bulk water by the cluster size of n = 30. However, the splitting of this vibration for AAD- versus AD-coordinated molecules is still different compared to other singly charged or doubly charged cation-water clusters. This indicates that cation identity and charge-site location in the cluster can produce discernable spectral differences for clusters in this size range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prosser D Carnegie
- Department of Chemistry , University of Georgia , Athens , Georgia 30602 , United States
| | - Joshua H Marks
- Department of Chemistry , University of Georgia , Athens , Georgia 30602 , United States
| | - Antonio D Brathwaite
- Department of Chemistry , Emory University , Atlanta , Georgia 30322 , United States
| | - Timothy B Ward
- Department of Chemistry , University of Georgia , Athens , Georgia 30602 , United States
| | - Michael A Duncan
- Department of Chemistry , University of Georgia , Athens , Georgia 30602 , United States
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3
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Dang LL, Gao X, Lin YJ, Jin GX. s-Block metal ions induce structural transformations between figure-eight and double trefoil knots. Chem Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9sc05796j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence or absence of s-block metal ions induces reversible structural transformation of molecular knots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Long Dang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers
- Department of Chemistry
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200438
| | - Xiang Gao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers
- Department of Chemistry
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200438
| | - Yue-Jian Lin
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers
- Department of Chemistry
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200438
| | - Guo-Xin Jin
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers
- Department of Chemistry
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200438
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4
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Hattab A, Dhaouadi Z, Malloum A, Fifen JJ, Lahmar S, Russo N, Sicilia E. Structures, binding energies, temperature effects, infrared spectroscopy of [
Mg
(
NH
3
)
n
= 1−10
]
+
clusters from DFT and MP2 investigations. J Comput Chem 2019; 40:1707-1717. [DOI: 10.1002/jcc.25825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Awatef Hattab
- Laboratoire de Spectroscopie Atomique Moléculaire et Applications, Faculté des Sciences de TunisUniversité de Tunis El Manar, Campus Universitaire 1060, Tunis Tunisie
- Faculté des Sciences de BizerteUniversité de Carthage 7023, Zarzouna Bizerte Tunisie
| | - Zoubeida Dhaouadi
- Laboratoire de Spectroscopie Atomique Moléculaire et Applications, Faculté des Sciences de TunisUniversité de Tunis El Manar, Campus Universitaire 1060, Tunis Tunisie
- Faculté des Sciences de BizerteUniversité de Carthage 7023, Zarzouna Bizerte Tunisie
| | - Alhadji Malloum
- Department of Physics, Faculty of ScienceThe University of Ngaoundere, 454, Ngaoundere Cameroon
| | - Jean Jules Fifen
- Department of Physics, Faculty of ScienceThe University of Ngaoundere, 454, Ngaoundere Cameroon
| | - Souad Lahmar
- Laboratoire de Spectroscopie Atomique Moléculaire et Applications, Faculté des Sciences de TunisUniversité de Tunis El Manar, Campus Universitaire 1060, Tunis Tunisie
| | - Nino Russo
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie ChimicheUniversitá della Calabria, Vi P. Bucci 87036 Rende (CS) Italia
| | - Emilia Sicilia
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie ChimicheUniversitá della Calabria, Vi P. Bucci 87036 Rende (CS) Italia
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5
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León-Pimentel CI, Amaro-Estrada JI, Hernández-Cobos J, Saint-Martin H, Ramírez-Solís A. Aqueous solvation of Mg(ii) and Ca(ii): A Born-Oppenheimer molecular dynamics study of microhydrated gas phase clusters. J Chem Phys 2018; 148:144307. [PMID: 29655339 DOI: 10.1063/1.5021348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The hydration features of [Mg(H2O)n]2+ and [Ca(H2O)n]2+ clusters with n = 3-6, 8, 18, and 27 were studied by means of Born-Oppenheimer molecular dynamics simulations at the B3LYP/6-31+G** level of theory. For both ions, it is energetically more favorable to have all water molecules in the first hydration shell when n ≤ 6, but stable lower coordination average structures with one water molecule not directly interacting with the ion were found for Mg2+ at room temperature, showing signatures of proton transfer events for the smaller cation but not for the larger one. A more rigid octahedral-type structure for Mg2+ than for Ca2+ was observed in all simulations, with no exchange of water molecules to the second hydration shell. Significant thermal effects on the average structure of clusters were found: while static optimizations lead to compact, spherically symmetric hydration geometries, the effects introduced by finite-temperature dynamics yield more prolate configurations. The calculated vibrational spectra are in agreement with infrared spectroscopy results. Previous studies proposed an increase in the coordination number (CN) from six to eight water molecules for [Ca(H2O)n]2+ clusters when n ≥ 12; however, in agreement with recent measurements of binding energies, no transition to a larger CN was found when n > 8. Moreover, the excellent agreement found between the calculated extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy spectra for the larger cluster and the experimental data of the aqueous solution supports a CN of six for Ca2+.
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Affiliation(s)
- C I León-Pimentel
- Instituto de Ciencias Físicas, Universidad Autónoma de México, Apdo. Postal 48-3, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62251, Mexico
| | - J I Amaro-Estrada
- Instituto de Ciencias Físicas, Universidad Autónoma de México, Apdo. Postal 48-3, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62251, Mexico
| | - J Hernández-Cobos
- Instituto de Ciencias Físicas, Universidad Autónoma de México, Apdo. Postal 48-3, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62251, Mexico
| | - H Saint-Martin
- Instituto de Ciencias Físicas, Universidad Autónoma de México, Apdo. Postal 48-3, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62251, Mexico
| | - A Ramírez-Solís
- Departamento de Física, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias, IICBA, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62209, Mexico
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6
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Commodore JJ, Jing X, Cassady CJ. Optimization of electrospray ionization conditions to enhance formation of doubly protonated peptide ions with and without addition of chromium(III). RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2017; 31:1129-1136. [PMID: 28455886 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Production of multiply protonated ions by electrospray ionization (ESI) is important to the analysis of peptides by mass spectrometry. For small neutral and acidic peptides, addition of chromium(III) greatly increases the intensity of doubly protonated ions. The current study examines instrumental and solution parameters that maximize peptide ion charge by ESI. METHODS The neutral and basic heptapeptides AAAAAAA (A7) and AAAKAAA (A3KA3) were used as test compounds and electrosprayed from a solution containing chromium(III) nitrate at a peptide to metal molar ratio of 1:10. Positive ion mode experiments were performed on a Bruker HCTultra PTM Discovery System quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer. Source voltages and drying/nebulizer gases were systematically altered. The effects of rinsing, brand, and color of plastic microcentrifuge tubes (vials) employed were also investigated. RESULTS Nebulizer gas pressure and drying gas flow rate are crucial parameters for production of [M + 2H]2+ , while drying gas temperature alone has minimal effect. Optimization of the capillary exit and skimmer voltages are important both to maximize [M + 2H]2+ and reduce unwanted ion dissociation. Protonation is enhanced and fewer impurity peaks are observed when solutions are prepared in colorless plastic vials that have been rinsed briefly with propan-2-ol (isopropanol). CONCLUSIONS Optimization of instrument and sample preparation factors for enhanced protonation with and without Cr(III) is necessary to allow maximum formation of [M + 2H]2+ . Proteomics researchers should find these procedures to be of use for increasing multiply protonated signal intensity even in the absence of Cr(III). Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xinyao Jing
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487, USA
| | - Carolyn J Cassady
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487, USA
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7
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Karthik S, Thirugnanasambandam A, Mandal PK, Gautham N. Comparison of X-ray crystal structures of a tetradecamer sequence d(CCCGGGTACCCGGG) 2 at 1.7 Å resolution. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2017; 36:343-354. [PMID: 28387634 DOI: 10.1080/15257770.2017.1287378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
We present here a comparison of three different X-ray crystal structures of DNA tetradecamer sequence d(CCCGGGTACCCGGG)2 all at about 1.7 Å resolution. The sequence was designed as an attempt to form a DNA four-way junction with A-type helical arms. However, in the presence of zinc, magnesium, and in the absence of any metal ion, it does not take up the junction structure, but forms an A-type double helix. This allowed us to study possible conformational changes in the double helix due to the presence of metal ions. Upon addition of the zinc ion, there is a change in the space group from P41212 to P41. The overall conformation of the duplex remains the same. There are small changes in the interaction of the metal ions with the DNA. In the zinc-bound structure, there are two zinc ions that show direct interaction with the N7 atoms of terminal G13 bases at either end of the molecule. There are small changes in the interhelical contacts. The consequence of these differences is to break some of the symmetry and change the space group.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Karthik
- a CAS in Crystallography and Biophysics , University of Madras , Guindy Campus, Chennai , Tamil Nadu , India
| | - A Thirugnanasambandam
- a CAS in Crystallography and Biophysics , University of Madras , Guindy Campus, Chennai , Tamil Nadu , India
| | - P K Mandal
- a CAS in Crystallography and Biophysics , University of Madras , Guindy Campus, Chennai , Tamil Nadu , India
| | - N Gautham
- a CAS in Crystallography and Biophysics , University of Madras , Guindy Campus, Chennai , Tamil Nadu , India
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8
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Sharma B, Neela YI, Narahari Sastry G. Structures and energetics of complexation of metal ions with ammonia, water, and benzene: A computational study. J Comput Chem 2016; 37:992-1004. [PMID: 26833683 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.24288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bhaskar Sharma
- Center for Molecular Modelling; CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology; Tarnaka, Hyderabad Telangana 500 607 India
| | - Y. Indra Neela
- Center for Molecular Modelling; CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology; Tarnaka, Hyderabad Telangana 500 607 India
| | - G. Narahari Sastry
- Center for Molecular Modelling; CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology; Tarnaka, Hyderabad Telangana 500 607 India
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9
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10
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Lam TW, Zhang H, Siu CK. Reductions of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and acetonitrile by the magnesium(II)/magnesium(I) couple in aqueous media: theoretical insights from a nano-sized water droplet. J Phys Chem A 2015; 119:2780-92. [PMID: 25738586 DOI: 10.1021/jp511490n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Reductions of O2, CO2, and CH3CN by the half-reaction of the Mg(II)/Mg(I) couple (Mg(2+) + e(-) → Mg(+•)) confined in a nanosized water droplet ([Mg(H2O)16](•+)) have been examined theoretically by means of density functional theory based molecular dynamics methods. The present works have revealed many intriguing aspects of the reaction dynamics of the water clusters within several picoseconds or even in subpicoseconds. The reduction of O2 requires an overall doublet spin state of the system. The reductions of CO2 and CH3CN are facilitated by their bending vibrations and the electron-transfer processes complete within 0.5 ps. For all reactions studied, the radical anions, i.e., O2(•-), CO2(•-), and CH3CN(•-), are initially formed on the cluster surface. O2(•-) and CO2(•-) can integrate into the clusters due to their high hydrophilicity. They are either solvated in the second solvation shell of Mg(2+) as a solvent-separated ion pair (ssip) or directly coordinated to Mg(2+) as a contact-ion pair (cip) having the (1)η-[MgO2](•+) and (1)η-[MgOCO](•+) coordination modes. The (1)η-[MgO2](•+) core is more crowded than the (1)η-[MgOCO](•+) core. The reaction enthalpies of the formation of ssip and cip of [Mg(CO2)(H2O)16](•+) are -36 ± 4 kJ mol(-1) and -30 ± 9 kJ mol(-1), respectively, which were estimated based on the average temperature changes during the ion-molecule reaction between CO2 and [Mg(H2O)16](•+). The values for the formation of ssip and cip of [Mg(O2)(H2O)16](•+) are estimated to be -112 ± 18 kJ mol(-1) and -128 ± 28 kJ mol(-1), respectively. CH3CN(•-) undergoes protonation spontaneously to form the hydrophobic [CH3CN, H](•). Both CH3CN and [CH3CN, H](•) cannot efficiently penetrate into the clusters with activation barriers of 22 kJ mol(-1) and ∼40 kJ mol(-1), respectively. These results provide fundamental insights into the solvation dynamics of the Mg(2+)/Mg(•+) couple on the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim-Wai Lam
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
| | - Han Zhang
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
| | - Chi-Kit Siu
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
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11
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Zhang X, Yang J, Lu M, Gong X. Structure, stability and intramolecular interaction of M(N5)2(M = Mg, Ca, Sr and Ba) : a theoretical study. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra00818b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The potential energetic materials, alkaline earth metal complexes of the pentazole anion (M(N5)2, M = Mg2+, Ca2+, Sr2+and Ba2+), were studied using the density functional theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueli Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing 210094
- China
| | - Junqing Yang
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing 210094
- China
| | - Ming Lu
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing 210094
- China
| | - Xuedong Gong
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing 210094
- China
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12
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Hendon CH, Colonna-Dashwood L, Colonna-Dashwood M. The role of dissolved cations in coffee extraction. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:4947-4950. [PMID: 24802110 DOI: 10.1021/jf501687c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The flavorsome compounds in coffee beans exist in the form of aprotic charge neutral species, as well as a collection of acids and conjugate salts. The dissolution and extraction of these organic molecules is a process dependent on the dissolved mineral content of the water. It is known that different rates and compositions of coffee extraction are achieved through the control of the water "impurities", Na(+), Mg(2+), and Ca(2+), which coordinate to nucleophilic motifs in coffee. Using density functional theory, we quantify the thermodynamic binding energies of five familiar coffee-contained acids, caffeine, and a representative flavor component, eugenol. From this, we provide insight into the mechanism and ideal mineral composition of water for extraction of flavorsome compounds in coffee.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher H Hendon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath , Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, U.K
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13
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Bandyopadhyay B, Reishus KN, Duncan MA. Infrared spectroscopy of solvation in small Zn+ (H2O)n complexes. J Phys Chem A 2013; 117:7794-803. [PMID: 23875934 DOI: 10.1021/jp4046676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Singly charged zinc-water cations are produced in a pulsed supersonic expansion source using laser vaporization. Zn(+)(H2O)n (n = 1-4) complexes are mass selected and studied with infrared laser photodissociation spectroscopy, employing the method of argon tagging. Density functional theory (DFT) computations are used to obtain the structures and vibrational frequencies of these complexes and their isomers. Spectra in the O-H stretching region show sharp bands corresponding to the symmetric and asymmetric stretches, whose frequencies are lower than those in the isolated water molecule. Zn(+)(H2O)nAr complexes with n = 1-3 have O-H stretches only in the higher frequency region, indicating direct coordination to the metal. The Zn(+)(H2O)2-4Ar complexes have multiple bands here, indicating the presence of multiple low energy isomers differing in the attachment position of argon. The Zn(+)(H2O)4Ar cluster uniquely exhibits a broad band in the hydrogen bonded stretch region, indicating the presence of a second sphere water molecule. The coordination of the Zn(+)(H2O)n complexes is therefore completed with three water molecules.
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14
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Carl DR, Armentrout PB. Threshold Collision‐Induced Dissociation of Hydrated Magnesium: Experimental and Theoretical Investigation of the Binding Energies for Mg
2+
(H
2
O)
x
Complexes (
x
=2–10). Chemphyschem 2012; 14:681-97. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201200860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Damon R. Carl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S. 1400 E. Room 2020, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 (USA)
- Current address: Heritage Research Group, 7901 W. Morris St., Indianapolis, IN 46231 (USA)
| | - Peter B. Armentrout
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S. 1400 E. Room 2020, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 (USA)
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15
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Li Y, Wang G, Wang C, Zhou M. Coordination and Solvation of the Au+ Cation: Infrared Photodissociation Spectroscopy of Mass-Selected Au(H2O)n+ (n = 1–8) Complexes. J Phys Chem A 2012; 116:10793-801. [DOI: 10.1021/jp3094963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhen Li
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai
Key Laboratory of
Molecular Catalysts and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Guanjun Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai
Key Laboratory of
Molecular Catalysts and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Caixia Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai
Key Laboratory of
Molecular Catalysts and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Mingfei Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai
Key Laboratory of
Molecular Catalysts and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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16
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Bai G, Yi HB, Li HJ, Xu JJ. Hydration characteristics of Ca2+and Mg2+: a density functional theory, polarized continuum model and molecular dynamics investigation. Mol Phys 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2012.737035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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17
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Analyzing coordination preferences of Mg2+ complexes: insights from computational and database study. Struct Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-012-0113-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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18
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Hofstetter TE, Armentrout PB. Threshold Collision-Induced Dissociation and Theoretical Studies of Hydrated Fe(II): Binding Energies and Coulombic Barrier Heights. J Phys Chem A 2012; 117:1110-23. [DOI: 10.1021/jp3044829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Theresa E. Hofstetter
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S. 1400 E. Rm 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112,
United States
| | - P. B. Armentrout
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S. 1400 E. Rm 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112,
United States
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19
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First principles study and database analyses of structural preferences for sodium ion (Na+) solvation and coordination. Struct Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-012-0032-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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20
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Schlosser G, Vékey K. Stability of hydrated Ca(2+) clusters studied by energy and pressure resolved collision-induced decomposition. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2012; 47:476-479. [PMID: 22689623 DOI: 10.1002/jms.2981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
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21
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22
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O'Brien JT, Williams ER. Coordination numbers of hydrated divalent transition metal ions investigated with IRPD spectroscopy. J Phys Chem A 2011; 115:14612-9. [PMID: 22098330 DOI: 10.1021/jp210878s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Hydration of the divalent transition metal ions, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, and Zn, with 5-8 water molecules attached was investigated using infrared photodissociation spectroscopy and photodissociation kinetics. At 215 K, spectral intensities in both the bonded-OH and free-OH stretch regions indicate that the average coordination number (CN) of Mn(2+), Fe(2+), Co(2+), and Ni(2+) is ~6, and these CN values are greater than those of Cu(2+) and Zn(2+). Ni has the highest CN, with no evidence for any population of structures with a water molecule in a second solvation shell for the hexa-hydrate at temperatures up to 331 K. Mn(2+), Fe(2+), and Co(2+) have similar CN at low temperature, but spectra of Mn(2+)(H(2)O)(6) indicate a second population of structures with a water molecule in a second solvent shell, i.e., a CN < 6, that increases in abundance at higher temperature (305 K). The propensity for these ions to undergo charge separation reactions at small cluster size roughly correlates with the ordering of the hydrolysis constants of these ions in aqueous solution and is consistent with the ordering of average CN values established from the infrared spectra of these ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy T O'Brien
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460, USA
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Carnegie PD, Bandyopadhyay B, Duncan MA. Infrared spectroscopy of Mn+ (H2O) and Mn2+ (H2O) via argon complex predissociation. J Phys Chem A 2011; 115:7602-9. [PMID: 21619058 DOI: 10.1021/jp203501n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Singly and doubly charged manganese-water cations, and their mixed complexes with attached argon atoms, are produced by laser vaporization in a pulsed nozzle source. Complexes of the form Mn(+)(H(2)O)Ar(n) (n = 1-4) and Mn(2+)(H(2)O)Ar(4) are studied via mass-selected infrared photodissociation spectroscopy, detected in the mass channels corresponding to the elimination of argon. Sharp resonances are detected for all complexes in the region of the symmetric and asymmetric stretch vibrations of water. With the guidance of density functional theory computations, specific vibrational band resonances are assigned to complexes having different argon attachment configurations. In the small singly charged complexes, argon adds first to the metal ion site and later in larger clusters to the hydrogens of water. The doubly charged complex has argon only on the metal ion. Vibrations in all of these complexes are shifted to lower frequencies than those of the free water molecule. These shifts are greater when argon is attached to hydrogen and also greater for the dication compared to the singly charged species. Cation binding also causes the IR intensities for water vibrations to be much greater than those of the free water molecule, and the relative intensities are greater for the symmetric stretch than the asymmetric stretch. This latter effect is also enhanced for the dication complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- P D Carnegie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-2556, United States
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24
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Carnegie PD, Bandyopadhyay B, Duncan MA. Infrared spectroscopy of Sc+(H2O) and Sc2+(H2O) via argon complex predissociation: The charge dependence of cation hydration. J Chem Phys 2011; 134:014302. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3515425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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25
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Corral I, Yáñez M. [MLn]2+ doubly charged systems: modeling, bonding, life times and unimolecular reactivity. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:14848-64. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cp20622b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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26
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Duncan MA. Infrared spectroscopy to probe structure and dynamics in metal ion-molecule complexes. INT REV PHYS CHEM 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/0144235031000095201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 280] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael A. Duncan
- a Department of Chemistry , University of Georgia , Athens , GA , 30602-2556 , USA
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Cooper TE, O'Brien JT, Williams ER, Armentrout PB. Zn2+ has a primary hydration sphere of five: IR action spectroscopy and theoretical studies of hydrated Zn2+ complexes in the gas phase. J Phys Chem A 2010; 114:12646-55. [PMID: 21077603 DOI: 10.1021/jp1078345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Complexes of Zn(2+)(H(2)O)(n), where n = 6-12, are examined using infrared photodissociation (IRPD) spectroscopy, blackbody infrared radiative dissociation (BIRD), and theory. Geometry optimizations and frequency calculations are performed at the B3LYP/6-311+G(d,p) level along with single point energy calculations for relative energetics at the B3LYP, B3P86, and MP2(full) levels with a 6-311+G(2d,2p) basis set. The IRPD spectrum of Zn(2+)(H(2)O)(8) is most consistent with the calculated spectrum of the five-coordinate MP2(full) ground-state (GS) species. Results from larger complexes also point toward a coordination number of five, although contributions from six-coordinate species cannot be ruled out. For n = 6 and 7, comparisons of the individual IRPD spectra with calculated spectra are less conclusive. However, in combination with the BIRD and laser photodissociation kinetics as well as a comparison to hydrated Cu(2+) and Ca(2+), the presence of five-coordinate species with some contribution from six-coordinate species seems likely. Additionally, the BIRD rate constants show that Zn(2+)(H(2)O)(6) and Zn(2+)(H(2)O)(7) complexes are less stable than Zn(2+)(H(2)O)(8). This trend is consistent with previous work that demonstrates the enthalpic favorability of the charge separation process forming singly charged hydrated metal hydroxide and protonated water complexes versus loss of a water molecule for complexes of n ≤ 7. Overall, these results are most consistent with the lowest-energy structures calculated at the MP2(full) level of theory and disagree with those calculated at B3LYP and B3P86 levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa E Cooper
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 Sourth 1400 East, Rm 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
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Sinha RK, Nicol E, Steinmetz V, Maître P. Gas phase structure of micro-hydrated [Mn(ClO4)]+ and [Mn2(ClO4)3]+ ions probed by infrared spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2010; 21:758-772. [PMID: 20299239 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasms.2010.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2010] [Revised: 02/08/2010] [Accepted: 02/08/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Gas-phase infrared photodissociation spectroscopy is reported for the microsolvated [Mn(ClO(4))(H(2)O)(n)](+) and [Mn(2)(ClO(4))(3)(H(2)O)(n)](+) complexes from n = 2 to 5. Electrosprayed ions are isolated in an ion-trap where they are photodissociated. The 2600-3800 cm(-1) spectral region associated with the OH stretching mode is scanned with a relatively low-power infrared table-top laser, which is used in combination with a CO(2) laser to enhance the photofragmentation yield of these strongly bound ions. Hydrogen bonding is evidenced by a relatively broad band red-shifted from the free OH region. Band assignment based on quantum chemical calculations suggest that there is formation of water-perchlorate hydrogen bond within the first coordination shell of high-spin Mn(II). Although the observed spectral features are also compatible with the formation of structures with double-acceptor water in the second shell, these structures are found relatively high in energy compared with structures with all water directly bound to manganese. Using the highly intense IR beam of the free electron laser CLIO in the 800-1700 cm(-1), we were also able to characterize the coordination mode (eta(2)) of perchlorate for two clusters. The comparison of experimental and calculated spectra suggests that the perchlorate Cl-O stretches are unexpectedly underestimated at the B3LYP level, while they are correctly described at the MP2 level allowing for spectral assignment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeev K Sinha
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique, UMR8000 CNRS, Université Paris Sud 11, Orsay, France
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30
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Bush MF, O’Brien JT, Prell JS, Wu CC, Saykally RJ, Williams ER. Hydration of Alkaline Earth Metal Dications: Effects of Metal Ion Size Determined Using Infrared Action Spectroscopy. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:13270-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ja901011x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew F. Bush
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460
| | - Jeremy T. O’Brien
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460
| | - James S. Prell
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460
| | - Chih-Che Wu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460
| | - Richard J. Saykally
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460
| | - Evan R. Williams
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460
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Jakubowska A. Water Molecule Coupling to MeCl + and MeClO 4
+ Ions Studied by the Electrospray Ionisation Mass Spectrometry. Z PHYS CHEM 2009. [DOI: 10.1524/zpch.2009.5291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The binding stability of water molecules with MeCl+ and MeClO4
+ ions has been studied by the electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). The Me ions studied were the typical transition metals (Me = Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, or Cd) and the typical alkaline-earth metals (Me = Mg, Ca, Sr, or Ba). The increasing voltage between the skimmer cones (referred to as the cone voltage) induced the abstraction of water molecules from MeCl+ and MeClO4
+ ions. The binding stability of water molecules with MeCl+ and MeClO4
+ ions has been correlated with the Me cation mass and with the heat capacity of hydration of Me cations. Moreover, the physicochemical properties of the ions studied have been compared by the cluster analysis and the principal component analysis of the experimental curves obtained for the [MeCl-H2O]+ and [MeClO4-nH2O]+ ions, where n is 1 or 2. Our results can be useful in examination of the ion dehydration process.
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Rao JS, Dinadayalane TC, Leszczynski J, Sastry GN. Comprehensive Study on the Solvation of Mono- and Divalent Metal Cations: Li+, Na+, K+, Be2+, Mg2+ and Ca2+. J Phys Chem A 2008; 112:12944-53. [PMID: 18834092 DOI: 10.1021/jp8032325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Srinivasa Rao
- Molecular Modeling Group, Organic Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500 007, Andhra Pradesh, India, and Computational Center for Molecular Structure and Interactions, Department of Chemistry, Jackson State University, 1400 J.R. Lynch Street, P.O. Box 17910, Jackson, Mississippi 39217, USA
| | - T. C. Dinadayalane
- Molecular Modeling Group, Organic Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500 007, Andhra Pradesh, India, and Computational Center for Molecular Structure and Interactions, Department of Chemistry, Jackson State University, 1400 J.R. Lynch Street, P.O. Box 17910, Jackson, Mississippi 39217, USA
| | - Jerzy Leszczynski
- Molecular Modeling Group, Organic Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500 007, Andhra Pradesh, India, and Computational Center for Molecular Structure and Interactions, Department of Chemistry, Jackson State University, 1400 J.R. Lynch Street, P.O. Box 17910, Jackson, Mississippi 39217, USA
| | - G. Narahari Sastry
- Molecular Modeling Group, Organic Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500 007, Andhra Pradesh, India, and Computational Center for Molecular Structure and Interactions, Department of Chemistry, Jackson State University, 1400 J.R. Lynch Street, P.O. Box 17910, Jackson, Mississippi 39217, USA
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33
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Carnegie PD, Bandyopadhyay B, Duncan MA. Infrared spectroscopy of Cr+(H2O) and Cr2+(H2O): the role of charge in cation hydration. J Phys Chem A 2008; 112:6237-43. [PMID: 18563888 DOI: 10.1021/jp803086v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Singly and doubly charged chromium-water ion-molecule complexes are produced by laser vaporization in a pulsed-nozzle cluster source. These species are detected and mass-selected in a specially designed time-of-flight mass spectrometer. Vibrational spectroscopy is measured for these complexes in the O-H stretching region using infrared photodissociation spectroscopy and the method of rare gas atom predissociation. Infrared excitation is not able to break the ion-water bonds in these systems, but it leads to elimination of argon, providing an efficient mechanism for detecting the spectrum. The O-H stretches for both singly and doubly charged complexes are shifted to frequencies lower than those for the free water molecule, and the intensity of the symmetric stretch band is strongly enhanced relative to the asymmetric stretch. Partially resolved rotational structure for both complexes shows that the H-O-H bond angle is greater than it is in the free water molecule. These polarization-induced effects are enhanced in the doubly charged ion relative to its singly charged analog.
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Affiliation(s)
- P D Carnegie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-2556, USA
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34
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O’Brien JT, Williams ER. Hydration of Gaseous Copper Dications Probed by IR Action Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem A 2008; 112:5893-901. [DOI: 10.1021/jp7115643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy T. O’Brien
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460
| | - Evan R. Williams
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460
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35
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Wu B, Duncombe BJ, Stace AJ. The Solvation of Mg2+ with Gas-Phase Clusters Composed of Alcohol Molecules. J Phys Chem A 2008; 112:2182-91. [DOI: 10.1021/jp710369x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bohan Wu
- Department of Physical Chemistry, School of Chemistry, The University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Bridgette J. Duncombe
- Department of Physical Chemistry, School of Chemistry, The University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony J. Stace
- Department of Physical Chemistry, School of Chemistry, The University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
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36
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Bush MF, Saykally RJ, Williams ER. Hydration of the Calcium Dication: Direct Evidence for Second Shell Formation from Infrared Spectroscopy. Chemphyschem 2007; 8:2245-53. [PMID: 17876863 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.200700404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Infrared laser action spectroscopy in a Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer is used in conjunction with ab initio calculations to investigate doubly charged, hydrated clusters of calcium formed by electrospray ionization. Six water molecules coordinate directly to the calcium dication, whereas the seventh water molecule is incorporated into a second solvation shell. Spectral features indicate the presence of multiple structures of Ca(H2O)(7)2+ in which outer-shell water molecules accept either one (single acceptor) or two (double acceptor) hydrogen bonds from inner-shell water molecules. Double-acceptor water molecules are predominantly observed in the second solvent shells of clusters containing eight or nine water molecules. Increased hydration results in spectroscopic signatures consistent with additional second-shell water molecules, particularly the appearance of inner-shell water molecules that donate two hydrogen bonds (double donor) to the second solvent shell. This is the first reported use of infrared spectroscopy to investigate shell structure of a hydrated multiply charged cation in the gas phase and illustrates the effectiveness of this method to probe the structures of hydrated ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew F Bush
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460, USA
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37
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Xiang F, Cukier RI, Bu Y. Ca2+ selectivity of the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase at the enzyme-water interface and in the Ca2+ entrance channel. J Phys Chem B 2007; 111:12282-93. [PMID: 17914795 DOI: 10.1021/jp073883q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca(2+)-ATPase, a P-type transmembrane protein, can transport Ca(2+) from the cytoplasmic to the luminal side over other cations specifically. The proposed Ca(2+) entrance channel, composed of the main-chain carbonyl oxygen and side-chain carboxyl oxygen atoms of the amino acids, opens on the enzyme surface, just above the biphospholipid layer membrane-water interface, where Trp residues are frequently found. In this work, the physicochemical nature of Ca(2+) selectivity over Mg(2+) on the surface of the SR Ca(2+)-ATPase has been investigated using the density functional theory (DFT) method. The selection process can be regarded as the first step of the specificity of the enzyme to transport Ca(2+). Subsequently, the specificity of the entrance channel to conduct Ca(2+) over other cations has also been explored. As revealed by thermodynamic analyses, either the aromatic or the aliphatic amino acid residues distributed on the surface of Ca(2+)-ATPase have a bigger affinity to Mg(2+) than to Ca(2+), resulting in a concentration decrease of free Mg(2+) in the local region. Thus, Ca(2+) can transport into the Ca(2+)-entrance channel more easily. Whereafter, for a small quantity of Mg(2+) entering this channel accompanying the Ca(2+) current, the strong electrostatic interactions between Mg(2+) and the ligands will limit the activity of this metal ion, which facilitates the weakly bonded Ca(2+) passing through the channel at a relatively high rate, as suggested by the "sticky-pore" hypothesis. Furthermore, the corresponding theoretical investigations have demonstrated that the increase of the ligand electronegativity can enhance their discrimination between these two cations effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Xiang
- Key Laboratory for Colloid and Interface Chemistry of Ministry of Education, The Modeling & Simulation Chemistry Division, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, P. R. China
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38
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Jagoda-Cwiklik B, Jungwirth P, Rulísek L, Milko P, Roithová J, Lemaire J, Maitre P, Ortega JM, Schröder D. Micro-Hydration of the MgNO3+ Cation in the Gas Phase. Chemphyschem 2007; 8:1629-39. [PMID: 17600797 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.200700196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Coordination complexes of the magnesium nitrate cation with water [MgNO(3)(H(2)O)(n)](+) up to n=7 are investigated by experiment and theory. The fragmentation patterns of [MgNO(3)(H(2)O)(n)](+) clusters generated via electrospray ionization indicate a considerable change in stability between n=3 and 4. Further, ion-molecule reactions of mass-selected [MgNO(3)(H(2)O)(n)](+) cations with D(2)O reveal the occurrence of consecutive replacement of water ligands by heavy water, and in this respect the complexes with n=4 and 5 are somewhat more reactive than their smaller homologs with n=1-3 as well as the larger clusters with n=6 and 7. For the latter two ions, the theory suggests the existence of isomers, such as complexes with monodentate nitrato ligands as well as solvent-separated ion pairs with a common solvation shell. The reactions observed and the ion thermochemistry are discussed in the context of ab initio calculations, which also reveal the structures of the various hydrated cation complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Jagoda-Cwiklik
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Biomolecules and Complex Molecular Systems, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo nám. 2, 16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
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Abstract
Studying metal ion solvation, especially hydration, in the gas phase has developed into a field that is dominated by a tight interaction between experiment and theory. Since the studied species carry charge, mass spectrometry is an indispensable tool in all experiments. Whereas gas-phase coordination chemistry and reactions of bare metal ions are reasonably well understood, systems containing a larger number of solvent molecules are still difficult to understand. This review focuses on the rich chemistry of hydrated metal ions in the gas phase, covering coordination chemistry, charge separation in multiply charged systems, as well as intracluster and ion-molecule reactions. Key ideas of metal ion solvation in the gas phase are illustrated with rare-gas solvated metal ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin K Beyer
- Institut für Chemie, Sekr. C4, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany.
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40
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Walker NR, Walters RS, Tsai MK, Jordan KD, Duncan MA. Infrared photodissociation spectroscopy of Mg(+)(H2O)Ar(n) complexes: isomers in progressive microsolvation. J Phys Chem A 2007; 109:7057-67. [PMID: 16834068 DOI: 10.1021/jp051877t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Ion-molecule complexes of the form Mg(H2O)Ar(n)+ (n = 1-8) are produced by laser vaporization in a pulsed-nozzle cluster source. These complexes are mass-selected and studied with infrared photodissociation spectroscopy in the O-H stretch region. The spectra are interpreted with the aid of ab initio calculations on the n = 1-5 complexes, including examination of various isomeric structures. The combined spectroscopic and theoretical studies reveal the presence of multiple isomeric structures at each cluster size, as the argon atoms assemble around the Mg(+)(H2O) unit. Distinct infrared resonances are measured for argon-on-metal, argon-on-OH and argon-on-two-OH isomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- N R Walker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-2556, USA
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Wu J, Liu D, Zhou JG, Hagelberg F, Park SS, Shvartsburg AA. Chemistry in Acetone Complexes of Metal Dications: A Remarkable Ethylene Production Pathway. J Phys Chem A 2007; 111:4748-58. [PMID: 17503788 DOI: 10.1021/jp068574z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Electrospray ionization can generate microsolvated multiply charged metal ions for various metals and ligands, allowing exploration of chemistry within such clusters. The finite size of these systems permits comparing experimental results with accurate calculations, creating a natural laboratory to research ion solvation. Mass spectrometry has provided much insight into the stability and dissociation of ligated metal cations. While solvated singly charged ions tend to shrink by ligand evaporation, solvated polycations below a certain size exhibit charge reduction and/or ligand fragmentation due to organometallic reactions. Here we investigate the acetone complexes of representative divalent metals (Ca, Mn, Co, Ni, and Cu), comparing the results of collision-induced dissociation with the predictions of density functional theory. As for other solvated dications, channels involving proton or electron transfer compete with ligand loss and become dominant for smaller complexes. The heterolytic C-C bond cleavage is common, like in DMSO and acetonitrile complexes. Of primary interest is the unanticipated neutral ethylene loss, found for all metals studied except Cu and particularly intense for Ca and Mn. We focus on understanding that process in the context of competing dissociation pathways, as a function of metal identity and number of ligands. According to first-principles modeling, ethylene elimination proceeds along a complex path involving two intermediates. These results suggest that chemistry in microsolvated multiply charged ions may still hold major surprises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Wu
- Computational Center for Molecular Structure and Interactions, Department of Physics, Atmospheric Sciences, and Geoscience, Jackson State University, Jackson, Mississippi 39217, USA
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Shi T, Hopkinson AC, Siu KWM. Coordination of triply charged lanthanum in the gas phase: theory and experiment. Chemistry 2007; 13:1142-51. [PMID: 17099917 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200601074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Ion-molecule reactions between complexes [La(CH3CN)n]3+ (n=6-9) or [La(NC(CH2)4CN)n]3+ (n=3-4) and water were studied at low collision energies in the second quadrupole of a tandem mass spectrometer. The products [La(CH3CN)p(H2O)8-p]3+ (p=6-8) and [La(NC(CH2)4CN)q(H2O)8-2q]3+ (q=3-4) had the highest relative abundances. This strongly suggests that the preferred coordination number of La3+ is eight. Similarly, the coordination number of Ca2+ was re-examined both experimentally and theoretically, and was found to be six, in good agreement with previous observations. Density functional calculations provide strong evidence that the primary solvation shell of [La(L)n]3+ consists of eight ligands; additional ligands reside in a second solvation shell and are hydrogen bonded to one or two water molecules in the first shell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tujin Shi
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Research in Mass Spectrometry, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario, M3J 1P3, Canada
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Bush MF, Saykally RJ, Williams ER. Formation of hydrated triply charged metal ions from aqueous solutions using nanodrop mass spectrometry. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY 2006; 253:256-262. [PMID: 19081753 PMCID: PMC2600557 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijms.2006.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Forming hydrated clusters containing triply charged metal ions is challenging due to the competing process of dissociation by forming the metal hydroxide with one less net charge and a protonated water molecule. It is demonstrated for the first time that it is possible to form such clusters using a method we call "nanodrop mass spectrometry". Clusters of the form [M(H(2)O)(n)](3+), where M = Ce, Eu, and La, are generated using electrospray ionization and are mass analyzed in a Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer with an ion cell cooled to -140 °C. Clusters containing trivalent La with n ranging from 16 to over 160 can be readily produced. These clusters are stable at this temperature for many seconds, enabling all standard methods to probe structure and reactivity of these unusual species. Photodissociation experiments on extensively hydrated clusters of trivalent lanthanum using resonant infrared radiation indicate that a minimum of 17 water molecules is necessary to stabilize these trivalent clusters under the low-energy ion excitation conditions and long time frame of these experiments. These results indicate that a minimum droplet size of approximately a nanometer is necessary for these trivalent species to survive intact. This suggests that elemental speciation of trivalent metal ions from aqueous solutions should be possible using nanodrop mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Evan R. Williams
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +1 510 643 7161; fax: +1 510 642 7714. E-mail address: (E.R. Williams)
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Gourlaouen C, Gérard H, Parisel O. Exploring the Hydration of Pb2+: Ab Initio Studies and First-Principles Molecular Dynamics. Chemistry 2006; 12:5024-32. [PMID: 16642524 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200600045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Even though lead is a well-known toxicant widely scattered throughout the world since antiquity, its chemistry is poorly documented at the molecular level. Here we investigate the hydration of the Pb(2+) ion by means of first-principles molecular dynamics (Car-Parrinello molecular dynamics, CPMD). We found that the hydrated cation is heptacoordinated in a dynamically holodirected arrangement roughly corresponding to a fluxional distorted pentagonal bipyramid. The time-averaged Pb-O bond length is especially large and amounts to 2.70 A with an associated root-mean-square deviation of 0.26 A. This results from a dynamic exchange between short (<2.6 A), intermediate (2.6-3.0 A) and long (>3.0 A) Pb-O bonds. The latter very long Pb-O distance implies that the determination of the coordination number n(c) from experimental work may not necessarily yield values directly comparable to the theoretical value of n(c)=7, since not all experimental techniques would recognize such a long distance as a bond to the metal cation. Pronounced disorders are evidenced in the second shell, characteristic of a chaotropic cation, and exchanges between the first and second shells cannot be excluded on a timescale of a few tens of picoseconds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Gourlaouen
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6, Laboratoire de Chimie Théorique, UMR 7616, CC 137, 4 place Jussieu, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France
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Walters RS, Pillai ED, Duncan MA. Solvation dynamics in Ni+ (H2O)n clusters probed with infrared spectroscopy. J Am Chem Soc 2006; 127:16599-610. [PMID: 16305249 DOI: 10.1021/ja0542587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Infrared photodissociation spectroscopy is reported for mass-selected Ni+ (H2O)n complexes in the O-H stretching region up to cluster sizes of n = 25. These clusters fragment by the loss of one or more intact water molecules, and their excitation spectra show distinct bands in the region of the symmetric and asymmetric stretches of water. The first evidence for hydrogen bonding, indicated by a broad band strongly red-shifted from the free OH region, appears at the cluster size of n = 4. At larger cluster sizes, additional red-shifted structure evolves over a broader wavelength range in the hydrogen-bonding region. In the free OH region, the symmetric stretch gradually diminishes in intensity, while the asymmetric stretch develops into a closely spaced doublet near 3700 cm(-1). The data indicate that essentially all of the water molecules are in a hydrogen-bonded network by the size of n = 10. However, there is no evidence for the formation of clathrate structures seen recently via IR spectroscopy of protonated water clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard S Walters
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-2556, USA
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Zhao LJ, Zhang YH, Wei ZF, Cheng H, Li XH. Magnesium Sulfate Aerosols Studied by FTIR Spectroscopy: Hygroscopic Properties, Supersaturated Structures, and Implications for Seawater Aerosols. J Phys Chem A 2006; 110:951-8. [PMID: 16419995 DOI: 10.1021/jp055291i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Supersaturated MgSO4 aerosols and dilute MgSO4 solutions were studied by FTIR spectroscopic techniques (i.e., aerosol flow tube (AFT) and attenuated total reflection (ATR)). The hygroscopic properties of MgSO4 aerosols were investigated with results in good agreement with previous measurements by a scanning electrodynamic balance (SEDB). Well-defined spectral evolutions with changing relative humidity (RH) for the v3 band of SO4(2-) and the water O-H stretching envelope could be directly related to the observed hygroscopic properties of MgSO4 aerosols. When the RH decreased from approximately 55 to approximately 40%, the v1 band of SO4(2-) in supersaturated MgSO4 aerosols was observed to transform from a sharp peak at approximately 983 cm(-1) into a wide band at approximately 1005 cm(-1). The sharp peak at approximately 983 cm(-1) was mainly assigned to such associated complexes of Mg2+ and SO4(2-) as double solvent-separated ion pairs (2SIPs), solvent-shared ion pairs (SIPs), and simple contact ion pairs (CIPs) in supersaturated MgSO4 aerosols, while the wide band at approximately 1005 cm(-1) was due to polymeric CIPs chains, probably the main component of gels formed in MgSO4 aerosols at low RHs. Relating to this v1 band transformation, the peak position of the v(3) band was first shown to be a sensitive indicator of CIPs formation, spanning across approximately 40 cm(-1) on the formation of polymeric CIPs chains, which could also be supported by aerosol composition analysis in the form of water-to-solute molar ratios (WSR). In the water O-H stretching envelope, the absorbance intensities at 3371 and 3251 cm(-1) were selected to represent contributions from weak and strong hydrogen bonds, respectively. The absorbance intensity ratio changing with RH of 3371 to 3251 cm(-1) could be related to the previous observations with the v1 and v3 bands of SO4(2-). As a result, the formation of CIPs with various structures in large amounts was supposed to significantly weaken hydrogen bonds in supersaturated MgSO4 aerosols, while 2SIPs and SIPs were not expected to have similar effects even when occurring in abundance. In comparison with MgSO4 aerosols, the peak positions of the v3 band of SO4(2-) in artificial seawater aerosols implied that the MgSO4 component should be contained as gels or concentrated solutions in the fissures of microcrystals of sea salts for freshly formed seawater aerosols at low RHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Jun Zhao
- Institute for Chemical Physics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
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Gao B, Liu ZF. First Principles Study on the Solvation and Structure of C2O42-(H2O)n, n = 6−12. J Phys Chem A 2005; 109:9104-11. [PMID: 16332018 DOI: 10.1021/jp052968t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The structures and energies of hydrated oxalate clusters, C2O4(2-)(H2O)n, n = 6-12, are obtained by density functional theory (DFT) calculations and compared to SO4(2-)(H2O)n. Although the evolution of the cluster structure with size is similar to that of SO4(2-)(H2O)n, there are a number of important and distinctive futures in C2O4(2-)(H2O)n, including the separation of the two charges due to the C-C bond in C2O4(2-), the lower symmetry around C2O4(2-), and the torsion along the C-C bond, that affect both the structure and the solvation energy. The solvation dynamics for the isomers of C2O4(2-)(H2O)12 are also examined by DFT based ab initio molecular dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Gao
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Scientific Modeling and Computation, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
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Tongraar A, Rode BM. Structural arrangement and dynamics of the hydrated Mg2+: An ab initio QM/MM molecular dynamics simulation. Chem Phys Lett 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2005.04.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Dunbar RC. BIRD (blackbody infrared radiative dissociation): evolution, principles, and applications. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2004; 23:127-158. [PMID: 14732935 DOI: 10.1002/mas.10074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Blackbody infrared radiative dissociation (BIRD) describes the observation of ion-dissociation reactions at essentially zero pressure by the ambient blackbody radiation field, which is usually studied in the ion-trapping ion cyclotron resonance (ICR) mass spectrometer. A brief summary of the historical context and evolution is provided. Focussing on the quantitative observation of the temperature dependence of BIRD rates, methods are developed for connecting BIRD observations with activation parameters and dissociation thermochemistry. Three regimes are differentiated and described, comprising large molecules, small molecules, and intermediate-sized molecules. The different approaches to interpreting BIRD kinetics in those three regimes are discussed. In less than a decade since its inception, this approach to studying gas-phase ions has spread over a wide variety of applications, which are surveyed. Some major areas of activity are: the characterization of solvent-molecule detachment from solvated ions; dissociation reactions of biomolecules (polypeptides, oligonucleotides, complexes involving polysaccharides) and the structural information to be deduced from them; and dissociations of proton-bound and metal-ion-containing complexes. Studies of blackbody-radiation-driven evaporation of water molecules from large water-cluster ions are surveyed briefly. Several techniques related to BIRD are noted, including collisional dissociation in the FT-ICR ion trap; high-pressure thermal dissociation in quadrupole ion traps and in heated inlet capillary regions; hot-filament-assisted dissociation; and infrared multiphoton dissociation (IRMPD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C Dunbar
- Chemistry Department, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA.
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Binding of the metal ions Cr+, Mn2+, and Fe3+ to the second-row hydrides BeH2, BH3, NH3, OH2, FH, and their associated anions BeH−, BH2−, NH2−, OH−, F−: a computational study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theochem.2003.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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