1
|
Siebenmorgen C, Poortinga A, van Rijn P. Sono-processes: Emerging systems and their applicability within the (bio-)medical field. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2023; 100:106630. [PMID: 37826890 PMCID: PMC10582584 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2023.106630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Sonochemistry, although established in various fields, is still an emerging field finding new effects of ultrasound on chemical systems and are of particular interest for the biomedical field. This interdisciplinary area of research explores the use of acoustic waves with frequencies ranging from 20 kHz to 1 MHz to induce physical and chemical changes. By subjecting liquids to ultrasonic waves, sonochemistry has demonstrated the ability to accelerate reaction rates, alter chemical reaction pathways, and change physical properties of the system while operating under mild reaction conditions. It has found its way into diverse industries including food processing, pharmaceuticals, material science, and environmental remediation. This review provides an overview of the principles, advancements, and applications of sonochemistry with a particular focus on the domain of (bio-)medicine. Despite the numerous benefits sonochemistry has to offer, most of the research in the (bio-)medical field remains in the laboratory stage. Translation of these systems into clinical practice is complex as parameters used for medical ultrasound are limited and toxic side effects must be minimized in order to meet regulatory approval. However, directing attention towards the applicability of the system in clinical practice from the early stages of research holds significant potential to further amplify the role of sonochemistry in clinical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clio Siebenmorgen
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Biomedical Engineering-FB40, Deusinglaan 1, Groningen 9713 AV, The Netherlands.
| | - Albert Poortinga
- Technical University Eindhoven, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Gemini Zuid, de Zaale, Eindhoven 5600 MB, The Netherlands.
| | - Patrick van Rijn
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Biomedical Engineering-FB40, Deusinglaan 1, Groningen 9713 AV, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Suwada K, Ieong AW, Lo HLH, De Bo G. Furan Release via Force-Promoted Retro-[4+2][3+2] Cycloaddition. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:20782-20785. [PMID: 37713317 PMCID: PMC10540202 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c08771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
Mechanophores (mechanosensitive molecules) have been instrumental in the development of various force-controlled release systems. However, the release of functional organic molecules is often the consequence of a secondary (nonmechanical) process triggered by an initial bond scission. Here we present a new mechanophore, built around an oxanorbornane-triazoline core, that is able to release a furan molecule following a force-promoted double retro-[4+2][3+2] cycloaddition. We explored this unprecedented transformation experimentally (sonication) and computationally (DFT, CoGEF) and found that the observed reactivity is controlled by the geometry of the adduct, as this reaction pathway is only accessible to the endo-exo-cis isomer. These results further demonstrate the unique reactivity of molecules under tension and offer a new mechanism for the force-controlled release of small molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kamil Suwada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, United
Kingdom
| | - Alice Weng Ieong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, United
Kingdom
| | - Hei Lok Herman Lo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, United
Kingdom
| | - Guillaume De Bo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, United
Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
O'Neill RT, Boulatov R. Experimental quantitation of molecular conditions responsible for flow-induced polymer mechanochemistry. Nat Chem 2023; 15:1214-1223. [PMID: 37430105 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-023-01266-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Fragmentation of macromolecular solutes in rapid flows is of considerable fundamental and practical importance. The sequence of molecular events preceding chain fracture is poorly understood, because such events cannot be visualized directly but must be inferred from changes in the bulk composition of the flowing solution. Here we describe how analysis of same-chain competition between fracture of a polystyrene chain and isomerization of a chromophore embedded in its backbone yields detailed characterization of the distribution of molecular geometries of mechanochemically reacting chains in sonicated solutions. In our experiments the overstretched (mechanically loaded) chain segment grew and drifted along the backbone on the same timescale as, and in competition with, the mechanochemical reactions. Consequently, only <30% of the backbone of a fragmenting chain is overstretched, with both the maximum force and the maximum reaction probabilities located away from the chain centre. We argue that quantifying intrachain competition is likely to be mechanistically informative for any flow fast enough to fracture polymer chains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Roman Boulatov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sugita H, Lu Y, Aoki D, Otsuka H, Mikami K. Theoretical and Experimental Investigations of Stable Arylfluorene-Based Radical-Type Mechanophores. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203249. [PMID: 36575130 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Radical-type mechanophores (RMs) can undergo homolytic cleavage of their central C-C bonds upon exposure to mechanical forces, which affords radical species. Understanding the characteristics of these radical species allows bespoke mechanoresponsive materials to be designed and developed. The thermal stability of the central C-C bonds and the oxygen tolerance of the generated radical species are crucial characteristics that determine the functions and applicability of such RM-containing mechanoresponsive materials. In this paper, we report the synthesis and characterization of two series of arylfluorene-based RM derivatives, that is, 9,9'-bis(5-methyl-2-pyridyl)-9,9'-bifluorene (BPyF) and 9,9'-bis(4,6-diphenyl-2-triazyl)-9,9'-bifluorene (BTAF). BPyF and BTAF derivatives were synthesized without generating any peroxides initially, albeit that BPyF slowly converted to the corresponding peroxide in solution. DFT calculations revealed the importance of the thermodynamic stability and the values of the α-SOMO levels of the corresponding radical species for their thermal stability and oxygen tolerance. Furthermore, the mechanochromism of BTAF was demonstrated by ball-milling a BTAF-centered polymer, which was synthesized by atom-transfer radical polymerization (ATRP).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hajime Sugita
- Sagami Chemical Research Institute, 2743-1 Hayakawa, Ayase, Kanagawa, 252-1193, Japan.,Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8550, Japan
| | - Yi Lu
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8550, Japan
| | - Daisuke Aoki
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8550, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Otsuka
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8550, Japan
| | - Koichiro Mikami
- Sagami Chemical Research Institute, 2743-1 Hayakawa, Ayase, Kanagawa, 252-1193, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Das A, Elvers BJ, Nayak MK, Chrysochos N, Anga S, Kumar A, Rao DK, Narayanan TN, Schulzke C, Yildiz CB, Jana A. Realizing 1,1‐Dehydration of Secondary Alcohols to Carbenes: Pyrrolidin‐2‐ols as a Source of Cyclic (Alkyl)(Amino)Carbenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202202637. [PMID: 35362643 PMCID: PMC9400972 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202202637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Herein we report secondary pyrrolidin‐2‐ols as a source of cyclic (alkyl)(amino)carbenes (CAAC) for the synthesis of CAAC‐CuI‐complexes and cyclic thiones when reacted with CuI‐salts and elemental sulfur, respectively, under reductive elimination of water from the carbon(IV)‐center. This result demonstrates a convenient and facile access to CAAC‐based CuI‐salts, which are well known catalysts for different organic transformations. It further establishes secondary alcohols to be a viable source of carbenes—realizing after 185 years Dumas’ dream who tried to prepare the parent carbene (CH2) by 1,1‐dehydration of methanol. Addressed is also the reactivity of water towards CAACs, which proceeds through an oxidative addition of the O−H bond to the carbon(II)‐center. This emphasizes the ability of carbon‐compounds to mimic the reactivity of transition‐metal complexes: reversible oxidative addition and reductive elimination of the O−H bond to/from the C(II)/C(IV)‐centre.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayan Das
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad, Gopanpally Hyderabad 500046 Telangana India
| | - Benedict J. Elvers
- Institut für Biochemie Universität Greifswald Felix-Hausdorff-Straße 4 17489 Greifswald Germany
| | - Mithilesh Kumar Nayak
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad, Gopanpally Hyderabad 500046 Telangana India
| | - Nicolas Chrysochos
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad, Gopanpally Hyderabad 500046 Telangana India
| | - Srinivas Anga
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad, Gopanpally Hyderabad 500046 Telangana India
| | - Amar Kumar
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad, Gopanpally Hyderabad 500046 Telangana India
| | - D. Krishna Rao
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad, Gopanpally Hyderabad 500046 Telangana India
| | | | - Carola Schulzke
- Institut für Biochemie Universität Greifswald Felix-Hausdorff-Straße 4 17489 Greifswald Germany
| | - Cem B. Yildiz
- Department of Aromatic and Medicinal Plants Aksaray University Aksaray 68100 Turkey
| | - Anukul Jana
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad, Gopanpally Hyderabad 500046 Telangana India
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Sha Y, Zhou Z, Zhu M, Luo Z, Xu E, Li X, Yan H. The Mechanochemistry of Carboranes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202203169. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202203169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ye Sha
- Department of Chemistry and Material Science College of Science Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing 210037 China
| | - Zhou Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and Material Science College of Science Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing 210037 China
| | - Miao Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science and Department of Chemistry College of Science Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing 210095 China
| | - Zhenyang Luo
- Department of Chemistry and Material Science College of Science Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing 210037 China
| | - Enhua Xu
- Graduate School of System Informatics Kobe University Kobe 657-8501 Japan
| | - Xiang Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science and Department of Chemistry College of Science Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing 210095 China
| | - Hong Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
A perspective on the force-induced heterolytic bond cleavage in triarylmethane mechanophores. Synlett 2022. [DOI: 10.1055/a-1854-2131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Triarylmethane derivatives and their corresponding trityl carbocations are among the oldest chemical species synthesized and studied by chemists. The carbocationic platforms are particularly interesting due to their stability, high extinction coefficient, and tunable absorption of light in the visible spectrum, which can be achieved through structural modifications. These stable cations are traditionally obtained through heterolytic cleavage of judiciously designed, parent triarylmethanes by exposure to acids or UV light (λ < 300 nm), and methods based on electrochemistry or radiolysis. Our group has recently discovered that trityl carbocations can be generated also via mechanical stimulation of solid polymer materials featuring triarylmethane units as covalent crosslinks. In this Synpacts contribution, we expand on our previous finding by discussing some intriguing research questions that we aim to tackle in the immediate future.
1 Introduction
2 The development of our first triarylmethane mechanophore
3 The potential reversibility of triarylmethane mechanophores
4 A general molecular platform for force-induced, scissile, homolytic and heterolytic bond cleavage?
5 Conclusion
Collapse
|
8
|
Sha Y, Zhou Z, Zhu M, Luo Z, Xu E, Li X, Yan H. The Mechanochemistry of Carboranes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202203169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ye Sha
- Nanjing Forestry University Chemistry and Biochemistry 159 Longpan StNanjing Forestry University 210037 Nanjing CHINA
| | - Zhou Zhou
- Nanjing Forestry University Chemistry CHINA
| | - Miao Zhu
- Nanjing Agricultural University Chemistry CHINA
| | | | - Enhua Xu
- Kobe University Graduate School of System Informatics: Kobe Daigaku Daigakuin System Johogaku Kenkyuka Chemistry JAPAN
| | - Xiang Li
- Nanjing Agricultural University Chemistry CHINA
| | - Hong Yan
- Nanjing University Chemistry CHINA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Das A, Elvers BJ, Nayak MK, Chrysochos N, Anga S, Kumar A, Rao DK, Narayanan TN, Schulzke C, Yildiz CB, Jana A. Realizing the 1,1‐Dehydration of Secondary Alcohols to Carbenes: Pyrrolidin‐2‐ols as a Source of Cyclic (Alkyl)(Amino)Carbenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202202637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ayan Das
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad Chemistry INDIA
| | | | | | | | - Srinivas Anga
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad Chemistry INDIA
| | - Amar Kumar
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad Chemistry INDIA
| | - D. Krishna Rao
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad Chemistry INDIA
| | | | | | - Cem B. Yildiz
- Aksaray Universitesi Aromatic and Medicinal Plants TURKEY
| | - Anukul Jana
- TIFR Centre for Interdisciplinary Sciences Chemical Science 21, Brundavan Colony, Narsingi 500075 Hyderabad INDIA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
In polymer mechanochemistry, mechanosensitive molecules (mechanophores) are activated upon elongation of anchored polymer arms. The reactivity of a mechanophore can be influenced by a variety of structural factors, including the geometry of attachment of the polymer arms and the nature of eventual substituents. Here we investigate stereoelectronic effects in force-accelerated Diels–Alder reactions using the CoGEF (Constrained Geometries simulate External Force) calculation method. We found that the presence of an electron-donating heteroatom on the diene leads to a lower activation force, and that the mechanochemical reactivity is suppressed when the anchor group is attached to a central rather than lateral position.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lik Chun Wu
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Guillaume De Bo
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Williams MTJ, Morrill LC, Browne DL. Mechanochemical Organocatalysis: Do High Enantioselectivities Contradict What We Might Expect? CHEMSUSCHEM 2022; 15:e202102157. [PMID: 34767693 PMCID: PMC9300213 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202102157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Ball mills input energy to samples by pulverising the contents of the jar. Each impact on the sample or wall of the jar results in an instantaneous transmission of energy in the form of a temperature and pressure increase (volume reduction). Conversely, enantioselective organocatalytic reactions proceed through perceived delicate and well-organised transition states. Does there exist a dichotomy in the idea of enantioselective mechanochemical organocatalysis? This Review provides a survey of the literature reporting the combination of organocatalytic reactions with mechanochemical ball milling conditions. Where possible, direct comparisons of stirred in solution, stirred neat and ball milled processes are drawn with a particular focus on control of stereoselectivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T. J. Williams
- Cardiff Catalysis InstituteSchool of ChemistryCardiff UniversityPark PlaceCardiffCF10 3ATUK
| | - Louis C. Morrill
- Cardiff Catalysis InstituteSchool of ChemistryCardiff UniversityPark PlaceCardiffCF10 3ATUK
| | - Duncan L. Browne
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological ChemistrySchool of PharmacyUniversity College London29–39 Brunswick Square, BloomsburyLondonWC1N 1AXUK
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
AbstractThis Account covers the recent progress made on heterocyclic mechanophores in the field of polymer mechanochemistry. In particular, the types of such mechanophores as well as the mechanisms and applications of their force-induced structural transformations are discussed and related perspectives and future challenges proposed.1 Introduction2 Types of Mechanophores3 Methods to Incorporate Heterocycle Mechanophores into Polymer Systems4 Mechanochemical Reactions of Heterocyclic Mechanophores4.1 Three-Membered-Ring Mechanophores4.2 Four-Membered-Ring Mechanophores4.3 Six-Membered-Ring Mechanophores4.4 Bicyclic Mechanophores5 Applications5.1 Cross-Linking of Polymer5.2 Degradable Polymer5.3 Mechanochromic Polymer6 Concluding Remarks and Outlook
Collapse
|
13
|
Hemmer JR, Rader C, Wilts BD, Weder C, Berrocal JA. Heterolytic Bond Cleavage in a Scissile Triarylmethane Mechanophore. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:18859-18863. [PMID: 34735137 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c10004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Covalent mechanophores display the cleavage of a weak covalent bond when a sufficiently high mechanical force is applied. Three different covalent bond breaking mechanisms have been documented thus far, including concerted, homolytic, and heterolytic scission. Motifs that display heterolytic cleavage typically separate according to non-scissile reaction pathways that afford zwitterions. Here, we report a new mechanochromic triarylmethane mechanophore, which dissociates according to a scissile heterolytic pathway and displays a pronounced mechanochromic response. The mechanophore was equipped with two styrenylic handles that allowed its incorporation as a cross-linker into poly(N,N-dimethylacrylamide) and poly(methyl acrylate-co-2-hydroxyethyl acrylate) networks. These materials are originally colorless, but compression or tensile deformation renders the materials colored. By combining tensile testing and in situ transmittance measurements, we show that this effect is related to scissile cleavage leading to colored triarylmethane carbocations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James R Hemmer
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Chris Rader
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Bodo D Wilts
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.,Department of Chemistry and Physics of Materials, University of Salzburg, Jakob-Haringer-Str. 2a, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Christoph Weder
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - José Augusto Berrocal
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|