1
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Guha R, Vargas S, Spotte-Smith EWC, Epstein AR, Venetos M, Kingsbury R, Wen M, Blau SM, Persson KA. HEPOM: Using Graph Neural Networks for the Accelerated Predictions of Hydrolysis Free Energies in Different pH Conditions. J Chem Inf Model 2025; 65:3963-3975. [PMID: 40183476 PMCID: PMC12042266 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.4c02443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2025] [Revised: 02/25/2025] [Accepted: 03/28/2025] [Indexed: 04/05/2025]
Abstract
Hydrolysis is a fundamental family of chemical reactions where water facilitates the cleavage of bonds. The process is ubiquitous in biological and chemical systems, owing to water's remarkable versatility as a solvent. However, accurately predicting the feasibility of hydrolysis through computational techniques is a difficult task, as subtle changes in reactant structure like heteroatom substitutions or neighboring functional groups can influence the reaction outcome. Furthermore, hydrolysis is sensitive to the pH of the aqueous medium, and the same reaction can have different reaction properties at different pH conditions. In this work, we have combined reaction templates and high-throughput ab initio calculations to construct a diverse data set of hydrolysis free energies. The developed framework automatically identifies reaction centers, generates hydrolysis products, and utilizes a trained graph neural network (GNN) model to predict ΔG values for all potential hydrolysis reactions in a given molecule. The long-term goal of the work is to develop a data-driven, computational tool for high-throughput screening of pH-specific hydrolytic stability and the rapid prediction of reaction products, which can then be applied in a wide array of applications including chemical recycling of polymers and ion-conducting membranes for clean energy generation and storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishabh
D. Guha
- Materials
Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Santiago Vargas
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron
Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Evan Walter Clark Spotte-Smith
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie
Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Alexander Rizzolo Epstein
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of California, 210 Hearst
Memorial Mining Building, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Maxwell Venetos
- Materials
Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of California, 210 Hearst
Memorial Mining Building, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Ryan Kingsbury
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Princeton University, 86 Olden Street, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Mingjian Wen
- Institute
of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University
of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Samuel M. Blau
- Energy
Storage and Distributed Resources, Lawrence
Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Kristin A. Persson
- Materials
Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of California, 210 Hearst
Memorial Mining Building, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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2
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Li JG, Bowen CJ, Chan B, Takahashi H, O'Hair RAJ. Tandem Mass Spectrometry of Perfluorocarboxylate Anions: Fragmentation Induced by Reactive Species Formed From Microwave Excited Hydrogen and Water Plasmas. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2025; 39:e9953. [PMID: 39601623 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2024] [Revised: 11/10/2024] [Accepted: 11/11/2024] [Indexed: 11/29/2024]
Abstract
RATIONALE Polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) like perfluorooctanoic acid have persistent environmental and physiological effects. This study investigates the degradation of CnF2n+1CO2 - (n = 1-7) with neutral radical fragmentation under oxygen attachment dissociation (OAD). Unique fragments absent from collision-induced dissociation (CID) are observed. Further, potential mechanisms are uncovered by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. METHODS From a standard mixture of PFAS, straight-chain perfluorinated carboxylic acids with carbon chain lengths of one to eight were separated via liquid chromatography and transferred to the gas phase via negative-mode electrospray ionisation. Each CnF2n+1CO2 - of interest was mass selected and fragmented via both CID and OAD in a quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer. DFT optimisations of structures were performed at M06/6-31+g(d), and single point energy calculations were performed at M06-2X/aug-cc-pVTZ for C3F7CO2 -. RESULTS Decarboxylation was observed from both CID and OAD, but fluorine abstraction and hydroxyl addition only occurred with OAD. The DFT calculations suggest that C3F6 -• (m/z 150) is most likely formed from by H• attack onto a β- C-F bond, then loss of HF, finally decarboxylation. Further, C3F5O- (m/z 147) likely arises from C3F6 -• recombining with OH• to produce energised C3F6OH- ions, followed by α- or β- elimination of HF to give enolate and/or epoxide-type products. CONCLUSIONS OAD of C3F7CO2 - yields unique product ions C3F6 -• (m/z 150) and C3F5O- (m/z 147) absent from collision-induced dissociation. DFT calculations suggest an intricate pathway of H• attack onto a β C-F bond, then loss of HF, decarboxylation, recombination with OH•, and finally α- or β- elimination of HF to give the products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack G Li
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Chris J Bowen
- Shimadzu Scientific, Bio21 Institute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bun Chan
- Graduate School of Engineering, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
- Computational Molecular Science Research Team, RIKEN Center for Computational Science, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Hidenori Takahashi
- Koichi Tanaka Mass Spectrometry Research Laboratory, Shimadzu Corporation, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Richard A J O'Hair
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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3
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Zambri MA, Kluger R. Proton Transfer via π-Interactions from Pyridine Provides a Facilitated Route for Transfer of CO 2 in Its Complex with a Carbanion. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:1403-1409. [PMID: 38176895 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c10403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Aromatic π-interactions have been recognized as enhancing enzymatic catalytic processes, providing an efficient route to overcome entropic barriers. A nonenzymic analogue, a complex of protonated pyridine and a phenyl substituent in a thiamin conjugate, facilitates the departure of CO2 by protonation of a vicinal carbanion in a reactive complex. To evaluate the efficiency of the catalytic pathway from the π-associated proton donor, a system was assessed that produced measurable competition through the rates of formation of alternative products resulting from the same thiamin-derived carbanion. The barriers to competing pathways from the decarboxylation of p-(bromomethyl)-mandelylthiamin in the presence and absence of protonated pyridine were determined, establishing the efficiency of the vicinal proton transfer between π-associated species. The formation of the complex of CO2 and the co-formed carbanion also addresses the mechanism of the uncatalyzed exchange of 13CO2 into carboxyl groups discovered by Lundgren. Finally, microscopic reversibility implicates pyridine as a vicinal Brønsted base in thiamin-aldehyde adducts, producing carbanions that could incorporate dissolved CO2 into carboxyl groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Alexander Zambri
- Davenport Chemistry Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Ronald Kluger
- Davenport Chemistry Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
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4
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Wang S, Larrosa I, Yorimitsu H, Perry GJP. Carboxylic Acid Salts as Dual-Function Reagents for Carboxylation and Carbon Isotope Labeling. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202218371. [PMID: 36746757 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202218371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The potassium salts of carboxylic acids are developed as efficient carboxylating agents through CO2 exchange. We describe these carboxylates as dual-function reagents because they function as a combined source of CO2 and base/metalating agent. By using the salt of a commercially available carboxylic acid, this protocol overcomes difficulties when using CO2 gas or organometallic reagents, such as pressurized containers or strictly inert conditions. The reaction proceeds under mild conditions, does not require transition metals or other additives, and shows broad substrate scope. Through the preparation of several biologically important molecules, we show how this strategy provides an opportunity for isotope labeling with low equivalents of labeled CO2 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Igor Larrosa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Hideki Yorimitsu
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Gregory J P Perry
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan.,Future correspondence: School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
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5
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Lewis CA, Wolfenden R. Aldol Cleavage in Water and the Power of Citrate Lyase as a Catalyst. Biochemistry 2023; 62:1026-1031. [PMID: 36847340 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.2c00568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
Citrate lyase allows Klebsiella aerogenes to grow anaerobically on citrate as the sole carbon source. Arrhenius analysis of experiments at high temperatures indicates that citrate is cleaved nonenzymatically to acetate and oxaloacetate with a t1/2 of 6.9 million years in neutral solution at 25 °C, while malate cleavage occurs even more slowly (t1/2 = 280 million years). However, t1/2 is only 10 days for the nonenzymatic cleavage of 4-hydroxy-2-ketoglutarate, indicating that the introduction of an α-keto group enhances the rate of aldol cleavage of malate by a factor of 1010. The aldol cleavages of citrate and malate, like the decarboxylation of malonate (t1/2 = 180 years), are associated with a near-zero entropy of activation, and their extreme differences in rate reflect differences between their heats of activation. Citrate lyase enhances the rate of substrate cleavage 6 × 1015-fold, comparable in magnitude with the rate enhancement produced by OMP decarboxylase, although these enzymes are strikingly different in their mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles A Lewis
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina, 120 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27154, United States
| | - Richard Wolfenden
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina, 120 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27154, United States
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6
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Fernandez P, Richard JP. Adenylate Kinase-Catalyzed Reactions of AMP in Pieces: Specificity for Catalysis at the Nucleoside Activator and Dianion Catalytic Sites. Biochemistry 2022; 61:2766-2775. [PMID: 36413937 PMCID: PMC9731266 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.2c00531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The pressure to optimize the enzymatic rate acceleration for adenylate kinase (AK)-catalyzed phosphoryl transfer has led to the evolution of an induced-fit mechanism, where the binding energy from interactions between the protein and substrate adenosyl group is utilized to drive a protein conformational change that activates the enzyme for catalysis. The adenine group of adenosine contributes 11.8 kcal mol-1 to the total ≥14.7 kcal mol-1 adenosine stabilization of the transition state for AK-catalyzed phosphoryl transfer to AMP. The relative third-order rate constants for activation of adenylate kinase, by the C-5 truncated adenosine 1-(β-d-erythrofuranosyl)adenine (EA), for catalysis of phosphoryl transfer from ATP to phosphite dianion (HP, kcat/KHPKAct = 260 M-2 s-1), fluorophosphate (47 M-2 s-1), and phosphate (9.6 M-2 s-1), show that substitution of -F for -H and of -OH for -H at HP results, respectively, in decreases in the reactivity of AK for catalysis of phosphoryl transfer due to polar and steric effects of the -F and -OH substituents. The addition of a 5'-CH2OH to the EA activator results in a 3.0 kcal mol-1 destabilization of the transition state for AK-activated phosphoryl transfer to HP due to a steric effect. This is smaller than the 8.3 kcal mol-1 steric effect of the 5'-CH2OH substituent at OMP on HP-activated OMPDC-catalyzed decarboxylation of 1-(β-d-erythrofuranosyl)orotate. The 2'-OH ribosyl substituent shows significant interactions with the transition states for AK-catalyzed phosphoryl transfer from ATP to AMP and for adenosine-activated AK-catalyzed phosphoryl transfer from ATP to HP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick
L. Fernandez
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, SUNY, Buffalo, New York14260−3000, United States
| | - John P. Richard
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, SUNY, Buffalo, New York14260−3000, United States
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7
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Abstract
The right solvent mix breaks down perfluorinated organic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shira Joudan
- Department of Chemistry, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rylan J Lundgren
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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8
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Trang B, Li Y, Xue XS, Ateia M, Houk KN, Dichtel WR. Low-temperature mineralization of perfluorocarboxylic acids. Science 2022; 377:839-845. [PMID: 35981038 DOI: 10.1126/science.abm8868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are persistent, bioaccumulative pollutants found in water resources at concentrations harmful to human health. Whereas current PFAS destruction strategies use nonselective destruction mechanisms, we found that perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) could be mineralized through a sodium hydroxide-mediated defluorination pathway. PFCA decarboxylation in polar aprotic solvents produced reactive perfluoroalkyl ion intermediates that degraded to fluoride ions (78 to ~100%) within 24 hours. The carbon-containing intermediates and products were inconsistent with oft-proposed one-carbon-chain shortening mechanisms, and we instead computationally identified pathways consistent with many experiments. Degradation was also observed for branched perfluoroalkyl ether carboxylic acids and might be extended to degrade other PFAS classes as methods to activate their polar headgroups are identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany Trang
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Yuli Li
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, China.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Xiao-Song Xue
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Mohamed Ateia
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - K N Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - William R Dichtel
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
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9
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Babin V, Taran F, Audisio D. Late-Stage Carbon-14 Labeling and Isotope Exchange: Emerging Opportunities and Future Challenges. JACS AU 2022; 2:1234-1251. [PMID: 35783167 PMCID: PMC9241029 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.2c00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Carbon-14 (14C) is a gold standard technology routinely utilized in pharmaceutical and agrochemical industries for tracking synthetic organic molecules and providing their metabolic and safety profiles. While the state of the art has been dominated for decades by traditional multistep synthetic approaches, the recent emergence of late-stage carbon isotope labeling has provided new avenues to rapidly access carbon-14-labeled biologically relevant compounds. In particular, the development of carbon isotope exchange has represented a fundamental paradigm change, opening the way to unexplored synthetic transformations. In this Perspective, we discuss the recent developments in the field with a critical assessment of the literature. We subsequently discuss research directions and future challenges within this rapidly evolving field.
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10
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Rindfleisch S, Krull M, Uranga J, Schmidt T, Rabe von Pappenheim F, Kirck LL, Balouri A, Schneider T, Chari A, Kluger R, Bourenkov G, Diederichsen U, Mata RA, Tittmann K. Ground-state destabilization by electrostatic repulsion is not a driving force in orotidine-5′-monophosphate decarboxylase catalysis. Nat Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1038/s41929-022-00771-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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11
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Photochemistry of the pyruvate anion produces CO 2, CO, CH 3-, CH 3, and a low energy electron. Nat Commun 2022; 13:937. [PMID: 35177613 PMCID: PMC8854594 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28582-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The photochemistry of pyruvic acid has attracted much scientific interest because it is believed to play critical roles in atmospheric chemistry. However, under most atmospherically relevant conditions, pyruvic acid deprotonates to form its conjugate base, the photochemistry of which is essentially unknown. Here, we present a detailed study of the photochemistry of the isolated pyruvate anion and uncover that it is extremely rich. Using photoelectron imaging and computational chemistry, we show that photoexcitation by UVA light leads to the formation of CO2, CO, and CH3−. The observation of the unusual methide anion formation and its subsequent decomposition into methyl radical and a free electron may hold important consequences for atmospheric chemistry. From a mechanistic perspective, the initial decarboxylation of pyruvate necessarily differs from that in pyruvic acid, due to the missing proton in the anion. Pyruvic acid and its conjugate base, the pyruvate anion, are largely present in the atmosphere. Here the authors, using photoelectron imaging and quantum chemistry calculations, investigate the photochemistry of isolated pyruvate anions initiated by UVA radiation and report the formation of CO2, CO, and CH3− further decomposing into CH3 and a free electron.
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12
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Audisio D, Talbot A, Sallustrau A, Goudet A, Taran F. Investigation on the Stoichiometry of Carbon Dioxide in Isotope-Exchange Reactions with Phenylacetic Acids. Synlett 2021. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1720447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe functionalization of carbon dioxide (CO2) as a C1 building block has attracted enormous attention. Carboxylation reactions, in particular, are of major interest for applications in isotope labeling. Due to the inexpensive nature of CO2, information about its stoichiometric use is generally unavailable in the literature. Because of the rarity and limited availability of CO2 isotopomers, this parameter is of concern for applications in carbon-isotope labeling. We investigated the effects of the stoichiometry of labeled CO2 on carbon isotope exchange of phenylacetic acids. Both thermal and photocatalytic procedures were studied, providing insight into product outcome and isotope incorporation. Preliminary results on isotope-dilution effects of carbonate bases in photocatalytic carboxylation reactions have also been obtained.
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13
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Sinopoli A, Abotaleb A, Pietrucci F, Gladich I. Stability of a Monoethanolamine-CO 2 Zwitterion at the Vapor/Liquid Water Interface: Implications for Low Partial Pressure Carbon Capture Technologies. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:4890-4897. [PMID: 33885318 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c01661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The need to chemically convert CO2 at the interface of aqueous amine solutions has become particularly relevant for the development and the broad distribution of cost-effective and near-future devices for direct air capture working at low (e.g., ambient) partial pressure. Here, we have determined the stability of a CO2-monoethanolamine zwitterion and its chemical conversion into carbamate at the vapor/liquid water interface by first-principles molecular dynamics simulations coupled with a recently introduced enhanced sampling technique. Contrary to the bulk water case, our results show that both the zwitterion and carbamate ions are poorly stable at the vapor/amine aqueous interface, further stating the differences between the homogeneous and heterogeneous CO2 chemical conversion. The design of novel and cost-effective capture systems, such as those offered by amine-based scrubbing solutions, working at low (e.g., ambient) CO2 partial pressure should explore the use of novel solvents, different from aqueous mixtures, to overcome the limits of the current absorbents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Sinopoli
- Qatar Environment and Energy Research Institute, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, P.O. Box 34410, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ahmed Abotaleb
- Qatar Environment and Energy Research Institute, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, P.O. Box 34410, Doha, Qatar
| | - Fabio Pietrucci
- Sorbonne Université, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, UMR CNRS 7590, IMPMC, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Ivan Gladich
- Qatar Environment and Energy Research Institute, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, P.O. Box 34410, Doha, Qatar
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14
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Doyle MGJ, Lundgren RJ. Oxidative cross-coupling processes inspired by the Chan-Lam reaction. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:2724-2731. [PMID: 33623942 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc00213a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The Cu-catalyzed oxidative cross-coupling of N- and O-nucleophiles with aryl boronic acids (the Chan-Lam reaction) remains among the most useful approaches to prepare aniline and phenol derivatives. The combination of high chemoselectivity, mild reaction conditions, and the ability to use simple Cu-salts as catalysts makes this process a valuable alternative to aromatic substitutions and Pd-catalyzed reactions of aryl electrophiles (Buchwald-Hartwig coupling). Despite the widespread use of Chan-Lam reactions in synthesis, the analogous carbon-carbon bond forming variant of this process had not been developed prior to our work. This feature article describes our discovery and application of Cu-catalyzed oxidative coupling reactions of activated methylene derivatives or carboxylic acids with nucleophiles including aryl boronic esters and amines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G J Doyle
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada.
| | - Rylan J Lundgren
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada.
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15
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Zhou S, Wang Y, Gao J. Solvation Induction of Free Energy Barriers of Decarboxylation Reactions in Aqueous Solution from Dual-Level QM/MM Simulations. JACS AU 2021; 1:233-244. [PMID: 34467287 PMCID: PMC8395672 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.0c00110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Carbon dioxide capture, corresponding to the recombination process of decarboxylation reactions of organic acids, is typically barrierless in the gas phase and has a relatively low barrier in aprotic solvents. However, these processes often encounter significant solvent-reorganization-induced barriers in aqueous solution if the decarboxylation product is not immediately protonated. Both the intrinsic stereoelectronic effects and solute-solvent interactions play critical roles in determining the overall decarboxylation equilibrium and free energy barrier. An understanding of the interplay of these factors is important for designing novel materials applied to greenhouse gas capture and storage as well as for unraveling the catalytic mechanisms of a range of carboxy lyases in biological CO2 production. A range of decarboxylation reactions of organic acids with rates spanning nearly 30 orders of magnitude have been examined through dual-level combined quantum mechanical and molecular mechanical simulations to help elucidate the origin of solvation-induced free energy barriers for decarboxylation and the reverse carboxylation reactions in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoyuan Zhou
- Institute
of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, China
- Institute
of Systems and Physical Biology, Shenzhen
Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yingjie Wang
- Institute
of Systems and Physical Biology, Shenzhen
Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jiali Gao
- Institute
of Systems and Physical Biology, Shenzhen
Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Beijing
University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Department
of Chemistry and Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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