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Cui Z, Qi C, Zhou T, Yu Y, Wang Y, Zhang Z, Zhang Y, Wang W, Liu Y. Artificial intelligence and food flavor: How AI models are shaping the future and revolutionary technologies for flavor food development. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2025; 24:e70068. [PMID: 39783879 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.70068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2024] [Revised: 10/16/2024] [Accepted: 11/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2025]
Abstract
The food flavor science, traditionally reliant on experimental methods, is now entering a promising era with the help of artificial intelligence (AI). By integrating existing technologies with AI, researchers can explore and develop new flavor substances in a digital environment, saving time and resources. More and more research will use AI and big data to enhance product flavor, improve product quality, meet consumer needs, and drive the industry toward a smarter and more sustainable future. In this review, we elaborate on the mechanisms of flavor recognition and their potential impact on nutritional regulation. With the increase of data accumulation and the development of internet information technology, food flavor databases and food ingredient databases have made great progress. These databases provide detailed information on the nutritional content, flavor molecules, and chemical properties of various food compounds, providing valuable data support for the rapid evaluation of flavor components and the construction of screening technology. With the popularization of AI in various fields, the field of food flavor has also ushered in new development opportunities. This review explores the mechanisms of flavor recognition and the role of AI in enhancing food flavor analysis through high-throughput omics data and screening technologies. AI algorithms offer a pathway to scientifically improve product formulations, thereby enhancing flavor and customized meals. Furthermore, it discusses the safety challenges of integrating AI into the food flavor industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Cui
- Department of Food Science & Technology, School of Agriculture & Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chengliang Qi
- Department of Food Science & Technology, School of Agriculture & Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianxing Zhou
- Department of Food Science & Technology, School of Agriculture & Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Bioinformatics, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Yanyang Yu
- Department of Food Science & Technology, School of Agriculture & Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yueming Wang
- Department of Food Science & Technology, School of Agriculture & Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiwei Zhang
- Department of Food Science & Technology, School of Agriculture & Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Meat Processing of Sichuan, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenli Wang
- Department of Food Science & Technology, School of Agriculture & Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- Department of Food Science & Technology, School of Agriculture & Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
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Li J, Guo C, Xie M, Wang K, Wang X, Zou B, Hou F, Ran C, Bi S, Xu Y, Hua Y. Genomic signatures of sensory adaptation and evolution in pangolins. BMC Genomics 2024; 25:1176. [PMID: 39633301 PMCID: PMC11616205 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-024-11063-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2024] [Accepted: 11/18/2024] [Indexed: 12/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pangolin is one of the most endangered mammals with many peculiar characteristics, yet the understanding of its sensory systems is still superficial. Studying the genomic basis of adaptation and evolution of pangolin's sensory system is expected to provide further potential assistance for their conservation in the future. RESULTS In this study, we performed a comprehensive comparative genomic analysis to explore the signature of sensory adaptation and evolution in pangolins. By comparing with the aardvark, Cape golden mole, and short-beaked echidna, 124 and 152 expanded gene families were detected in the genome of the Chinese and Malayan pangolins, respectively. The enrichment analyses showed olfactory-related genomic convergence among five concerned mammals. We found 769 and 733 intact OR genes, and 704 and 475 OR pseudogenes in the Chinese and Malayan pangolin species, respectively. Compared to other mammals, far more intact members of OR6 and OR14 were identified in pangolins, particularly for four genes with large copy numbers (OR6C2, OR14A2, OR14C36, and OR14L1). On the genome-wide scale, 1,523, 1,887, 1,110, and 2,732 genes were detected under positive selection (PSGs), intensified selection (ISGs), rapid evolution (REGs), and relaxed selection (RSGs) in pangolins. GO terms associated with visual perception were enriched in PSGs, ISGs, and REGs. Those related to rhythm and sound perception were enriched in both ISGs and REGs, ear development and morphogenesis were enriched in ISGs, and mechanical stimulus and temperature adaptation were enriched in RSGs. The convergence of two vision-related PSGs (OPN4 and ATXN7), with more than one parallel substituted site, was detected among five concerned mammals. Additionally, the absence of intact genes of PKD1L3, PKD2L1, and TAS1R2 and just six single-copy TAS2Rs (TAS2R1, TAS2R4, TAS2R7, TAS2R38, TAS2R40, and TAS2R46) were found in pangolins. Interestingly, we found two large insertions in TAS1R3, distributed in the N-terminal ectodomain, just in pangolins. CONCLUSIONS We found new features related to the adaptation and evolution of pangolin-specific sensory characteristics across the genome. These are expected to provide valuable and useful genome-wide genetic information for the future breeding and conservation of pangolins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture, Protection and Utilization, Guangdong Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, 510520, China
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Ce Guo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture, Protection and Utilization, Guangdong Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, 510520, China
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Meiling Xie
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture, Protection and Utilization, Guangdong Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, 510520, China
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture, Protection and Utilization, Guangdong Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, 510520, China
| | - Xianghe Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture, Protection and Utilization, Guangdong Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, 510520, China
| | - Bishan Zou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture, Protection and Utilization, Guangdong Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, 510520, China
| | - Fanghui Hou
- Guangdong Wildlife Rescue Monitoring Center, Guangzhou, 510520, China
- Pangolin Conservation Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Guangzhou, 510520, China
| | - Chongyang Ran
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture, Protection and Utilization, Guangdong Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, 510520, China
| | - Shiman Bi
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture, Protection and Utilization, Guangdong Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, 510520, China
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Yanchun Xu
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China.
| | - Yan Hua
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture, Protection and Utilization, Guangdong Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, 510520, China.
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Hao S, Guthrie B, Kim SK, Balanda S, Kubicek J, Murtaza B, Khan NA, Khakbaz P, Su J, Goddard WA. Steviol rebaudiosides bind to four different sites of the human sweet taste receptor (T1R2/T1R3) complex explaining confusing experiments. Commun Chem 2024; 7:236. [PMID: 39424933 PMCID: PMC11489721 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-024-01324-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 10/09/2024] [Indexed: 10/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Sucrose provides both sweetness and energy by binding to both Venus flytrap domains (VFD) of the heterodimeric sweet taste receptor (T1R2/T1R3). In contrast, non-caloric sweeteners such as sucralose and aspartame only bind to one specific domain (VFD2) of T1R2, resulting in high-intensity sweetness. In this study, we investigate the binding mechanism of various steviol glycosides, artificial sweeteners, and a negative allosteric modulator (lactisole) at four distinct binding sites: VFD2, VFD3, transmembrane domain 2 (TMD2), and TMD3 through binding experiments and computational docking studies. Our docking results reveal multiple binding sites for the tested ligands, including the radiolabeled ligands. Our experimental evidence demonstrates that the C20 carboxy terminus of the Gα protein can bind to the intracellular region of either TMD2 or TMD3, altering GPCR affinity to the high-affinity state for steviol glycosides. These findings provide a mechanistic understanding of the structure and function of this heterodimeric sweet taste receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Hao
- Wyant College of Optical Sciences and Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Brian Guthrie
- Global Core Research and Development Group, Cargill, Inc. 14800 28th Avenue N, Plymouth, MN, 55447, USA
| | - Soo-Kyung Kim
- Materials and Process Simulation Center (MSC), California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Sergej Balanda
- Cube Biotech, Creative Campus Monheim, Creative-Campus-Allee 12, 40789, Monheim, Germany
| | - Jan Kubicek
- Cube Biotech, Creative Campus Monheim, Creative-Campus-Allee 12, 40789, Monheim, Germany
| | - Babar Murtaza
- Physiologie de Nutrition & Toxicologie, UB 1231 Center for Translational & Molecular Medicine (CTM), Université de Bourgogne, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Naim A Khan
- Physiologie de Nutrition & Toxicologie, UB 1231 Center for Translational & Molecular Medicine (CTM), Université de Bourgogne, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Pouyan Khakbaz
- Global Core Research and Development Group, Cargill, Inc. 14800 28th Avenue N, Plymouth, MN, 55447, USA
| | - Judith Su
- Wyant College of Optical Sciences and Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA.
| | - William A Goddard
- Materials and Process Simulation Center (MSC), California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA.
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Kim SK, Guthrie B, Goddard WA. Ligand-Dependent and G Protein-Dependent Properties for the Sweet Taste Heterodimer, TAS1R2/1R3. J Phys Chem B 2024; 128:8927-8932. [PMID: 39231438 PMCID: PMC11421092 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.4c04610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2024] [Revised: 08/16/2024] [Accepted: 08/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/06/2024]
Abstract
The heterodimeric sweet taste receptor, TAS1R2/1R3, is a class C G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that couples to gustducin (Gt), a G protein (GP) specifically involved in taste processing. This makes TAS1R2/1R3 a possible target for newly developing low caloric ligands that taste sweet to address obesity and diabetes. The activation of TAS1R2/1R3 involves the insertion of the GαP C-terminus of the GP into the GPCR in response to ligand binding. However, it is not known for sure whether the GP inserts into the TAS1R2 or TAS1R3 intracellular region of this GPCR dimer. Moreover, TAS1R2/1R3 can also connect to other GPs, such as Gs, Gi1, Gt3, Go, Gq, and G12. These GPs have different C-termini that may modify GPCR signaling. To understand the possible GP dependence of sweet perception, we use molecular dynamic (MD) simulations to examine the coupling of various GαP C20 termini to TAS1R2/1R3 for various steviol glycoside ligands and an artificial sweetener. Since the C20 could interact with the transmembrane domain (TMD) of either TAS1R2 (TMD2) or TAS1R3 (TMD3), we consider both cases. Without any sweetener, we find that the apo GPCR shows similar Go and Gt selectivities, while all steviol glycoside ligands increase the selectivity of Gt but decrease Go selectivity at TMD2. Interestingly, we find that high sweet rebaudioside M (RebM) and RebD ligands show better interactions of C20 at TMD3 for the Gt protein, but low sweet RebC and hydRebM ligands show better interaction of C20 at TMD2 for the Gt protein. Thus, our MD simulation suggests that TAS1R2/1R3 may couple the GP to either 1R2 or to 1R3 and that it can couple other GPs compared to Gt. This will likely lead to multimodal functions producing multiple patterns of intracellular signaling for sweet taste receptors, depending on the particular sweetener. Directing the GP to one of the other may have beneficial therapeutic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo-Kyung Kim
- Materials
and Process Simulation Center (139-74), California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Brian Guthrie
- Cargill
Global Core Research, Wayzata, Minnesota 55391, United States
| | - William A. Goddard
- Materials
and Process Simulation Center (139-74), California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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Li M, Lan X, Shi X, Zhu C, Lu X, Pu J, Lu S, Zhang J. Delineating the stepwise millisecond allosteric activation mechanism of the class C GPCR dimer mGlu5. Nat Commun 2024; 15:7519. [PMID: 39209876 PMCID: PMC11362167 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-51999-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Two-thirds of signaling hormones and one-third of approved drugs exert their effects by binding and modulating the G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) activation. While the activation mechanism for monomeric GPCRs has been well-established, little is known about GPCRs in dimeric form. Here, by combining transition pathway generation, extensive atomistic simulation-based Markov state models, and experimental signaling assays, we reveal an asymmetric, stepwise millisecond allosteric activation mechanism for the metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 5 receptor (mGlu5), an obligate dimeric class C GPCR. The dynamic picture is presented that agonist binding induces dimeric ectodomains compaction, amplified by the precise association of the cysteine-rich domains, ultimately loosely bringing the intracellular 7-transmembrane (7TM) domains into proximity and establishing an asymmetric TM6-TM6 interface. The active inter-domain interface enhances their intra-domain flexibility, triggering the activation of micro-switches crucial for downstream signal transduction. Furthermore, we show that the positive allosteric modulator stabilizes both the active inter-domain 7TM interface and an open, extended intra-domain ICL2 conformation. This stabilization leads to the formation of a pseudo-cavity composed of the ICL2, ICL3, TM3, and C-terminus, which facilitates G protein coordination. Our strategy may be generalizable for characterizing millisecond events in other allosteric systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Medicinal Chemistry and Bioinformatics Center, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
- Key Laboratory of Protection, Development and Utilization of Medicinal Resources in Liupanshan Area, Ministry of Education, Peptide & Protein Drug Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Xiaobing Lan
- Key Laboratory of Protection, Development and Utilization of Medicinal Resources in Liupanshan Area, Ministry of Education, Peptide & Protein Drug Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Xinchao Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Medicinal Chemistry and Bioinformatics Center, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Chunhao Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Protection, Development and Utilization of Medicinal Resources in Liupanshan Area, Ministry of Education, Peptide & Protein Drug Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Xun Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Medicinal Chemistry and Bioinformatics Center, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Jun Pu
- Department of Cardiology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Shaoyong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Medicinal Chemistry and Bioinformatics Center, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
- Key Laboratory of Protection, Development and Utilization of Medicinal Resources in Liupanshan Area, Ministry of Education, Peptide & Protein Drug Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China.
| | - Jian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Medicinal Chemistry and Bioinformatics Center, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
- Key Laboratory of Protection, Development and Utilization of Medicinal Resources in Liupanshan Area, Ministry of Education, Peptide & Protein Drug Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China.
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Li C, Li Y, Sun Q, Abdurehim A, Xu J, Xie J, Zhang Y. Taste and its receptors in human physiology: A comprehensive look. FOOD FRONTIERS 2024; 5:1512-1533. [DOI: 10.1002/fft2.407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2025] Open
Abstract
AbstractIncreasing evidence shows that food has significance beyond traditional perception (providing nutrition and energy) in maintaining normal life activities. It is indicated that the sense of taste plays a crucial part in regulating human life activities. Taste is one of the basic physiological sensations in mammals, and it is the fundamental guarantee for them to perceive, select, and ingest nutrients in order to survive. With the advances in electrophysiology, molecular biology, and structural biology, studies on the intracellular and extracellular transduction mechanisms of taste have made great progress and gradually revealed the indispensable role of taste receptors in the regulation and maintenance of normal physiological activities. Up to now, how food regulates life activities through the taste pathway remains unclear. Thus, this review comprehensively and systematically summarizes the current study about the sense of taste, the function of taste receptors, the taste–structure relationship of gustatory molecules, the cross‐talking between distinctive tastes, and the role of the gut–organ axis in the realization of taste. Moreover, we also provide forward‐looking perspectives on taste research to afford a scientific basis for revealing the scientific connotation of taste receptors regulating body health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Tianjin China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Therapeutic Substance of Traditional Chinese Medicine Tianjin China
| | - Yaxin Li
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Weill Cornell Medicine New York City New York USA
| | - Qing Sun
- School of Chinese Materia Medica Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Tianjin China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Therapeutic Substance of Traditional Chinese Medicine Tianjin China
| | - Aliya Abdurehim
- School of Chinese Materia Medica Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Tianjin China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Therapeutic Substance of Traditional Chinese Medicine Tianjin China
| | - Jiawen Xu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Tianjin China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Therapeutic Substance of Traditional Chinese Medicine Tianjin China
| | - Junbo Xie
- School of Chinese Materia Medica Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Tianjin China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Therapeutic Substance of Traditional Chinese Medicine Tianjin China
| | - Yanqing Zhang
- Biotechnology & Food Science College Tianjin University of Commerce Tianjin China
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Ball L, Bauer J, Krautwurst D. Heterodimerization of Chemoreceptors TAS1R3 and mGlu 2 in Human Blood Leukocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12942. [PMID: 37629122 PMCID: PMC10454557 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The expression of canonical chemosensory receptors of the tongue, such as the heteromeric sweet taste (TAS1R2/TAS1R3) and umami taste (TAS1R1/TAS1R3) receptors, has been demonstrated in many extra-oral cells and tissues. Gene expression studies have revealed transcripts for all TAS1 and metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors in different types of immune cells, where they are involved, for example, in the chemotaxis of human neutrophils and the protection of T cells from activation-induced cell death. Like other class-C G protein-coupling receptors (GPCRs), TAS1Rs and mGlu receptors form heteromers within their families. Since mGlu receptors and TAS1R1/TAS1R3 share the same ligand, monosodium glutamate (MSG), we hypothesized their hitherto unknown heteromerization across receptor families in leukocytes. Here we show, by means of immunocytochemistry and co-IP/Western analysis, that across class-C GPCR families, mGlu2 and TAS1R3 co-localize and heterodimerize in blood leukocytes. Expressing the recombinant receptors in HEK-293 cells, we validated their heterodimerization by bioluminescence resonance energy transfer. We demonstrate MSG-induced, mGlu2/TAS1R3 heteromer-dependent gain-of-function and pertussis toxin-sensitive signaling in luminescence assays. Notably, we show that mGlu2/TAS1R3 is necessary and sufficient for MSG-induced facilitation of N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine-stimulated IL-8 secretion in neutrophils, using receptor-specific antagonists. In summary, our results demonstrate mGlu2/TAS1R3 heterodimerization in leukocytes, suggesting cellular function-tailored chemoreceptor combinations to modulate cellular immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Ball
- TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Alte Akademie 8a, 85354 Freising, Germany;
- Leibniz-Institute for Food Systems Biology at the Technical University of Munich, Lise-Meitner-Str. 34, 85354 Freising, Germany;
| | - Julia Bauer
- Leibniz-Institute for Food Systems Biology at the Technical University of Munich, Lise-Meitner-Str. 34, 85354 Freising, Germany;
| | - Dietmar Krautwurst
- Leibniz-Institute for Food Systems Biology at the Technical University of Munich, Lise-Meitner-Str. 34, 85354 Freising, Germany;
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Mafi A, Kim SK, Goddard WA. The dynamics of agonist-β 2-adrenergic receptor activation induced by binding of GDP-bound Gs protein. Nat Chem 2023:10.1038/s41557-023-01238-6. [PMID: 37349378 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-023-01238-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
There is considerable uncertainty about the mechanism by which the β2-adrenergic receptor (β2AR) is activated. Here we use molecular metadynamics computations to predict the mechanism by which an agonist induces the activation of the β2AR and its cognate Gs protein. We found that binding agonist alone to the inactive β2AR does not break the ionic lock and hence does not drive the β2AR towards the activated conformation. However, we found that attaching the inactive Gs protein to the agonist-bound inactive β2AR (containing the ionic lock) leads to partial insertion of Gαs-α5 into the core of β2AR, which breaks the ionic lock, leading to activation of the Gs protein coupled to β2AR. Upon activation, the Gαs protein undergoes a remarkable opening of the GDP binding pocket, making the GDP available for exchange or release. Concomitantly, Gαs-α5 undergoes a remarkable expansion in the β2AR cytoplasmic region after the ionic lock is broken, inducing TM6 to displace outward by ~5 Å from TM3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amirhossein Mafi
- Materials and Process Simulation Center, Caltech, Pasadena, CA, USA
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Soo-Kyung Kim
- Materials and Process Simulation Center, Caltech, Pasadena, CA, USA
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - William A Goddard
- Materials and Process Simulation Center, Caltech, Pasadena, CA, USA.
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
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9
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Kobayashi K, Han L, Koyama T, Lu SN, Nishimura T. Sweet taste receptor subunit T1R3 regulates casein secretion and phosphorylation of STAT5 in mammary epithelial cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2023; 1870:119448. [PMID: 36878266 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2023.119448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
During lactation, mammary epithelial cells (MECs) on the apical membrane are in contact with lactose in milk, while MECs on the basolateral membrane are in contact with glucose in blood. Both glucose and lactose are sweeteners that are sensed by a sweet taste receptor. Previously, we have shown that lactose exposure on the basolateral membrane, but not the apical membrane, inhibits casein production and phosphorylation of STAT5 in MECs. However, it remains unclear whether MECs have a sweet taste receptor. In this study, we confirmed that the sweet taste receptor subunit T1R3 existed in both the apical and basolateral membranes of MECs. Subsequently, we investigated the influence of apical and basolateral sucralose as a ligand for the sweet taste receptor using a cell culture model. In this model, upper and lower media were separated by the MEC layer with less-permeable tight junctions. The results showed in the absence of glucose, both apical and basolateral sucralose induced phosphorylation of STAT5, which is a positive transcriptional factor for milk production. In contrast, the T1R3 inhibitor basolateral lactisole reducing phosphorylated STAT5 and secreted caseins in the presence of glucose. Furthermore, exposure of the apical membrane to sucralose in the presence of glucose inhibited the phosphorylation of STAT5. Simultaneously, GLUT1 was partially translocated from the basolateral membrane to the cytoplasm in MECs. These results suggest that T1R3 functions as a sweet receptor and is closely involved in casein production in MECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Biology, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, North 9, West 9, 060-8589 Sapporo, Japan.
| | - Liang Han
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Biology, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, North 9, West 9, 060-8589 Sapporo, Japan
| | - Taku Koyama
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Biology, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, North 9, West 9, 060-8589 Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shan-Ni Lu
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Biology, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, North 9, West 9, 060-8589 Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takanori Nishimura
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Biology, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, North 9, West 9, 060-8589 Sapporo, Japan
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Isu UH, Badiee SA, Khodadadi E, Moradi M. Cholesterol in Class C GPCRs: Role, Relevance, and Localization. MEMBRANES 2023; 13:301. [PMID: 36984688 PMCID: PMC10056374 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13030301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), one of the largest superfamilies of cell-surface receptors, are heptahelical integral membrane proteins that play critical roles in virtually every organ system. G-protein-coupled receptors operate in membranes rich in cholesterol, with an imbalance in cholesterol level within the vicinity of GPCR transmembrane domains affecting the structure and/or function of many GPCRs, a phenomenon that has been linked to several diseases. These effects of cholesterol could result in indirect changes by altering the mechanical properties of the lipid environment or direct changes by binding to specific sites on the protein. There are a number of studies and reviews on how cholesterol modulates class A GPCRs; however, this area of study is yet to be explored for class C GPCRs, which are characterized by a large extracellular region and often form constitutive dimers. This review highlights specific sites of interaction, functions, and structural dynamics involved in the cholesterol recognition of the class C GPCRs. We summarize recent data from some typical family members to explain the effects of membrane cholesterol on the structural features and functions of class C GPCRs and speculate on their corresponding therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Mahmoud Moradi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
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Angotzi AR, Leal E, Puchol S, Cerdá-Reverter JM, Morais S. Exploring the potential for an evolutionarily conserved role of the taste 1 receptor gene family in gut sensing mechanisms of fish. ANIMAL NUTRITION 2022; 11:293-308. [PMID: 36263402 PMCID: PMC9563615 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2022.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the transcriptional spatio-temporal dynamics of the taste 1 receptor (T1R) gene family repertoire in seabream (Sparus aurata [sa]), during larval ontogeny and in adult tissues. In early larval development, saT1R expression arises heterochronously, i.e. the extraoral taste-related perception in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) anticipates first exogenous feeding (at 9 days post hatching [dph]), followed by the buccal/intraoral perception from 14 dph onwards, supporting the hypothesis that the early onset of the molecular machinery underlying saT1R expression in the GIT is not induced by food but rather genetically hardwired. During adulthood, we characterized the expression patterns of saT1R within specific tissues (n = 4) distributed in oropharingeal, GIT and brain regions substantiating their functional versatility as chemosensory signaling players to a variety of biological functions beyond oral taste sensation. Further, we provided for the first time direct evidences in fish for mRNA co-expression of a subset of saT1R genes (mostly saT1R3, i.e. the common subunit of the heterodimeric T1R complexes for the detection of “sweet” and “umami” substances), with the selected gut peptides ghrelin (ghr), cholecystokinin (cck), hormone peptide yy (pyy) and proglucagon (pg). Each peptide defines the enteroendocrine cells (ECCs) identity, and establishes on morphological basis, a direct link for T1R chemosensing in the regulation of fish digestive processes. Finally, we analyzed the spatial gene expression patterns of 2 taste signaling components functionally homologous to the mammalian G(i)α subunit gustducin, namely saG(i)α1 and saG(i)α2, and demonstrated their co-localization with the saT1R3 in EECs, thus validating their direct involvement in taste-like transduction mechanisms of the fish GIT. In conclusion, data provide new insights in the evolutionary conservation of gut sensing in fish suggesting a conserved role for nutrient sensors modulating entero-endocrine secretion.
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Mafi A, Kim SK, Goddard WA. The mechanism for ligand activation of the GPCR-G protein complex. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2110085119. [PMID: 35452328 PMCID: PMC9170043 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2110085119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs) activate cellular responses ranging from odorants to neurotransmitters. Binding an agonist leads to activation of a heterotrimeric G protein (GP) that stimulates external signaling. Unfortunately, the mechanism remains unknown. We show for 15 class A GPCRs, including opioids, adrenergics, adenosines, chemokines, muscarinics, cannabinoids, serotonins, and dopamines, that interaction of an inactive GP, including Gs, Gi, Go, G11, and Gq, to the inactive GPCR, containing the intracellular ionic lock between transmembrane (TM) helices 3 and 6, evolves exothermically to form a precoupled GPCR-GP complex with an opened TM3-TM6 and the GP-α5 helix partially inserted into the GPCR but not activated. We show that binding of agonist to this precoupled GPCR-GP complex causes the Gα protein to open into its active form, with the guanosine diphosphate exposed for signaling. This GP-first paradigm provides a strategy for developing selective agonists for GPCRs since it is the pharmacophore for the precoupled GPCR-GP complex that should be used to design drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amirhossein Mafi
- Materials and Process Simulation Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125
| | - Soo-Kyung Kim
- Materials and Process Simulation Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125
| | - William A. Goddard
- Materials and Process Simulation Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125
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