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Ye C, Zhang DS, Chen B, Tung CH, Wu LZ. Interfacial Charge Transfer Regulates Photoredox Catalysis. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2024; 10:529-542. [PMID: 38559307 PMCID: PMC10979487 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.3c01561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Photoredox catalytic processes offer the potential for precise chemical reactions using light and materials. The central determinant is identified as interfacial charge transfer, which simultaneously engenders distinctive behavior in the overall reaction. An in-depth elucidation of the main mechanism and highlighting of the complexity of interfacial charge transfer can occur through both diffusive and direct transfer models, revealing its potential for sophisticated design in complex transformations. The fundamental photophysics uncover these comprehensive applications and offer a clue for future development. This research contributes to the growing body of knowledge on interfacial charge transfer in photoredox catalysis and sets the stage for further exploration of this fascinating area of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Ye
- Key
Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials,
New Cornerstone Laboratory, Technical Institute
of Physics and Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- School
of Future Technology, University of Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - De-Shan Zhang
- Key
Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials,
New Cornerstone Laboratory, Technical Institute
of Physics and Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- School
of Future Technology, University of Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Bin Chen
- Key
Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials,
New Cornerstone Laboratory, Technical Institute
of Physics and Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- School
of Future Technology, University of Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Chen-Ho Tung
- Key
Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials,
New Cornerstone Laboratory, Technical Institute
of Physics and Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- School
of Future Technology, University of Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Li-Zhu Wu
- Key
Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials,
New Cornerstone Laboratory, Technical Institute
of Physics and Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- School
of Future Technology, University of Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
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2
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Bagnall A, Eliasson N, Hansson S, Chavarot-Kerlidou M, Artero V, Tian H, Hammarström L. Ultrafast Electron Transfer from CuInS 2 Quantum Dots to a Molecular Catalyst for Hydrogen Production: Challenging Diffusion Limitations. ACS Catal 2024; 14:4186-4201. [PMID: 38510668 PMCID: PMC10949191 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.3c06216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Systems integrating quantum dots with molecular catalysts are attracting ever more attention, primarily owing to their tunability and notable photocatalytic activity in the context of the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR). CuInS2 (CIS) quantum dots (QDs) are effective photoreductants, having relatively high-energy conduction bands, but their electronic structure and defect states often lead to poor performance, prompting many researchers to employ them with a core-shell structure. Molecular cobalt HER catalysts, on the other hand, often suffer from poor stability. Here, we have combined CIS QDs, surface-passivated with l-cysteine and iodide from a water-based synthesis, with two tetraazamacrocyclic cobalt complexes to realize systems which demonstrate high turnover numbers for the HER (up to >8000 per catalyst), using ascorbate as the sacrificial electron donor at pH = 4.5. Photoluminescence intensity and lifetime quenching data indicated a large degree of binding of the catalysts to the QDs, even with only ca. 1 μM each of QDs and catalysts, linked to an entirely static quenching mechanism. The data was fitted with a Poissonian distribution of catalyst molecules over the QDs, from which the concentration of QDs could be evaluated. No important difference in either quenching or photocatalysis was observed between catalysts with and without the carboxylate as a potential anchoring group. Femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy confirmed ultrafast interfacial electron transfer from the QDs and the formation of the singly reduced catalyst (CoII state) for both complexes, with an average electron transfer rate constant of ≈ (10 ps)-1. These favorable results confirm that the core tetraazamacrocyclic cobalt complex is remarkably stable under photocatalytic conditions and that CIS QDs without inorganic shell structures for passivation can act as effective photosensitizers, while their smaller size makes them suitable for application in the sensitization of, inter alia, mesoporous electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew
J. Bagnall
- Department
of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
- Univ.
Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IRIG, Laboratoire de Chimie et Biologie
des Métaux, 17
rue des Martyrs, F-38054 Grenoble, Cedex, France
| | - Nora Eliasson
- Department
of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sofie Hansson
- Department
of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Murielle Chavarot-Kerlidou
- Univ.
Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IRIG, Laboratoire de Chimie et Biologie
des Métaux, 17
rue des Martyrs, F-38054 Grenoble, Cedex, France
| | - Vincent Artero
- Univ.
Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IRIG, Laboratoire de Chimie et Biologie
des Métaux, 17
rue des Martyrs, F-38054 Grenoble, Cedex, France
| | - Haining Tian
- Department
of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Leif Hammarström
- Department
of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
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3
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Harvey SM, Olshansky JH, Li A, Panuganti S, Kanatzidis MG, Hupp JT, Wasielewski MR, Schaller RD. Ligand Desorption and Fragmentation in Oleate-Capped CdSe Nanocrystals under High-Intensity Photoexcitation. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:3732-3741. [PMID: 38301030 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c10232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Semiconductor nanocrystals (NCs) offer prospective use as active optical elements in photovoltaics, light-emitting diodes, lasers, and photocatalysts due to their tunable optical absorption and emission properties, high stability, and scalable solution processing, as well as compatibility with additive manufacturing routes. Over the course of experiments, during device fabrication, or while in use commercially, these materials are often subjected to intense or prolonged electronic excitation and high carrier densities. The influence of such conditions on ligand integrity and binding remains underexplored. Here, we expose CdSe NCs to laser excitation and monitor changes in oleate that is covalently attached to the NC surface using nuclear magnetic resonance as a function of time and laser intensity. Higher photon doses cause increased rates of ligand loss from the particles, with upward of 50% total ligand desorption measured for the longest, most intense excitation. Surprisingly, for a range of excitation intensities, fragmentation of the oleate is detected and occurs concomitantly with formation of aldehydes, terminal alkenes, H2, and water. After illumination, NC size, shape, and bandgap remain constant although low-energy absorption features (Urbach tails) develop in some samples, indicating formation of substantial trap states. The observed reaction chemistry, which here occurs with low photon to chemical conversion efficiency, suggests that ligand reactivity may require examination for improved NC dispersion stability but can also be manipulated to yield desired photocatalytically accessed chemical species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha M Harvey
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- International Institute for Nanotechnology, Paula M. Trienens Institute for Sustainability and Energy, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Jacob H Olshansky
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- International Institute for Nanotechnology, Paula M. Trienens Institute for Sustainability and Energy, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Alice Li
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Shobhana Panuganti
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Mercouri G Kanatzidis
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- International Institute for Nanotechnology, Paula M. Trienens Institute for Sustainability and Energy, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Joseph T Hupp
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- International Institute for Nanotechnology, Paula M. Trienens Institute for Sustainability and Energy, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Michael R Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- International Institute for Nanotechnology, Paula M. Trienens Institute for Sustainability and Energy, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Richard D Schaller
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- International Institute for Nanotechnology, Paula M. Trienens Institute for Sustainability and Energy, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
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Aschendorf CJ, Degbevi M, Prather KV, Tsui EY. EPR spin trapping of nucleophilic and radical reactions at colloidal metal chalcogenide quantum dot surfaces. Chem Sci 2023; 14:13080-13089. [PMID: 38023529 PMCID: PMC10664490 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc04724e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The participation of the surfaces of colloidal semiconductor nanocrystal quantum dots (QDs) in QD-mediated photocatalytic reactions is an important factor that distinguishes QDs from other photosensitizers (e.g. transition metal complexes or organic dyes). Here, we probe nucleophilic and radical reactivity of surface sulfides and selenides of metal chalcogenide (CdSe, CdS, ZnSe, and PbS) QDs using chemical reactions and NMR spectroscopy. Additionally, the high sensitivity of EPR spectroscopy is adapted to study these surface-centered reactions through the use of spin traps like 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-N-oxide (DMPO) under photoexcitation and thermal conditions. We demonstrate that DMPO likely adds to CdSe QD surfaces under thermal conditions by a nucleophilic mechanism in which the surface chalcogenides add to the double bond, followed by further oxidation of the surface-bound product. In contrast, CdS QDs more readily form surface sulfur-centered radicals that can perform reactions including alkene isomerization. These results indicate that QD surfaces should be an important consideration for the design of photocatalysis beyond simply tuning QD semiconductor band gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline J Aschendorf
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame Notre Dame IN USA
| | - Mawuli Degbevi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame Notre Dame IN USA
| | - Keaton V Prather
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame Notre Dame IN USA
| | - Emily Y Tsui
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame Notre Dame IN USA
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5
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Johnsen WD, Deegbey M, Grills DC, Polyansky DE, Goldberg KI, Jakubikova E, Mallouk TE. Lewis Acids and Electron-Withdrawing Ligands Accelerate CO Coordination to Dinuclear Cu I Compounds. Inorg Chem 2023. [PMID: 37228171 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c01003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A series of dinuclear molecular copper complexes were prepared and used to model the binding and Lewis acid stabilization of CO in heterogeneous copper CO2 reduction electrocatalysts. Experimental studies (including measurement of rate and equilibrium constants) and electronic structure calculations suggest that the key kinetic barrier for CO binding may be a σ-interaction between CuI and the incoming CO ligand. The rate of CO coordination can be increased upon the addition of Lewis acids or electron-withdrawing substituents on the ligand backbone. Conversely, Keq for CO coordination can be increased by adding electron density to the metal centers of the compound, consistent with stronger π-backbonding. Finally, the electrochemically measured kinetic results were mapped onto an electrochemical zone diagram to illustrate how these system changes enabled access to each zone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter D Johnsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-3816, United States
| | - Mawuli Deegbey
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-6682, United States
| | - David C Grills
- Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973-5000, United States
| | - Dmitry E Polyansky
- Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973-5000, United States
| | - Karen I Goldberg
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-3816, United States
| | - Elena Jakubikova
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-6682, United States
| | - Thomas E Mallouk
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-3816, United States
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6
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Dou FY, Harvey SM, Mason KG, Homer MK, Gamelin DR, Cossairt BM. Effect of a redox-mediating ligand shell on photocatalysis by CdS quantum dots. J Chem Phys 2023; 158:2889496. [PMID: 37158330 DOI: 10.1063/5.0144896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) are efficient organic photoredox catalysts due to their high extinction coefficients and easily tunable band edge potentials. Despite the majority of the surface being covered by ligands, our understanding of the effect of the ligand shell on organic photocatalysis is limited to steric effects. We hypothesize that we can increase the activity of QD photocatalysts by designing a ligand shell with targeted electronic properties, namely, redox-mediating ligands. Herein, we functionalize our QDs with hole-mediating ferrocene (Fc) derivative ligands and perform a reaction where the slow step is hole transfer from QD to substrate. Surprisingly, we find that a hole-shuttling Fc inhibits catalysis, but confers much greater stability to the catalyst by preventing a build-up of destructive holes. We also find that dynamically bound Fc ligands can promote catalysis by surface exchange and creation of a more permeable ligand shell. Finally, we find that trapping the electron on a ligand dramatically increases the rate of reaction. These results have major implications for understanding the rate-limiting processes for charge transfer from QDs and the role of the ligand shell in modulating it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Y Dou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Samantha M Harvey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Konstantina G Mason
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Micaela K Homer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Daniel R Gamelin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Brandi M Cossairt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
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7
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Prather KV, Tsui EY. Photoinduced Ligand-to-Metal Charge Transfer of Cobaltocene: Radical Release and Catalytic Cyclotrimerization. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:2128-2134. [PMID: 36701811 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c03779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Irradiation of cobalt metallocenes at the ligand-to-metal charge transfer energies results in the labilization of the cyclopentadienyl-cobalt bond and radical release. The cyclopentadienyl radical is detected by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy using a spin trap and can also be chemically trapped using hydrogen-atom-donating reagents. This reaction presents a new photochemical method of generating new cobalt complexes or of forming cyclopentadienyl cobalt(I) species that are active for catalytic [2 + 2 + 2] cyclotrimerization reactions. More importantly, these results also show that cobaltocene should not be considered as a photostable redox reagent under many conditions, including those relevant to photovoltaics or photocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keaton V Prather
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Emily Y Tsui
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
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