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Li X, Jin Z, Bai Y, Svensson B. Progress in cyclodextrins as important molecules regulating catalytic processes of glycoside hydrolases. Biotechnol Adv 2024; 72:108326. [PMID: 38382582 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2024.108326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Cyclodextrins (CDs) are important starch derivatives and commonly comprise α-, β-, and γ-CDs. Their hydrophilic surface and hydrophobic inner cavity enable regulation of enzyme catalysis through direct or indirect interactions. Clarifying interactions between CDs and enzyme is of great value for enzyme screening, mechanism exploration, regulation of catalysis, and applications. We summarize the interactions between CDs and glycoside hydrolases (GHs) according to two aspects: 1) CD as products, substrates, inhibitors and activators of enzymes, directly affecting the reaction process; 2) CDs indirectly affecting the enzymatic reaction by solubilizing substrates, relieving substrate/product inhibition, increasing recombinant enzyme production and storage stability, isolating and purifying enzymes, and serving as ligands in crystal structure to identify functional amino acid residues. Additionally, CD enzyme mimetics are developed and used as catalysts in traditional artificial enzymes as well as nanozymes, making the application of CDs no longer limited to GHs. This review concerns the regulation of GHs catalysis by CDs, and gives insights into research on interactions between enzymes and ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Zhengyu Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Yuxiang Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China.
| | - Birte Svensson
- Enzyme and Protein Chemistry, Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby DK-2800, Denmark
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Larsen D, Erichsen A, Masciotta G, Meier S, Beeren SR. Quantitative determination of the binding capabilities of individual large-ring cyclodextrins in complex mixtures. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:2090-2093. [PMID: 38294022 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc05897b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Large-ring cyclodextrins (CDs) are a comparatively unexplored family of macrocycles. We use high-resolution 1H-13C HSQC NMR experiments to resolve the anomeric signals of at least 13 different size CDs in a mixture. Using a single titration experiment, we can quantify the individual binding capabilites of these structurally-related hosts, avoiding the need for cumbersome isolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Larsen
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 207, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Andreas Erichsen
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 207, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Giorgia Masciotta
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 207, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Sebastian Meier
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 207, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Sophie R Beeren
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 207, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
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Cougnon FBL, Stefankiewicz AR, Ulrich S. Dynamic covalent synthesis. Chem Sci 2024; 15:879-895. [PMID: 38239698 PMCID: PMC10793650 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc05343a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Dynamic covalent synthesis aims to precisely control the assembly of simple building blocks linked by reversible covalent bonds to generate a single, structurally complex, product. In recent years, considerable progress in the programmability of dynamic covalent systems has enabled easy access to a broad range of assemblies, including macrocycles, shape-persistent cages, unconventional foldamers and mechanically-interlocked species (catenanes, knots, etc.). The reversibility of the covalent linkages can be either switched off to yield stable, isolable products or activated by specific physico-chemical stimuli, allowing the assemblies to adapt and respond to environmental changes in a controlled manner. This activatable dynamic property makes dynamic covalent assemblies particularly attractive for the design of complex matter, smart chemical systems, out-of-equilibrium systems, and molecular devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien B L Cougnon
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience Centre, University of Jyväskylä Jyväskylä Finland
| | - Artur R Stefankiewicz
- Centre for Advanced Technology and Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University Poznań Poland
| | - Sébastien Ulrich
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM Montpellier France
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Bonnet V, Clodic G, Sonnendecker C, Zimmermann W, Przybylski C. Ion mobility mass spectrometry enables the discrimination of positional isomers and the detection of conformers from cyclic oligosaccharides-metals supramolecular complexes. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 320:121205. [PMID: 37659808 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023]
Abstract
Cyclic oligosaccharides are well known to interact with various metals, able to form supramolecular complexes with distinct sizes and shapes. However, the presence of various isomers in a sample, including positional isomers and conformers, can significantly impact molecular recognition, encapsulation ability and chemical reactivity. Therefore, it is crucial to have tools for deep samples probing and correlation establishments. The emerging ion mobility mass spectrometry (IM-MS) has the advantages to be rapid and sensitive, but is still in its infancy for the investigation of supramolecular assemblies. In the herein study, it was demonstrated that IM-MS is suitable to discriminate several isomers of cyclodextrins (CD)-metals complexes, used as cyclic oligosaccharide models. In this sense, we investigated branched 6-O-α-glucosyl- or 6-O-α-maltosyl-β-cyclodextrins (G1-β-CD and G2-β-CD) and their purely cyclic isomers: CD8 (γ-CD) and CD9 (δ-CD). The corresponding collision cross section (CCS) values were deducted for the main positive singly and doubly charged species. Experimental CCS values were matched with models obtained from molecular modelling. The high mobility resolving power and resolution enabled discrimination of positional isomers, identification of various conformers and accurate relative content estimation. These results represent a milestone in the identification of carbohydrate conformers that cannot be easily reached by other approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Bonnet
- Laboratoire de Glycochimie, des Antimicrobiens et des Agroressources, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 80039 Amiens, France
| | - Gilles Clodic
- Sorbonne Université, Mass Spectrometry Sciences Sorbonne University, MS3U Platform, UFR 926, UFR 927, Paris, France
| | | | - Wolfgang Zimmermann
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Cédric Przybylski
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, IPCM, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France; Université Paris-Saclay, Univ Evry, CNRS, LAMBE, Evry-Courcouronnes 91000, France.
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Sørensen J, Hansen EL, Larsen D, Elmquist MA, Buchleithner A, Florean L, Beeren SR. Light-controlled enzymatic synthesis of γ-CD using a recyclable azobenzene template. Chem Sci 2023; 14:7725-7732. [PMID: 37476725 PMCID: PMC10355107 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc01997g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclodextrins (CDs) are important molecular hosts for hydrophobic guests in water and extensively employed in the pharmaceutical, food and cosmetic industries to encapsulate drugs, flavours and aromas. Compared with α- and β-CD, the wide-scale use of γ-CD is currently limited due to costly production processes. We show how the yield of γ-CD in the enzymatic synthesis of CDs can be increased 5-fold by adding a tetra-ortho-isopropoxy-substituted azobenzene template irradiated at 625 nm (to obtain the cis-(Z)-isomer) to direct the synthesis. Following the enzymatic reaction, the template can then be readily recovered from the product mixture for use in subsequent reaction cycles. Heating induces thermal cis-(Z) to trans-(E) relaxation and consequent dissociation from γ-CD whereupon the template can then be precipitated by acidification. For this study we designed and synthesised a set of three water-soluble azobenzene templates with different ortho-substituents and characterised their photoswitching behaviour using UV/vis and NMR spectroscopy. The templates were tested in cyclodextrin glucanotransferase-mediated dynamic combinatorial libraries (DCLs) of cyclodextrins while irradiating at different wavelengths to control the cis/trans ratios. To rationalise the behaviour of the DCLs, NMR titrations were carried out to investigate the binding interactions between α-, β- and γ-CD and the cis and trans isomers of each template.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Sørensen
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark Kemitorvet Building 207 Kongens Lyngby 2800 Denmark
| | - Emilie Ljungberg Hansen
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark Kemitorvet Building 207 Kongens Lyngby 2800 Denmark
| | - Dennis Larsen
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark Kemitorvet Building 207 Kongens Lyngby 2800 Denmark
| | - Mathias Albert Elmquist
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark Kemitorvet Building 207 Kongens Lyngby 2800 Denmark
| | - Andreas Buchleithner
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark Kemitorvet Building 207 Kongens Lyngby 2800 Denmark
| | - Luca Florean
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark Kemitorvet Building 207 Kongens Lyngby 2800 Denmark
| | - Sophie R Beeren
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark Kemitorvet Building 207 Kongens Lyngby 2800 Denmark
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