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Fan Z, Cai X, Sheng T, Yu JQ. Synthesis of bicyclo[3.2.0]heptane lactones via a ligand-enabled Pd-catalyzed C(sp 3)-H activation cascade. Chem Sci 2025; 16:9436-9440. [PMID: 40308955 PMCID: PMC12038937 DOI: 10.1039/d5sc00711a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2025] [Accepted: 04/01/2025] [Indexed: 05/02/2025] Open
Abstract
Bicyclo[3.2.0]heptane lactones represent an important scaffold in bioactive molecules. Herein, we report a diastereoselective synthetic disconnection to access bicyclo[3.2.0]heptane lactones from bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane carboxylic acids, which proceeds through palladium-catalyzed C-H activation and C-C cleavage processes. By using two different classes of ligands, MPAA and pyridone-amine, either all-syn arylated bicyclo[3.2.0]heptane lactones or non-arylated ones can be synthesized. The bicyclo[3.2.0]heptane lactone products were converted into multiple substituted cyclobutane, γ-lactone, and oxobicyclo[3.2.0]heptane derivatives to showcase the synthetic versatility of this method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhoulong Fan
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute 10550 North Torrey Pines Road La Jolla CA 92037 USA
| | - Xinpei Cai
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute 10550 North Torrey Pines Road La Jolla CA 92037 USA
| | - Tao Sheng
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute 10550 North Torrey Pines Road La Jolla CA 92037 USA
| | - Jin-Quan Yu
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute 10550 North Torrey Pines Road La Jolla CA 92037 USA
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Yu T, Zhao X, Nie Z, Qin L, Ding Z, Xu L, Li P. Diverse Synthesis of Arene-Fused [n.1.1]-Bridged Molecules via Catalytic Cycloaddition and Rearrangement Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2025; 64:e202420831. [PMID: 39714393 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202420831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2024] [Revised: 12/19/2024] [Accepted: 12/20/2024] [Indexed: 12/24/2024]
Abstract
Although great advancement has been made in synthesis of 3D bridged bicyclic[n.1.1]-bioisosteres, facile construction of 2D/3D merged molecules incorporating bridged rings, as novel chemical space in drug discovery, remains a significant challenge. Herein a collective, selective, and diversity-oriented approach for up to 6 types of 2D/3D polycyclic scaffolds featuring bicyclo[n.1.1] substructure is reported. A boronyl radical-catalyzed [2σ+2π] cycloaddition between bicyclo[1.1.0]butanes and ortho-quinone methides afforded spirocyclic compounds containing a bicyclo[2.1.1]hexanes unit, which were used as intermediates for synthesis of three types of 2D/3D scaffolds via judiciously controlled Lewis acid-catalyzed rearrangements. The reaction and rearrangement of para-quinone methides worked analogously and provided another two polycyclic scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Yu
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710054, China
- School of Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, China
| | - Xue Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/State Key Laboratory Incubation Base for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832003, China
| | - Zaicheng Nie
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710054, China
| | - Lulu Qin
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710054, China
| | - Zhengwei Ding
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710054, China
| | - Liang Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/State Key Laboratory Incubation Base for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832003, China
| | - Pengfei Li
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710054, China
- School of Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, China
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
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Restrepo G. Spaces of mathematical chemistry. Theory Biosci 2024; 143:237-251. [PMID: 39259256 PMCID: PMC11604753 DOI: 10.1007/s12064-024-00425-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 08/22/2024] [Indexed: 09/12/2024]
Abstract
In an effort to expand the domain of mathematical chemistry and inspire research beyond the realms of graph theory and quantum chemistry, we explore five mathematical chemistry spaces and their interconnectedness. These spaces comprise the chemical space, which encompasses substances and reactions; the space of reaction conditions, spanning the physical and chemical aspects involved in chemical reactions; the space of reaction grammars, which encapsulates the rules for creating and breaking chemical bonds; the space of substance properties, covering all documented measurements regarding substances; and the space of substance representations, composed of the various ontologies for characterising substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Restrepo
- Max Planck Institute for Mathematics in the Sciences, Inselstr. 22, Leipzig, 04103, Saxony, Germany.
- Interdisciplinary Center for Bioinformatics, Universität Leipzig, Härtelstr. 16-18, Leipzig, 04107, Saxony, Germany.
- School of Applied Sciences and Engineering, EAFIT University, Carrera 49 No 7 Sur-50, Medellin, 050022, Antioquia, Colombia.
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Tsien J, Hu C, Merchant RR, Qin T. Three-dimensional saturated C(sp 3)-rich bioisosteres for benzene. Nat Rev Chem 2024; 8:605-627. [PMID: 38982260 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-024-00623-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Benzenes, the most ubiquitous structural moiety in marketed small-molecule drugs, are frequently associated with poor 'drug-like' properties, including metabolic instability, and poor aqueous solubility. In an effort to overcome these limitations, recent developments in medicinal chemistry have demonstrated the improved physicochemical profiles of C(sp3)-rich bioisosteric scaffolds relative to arenes. In the past two decades, we have witnessed an exponential increase in synthetic methods for accessing saturated bioisosteres of monosubstituted and para-substituted benzenes. However, until recent discoveries, analogous three-dimensional ortho-substituted and meta-substituted biososteres have remained underexplored, owing to their ring strain and increased s-character hybridization. This Review summarizes the emerging synthetic methodologies to access such saturated motifs and their impact on the application of bioisosteres for ortho-substituted, meta-substituted and multi-substituted benzene rings. It concludes with a perspective on the development of next-generation bioisosteres, including those within novel chemical space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jet Tsien
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Chao Hu
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Rohan R Merchant
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Tian Qin
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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Kadiyam RK, Sangolkar AA, Faizan M, Pawar R. Bispericyclic Ambimodal Dimerization of Pentafulvene: The Origin of Asynchronicity and Kinetic Selectivity of the Endo Transition State. J Org Chem 2024; 89:6813-6825. [PMID: 38661667 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
The propensity of fulvenes to undergo dimerization has long been known, although the in-depth mechanism and electronic behavior during dimerization are still elusive. Herein, we made an attempt to gain insights into the reactivity of pentafulvene for Diels-Alder (DA) and [6 + 4]-cycloadditions via conventional and ambimodal routes. The result emphasizes that pentafulvene dimerization preferentially proceeds through a unique bifurcation mechanism where two DA pathways merge together to produce two degenerate [4 + 2]-cycloadducts from a single TS. Despite the [6 + 4]-cycloadduct being thermodynamically preferred, [4 + 2]-cycloaddition reactions are kinetically driven. Singlet biradicaloid is involved in through-space 6e- delocalization as a secondary orbital interaction that originates asynchronicity and stabilizes the bispericyclic transition state (TS). The transformation of various actively participating intrinsic bonding orbitals (IBOs) unambiguously forecasts the formation of multiple products from a single TS and rationalizes the mechanism of ambimodal reactions that are rather difficult to probe with other analyses. The changes in active IBOs clearly distinguish the conventional reactions from bifurcation reactions and can be employed to characterize and confirm the ambimodal mechanism. This report gains a crucial theoretical insight into the mechanism of bifurcation, the origin of asynchronicity, and electronic behavior in ambimodal TS, which will certainly be of enormous value for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rama Krishna Kadiyam
- Laboratory of Advanced Computation and Theory for Materials and Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Warangal (NITW), Warangal, Telangana 506004, India
| | - Akanksha Ashok Sangolkar
- Laboratory of Advanced Computation and Theory for Materials and Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Warangal (NITW), Warangal, Telangana 506004, India
| | - Mohmmad Faizan
- Laboratory of Advanced Computation and Theory for Materials and Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Warangal (NITW), Warangal, Telangana 506004, India
| | - Ravinder Pawar
- Laboratory of Advanced Computation and Theory for Materials and Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Warangal (NITW), Warangal, Telangana 506004, India
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Zhang P, Yu ZX. Dynamically or Kinetically Controlled? Computational Study of the Mechanisms of Electrophilic Aminoalkenylation of Heteroaromatics with Keteniminium Ions. J Org Chem 2024; 89:4326-4335. [PMID: 38506441 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Quantum chemical calculations and molecular dynamics simulations were applied to study the electrophilic aminoalkenylation of heteroaromatics with keniminium ions. Post-transition state bifurcation (PTSB) was found in the electrophilic addition step for the aminoalkenylation of pyrroles and indoles, and the selectivity for these reactions was dynamically controlled. However, the aminoalkenylation of furan was kinetically controlled because no apparent PTSB was found in the electrophilic addition step. The substituents on the keteniminium ions can also affect the dynamic results for the aminoalkenylations to pyrroles: the C2-aminoalkenylated product is much more favored over the C3-aminoalkenylated product for keteniminium ions with electron-donating substituents, while the product ratio (C2 product/C3 product) decreased when stronger electron-withdrawing substituents were applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhi-Xiang Yu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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