1
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McLaren EJ, Feng G, Watkins NH, Wang Q. Copper-Catalyzed Allylic Amination of Alkenes Using O-Acylhydroxylamines: A Direct Entry to Diverse N-Alkyl Allylamines. ACS Catal 2025; 15:7441-7447. [PMID: 40370954 PMCID: PMC12074669 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.5c01859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2025]
Abstract
We report a copper-catalyzed direct allylic amination of alkenes using readily available O-benzyolhydroxylamines as the alkylamine precursors and internal oxidant. A range of primary and secondary alkylamines can be installed onto diversely substituted alkenes for rapid construction of N-alkyl allylamines. Mechanistic studies support that the reaction engages an initial electrophilic amination to alkenes with anti-Markovnikov selectivity and subsequently a regioselective oxidative elimination to furnish the double bond transposition. In the electrophilic amination step, the use of strong Brønsted acid is critical for generating the key aminium radical cation (ARC) species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric J. McLaren
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Guangshou Feng
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Noah H. Watkins
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Qiu Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
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2
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Grover J, Sebastian AT, Maiti S, Bissember AC, Maiti D. Unified approaches in transition metal catalyzed C(sp 3)-H functionalization: recent advances and mechanistic aspects. Chem Soc Rev 2025; 54:2006-2053. [PMID: 39838813 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00488j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2025]
Abstract
In organic synthesis, C(sp3)-H functionalization is a revolutionary method that allows direct alteration of unactivated C-H bonds. It can obviate the need for pre-functionalization and provides access to streamlined and atom economical routes for the synthesis of complex molecules starting from simple starting materials. Many strategies have evolved, such as photoredox catalysis, organocatalysis, non-directed C-H activation, transiently directed C-H activation, and native functionality directed C-H activation. Together these advances have reinforced the importance of C(sp3)-H functionalization in synthetic chemistry. C(sp3)-H functionalization has direct applications in pharmacology, agrochemicals, and materials science, demonstrating its ability to transform synthetic approaches by creating new retrosynthetic disconnections and boost the efficiency of chemical processes. This review aims to provide an overview of current state of C(sp3)-H functionalization, focusing more on recent breakthroughs and associated mechanistic insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagrit Grover
- Department of Chemistry, IIT Bombay, Powai, Mumbai-400076, India.
| | | | - Siddhartha Maiti
- VIT Bhopal University School of Biosciences Engineering & Technology, India
| | - Alex C Bissember
- School of Natural Sciences - Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia.
| | - Debabrata Maiti
- Department of Chemistry, IIT Bombay, Powai, Mumbai-400076, India.
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3
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Shaikh M, Rubalcaba K, Yan Y. Halide Perovskite Induces Halogen/Hydrogen Atom Transfer (XAT/HAT) for Allylic C-H Amination. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2025; 64:e202413012. [PMID: 39231037 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202413012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2024] [Revised: 09/03/2024] [Accepted: 09/04/2024] [Indexed: 09/06/2024]
Abstract
Allylic C-H amination has emerged as a powerful tool to construct allylamines, common motifs in molecular therapeutics. Such reaction implies an oxidative path for C-H activation but furnishes reductive amines, inferring mild oxidants' inactivity for C-H oxidation but strong oxidants' detriment to products. Herein we report a heterogeneous catalytic approach that manipulates halogen-vacancies of perovskite photocatalyst and exploits halogenated-solvents (i.e. CH2Cl2, CH2Br2) as mild oxidants for selective C-H allyl amination with 19,376 turnovers. CsPbBr3 nanocrystals induce cooperative hydrogen-atom-transfer (HAT, C-H oxidation, and halogen-vacancy CsPbBr3-x formation) and halogen-atom-transfer (XAT, CsPbBr3-x-induced solvent reduction) under a radical chain mechanism. Terminal/internal olefins are amenable to forge aromatic/aliphatic, cyclic/acyclic, secondary/tertiary allylamines (70 examples), including drugs or their derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melad Shaikh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Diego State University, 92182, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Kevin Rubalcaba
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Diego State University, 92182, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Yong Yan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Diego State University, 92182, San Diego, CA, USA
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4
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Sahoo A, Dutta S, Sahoo AK. A Precise Route to Tetrasubstituted Allyl Amines via Regioselective Dicarbofunctionalization of Masked Propargyl Amines. Org Lett 2024; 26:9746-9751. [PMID: 39506395 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c03622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2024]
Abstract
Allyl amines are vital components in various biologically important molecules and play a significant role in their function. Presently, most methods are geared toward the preparation of di- and trisubstituted allyl amines, leaving a gap for the development of more versatile approaches. We herein describe an approach to yield tetrasubstituted allyl amines through palladium (Pd)-catalyzed regioselective dicarbofunctionalization of masked N-phthalimide-protected propargyl amines. The cationic Pd-intermediate in conjunction with the masked amine exerts collective control for the reaction regioselectivity. This method accommodates a wide range of alkynes, aryl boronic acids, and aryl diazonium salts offering direct access to a wide range of unusual tetrasubstituted allyl amines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aradhana Sahoo
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli 500046, Telangana, India
| | - Shubham Dutta
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli 500046, Telangana, India
| | - Akhila K Sahoo
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli 500046, Telangana, India
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5
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Rana A, Chauhan R, Mottafegh A, Kim DP, Singh AK. DigiChemTree enables programmable light-induced carbene generation for on demand chemical synthesis. Commun Chem 2024; 7:251. [PMID: 39487355 PMCID: PMC11530455 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-024-01330-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2024] [Accepted: 10/17/2024] [Indexed: 11/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The reproducibility of chemical reactions, when obtaining protocols from literature or databases, is highly challenging for academicians, industry professionals and even now for the machine learning process. To synthesize the organic molecule under the photochemical condition, several years for the reaction optimization, highly skilled manpower, long reaction time etc. are needed, resulting in non-affordability and slow down the research and development. Herein, we have introduced the DigiChemTree backed with the artificial intelligence to auto-optimize the photochemical reaction parameter and synthesizing the on demand library of the molecules in fast manner. Newly, auto-generated digital code was further tested for the late stage functionalization of the various active pharmaceutical ingredient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhilash Rana
- Department of Organic Synthesis and Process Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, 500007, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ruchi Chauhan
- Department of Organic Synthesis and Process Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, 500007, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Amirreza Mottafegh
- Center for Intelligent Microprocess of Pharmaceutical Synthesis, Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Pyo Kim
- Center for Intelligent Microprocess of Pharmaceutical Synthesis, Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Ajay K Singh
- Department of Organic Synthesis and Process Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, 500007, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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6
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Nong ZS, Wang PS, Zhou QL, Gong LZ. Palladium-Catalyzed Branch-Selective Allylic C-H Amination Enabled by Nucleophile Coordination. Org Lett 2024; 26:8481-8485. [PMID: 39331493 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c02935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/29/2024]
Abstract
Regiochemical control is a central subject in the field of synthetic chemistry. Here we unveil an innovative approach for the branch-selective allylic C-H amination of α-alkenes with amine nucleophiles facilitated by phosphoramidite-palladium catalysis. A diverse array of α-alkenes has been effectively utilized to produce a variety of structurally distinct allylamines with moderate to excellent regioselectivity. Furthermore, the asymmetric version of this reaction is feasible through the use of chiral phosphoramidite ligands, albeit with currently modest enantioselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Sheng Nong
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Pu-Sheng Wang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Qi-Lin Zhou
- Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Liu-Zhu Gong
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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7
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Tu JL, Huang B. Direct C(sp 3)-H functionalization with aryl and alkyl radicals as intermolecular hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) agents. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:11450-11465. [PMID: 39268687 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc03383c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/17/2024]
Abstract
Recent years have witnessed the emergence of direct intermolecular C(sp3)-H bond functionalization using in situ generated aryl/alkyl radicals as a unique class of hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) agents. A variety of precursors have been exploited to produce these radical HAT agents under photocatalytic, electrochemical or thermal conditions. To date, viable aryl radical precursors have included aryl diazonium salts or aryl azosulfones, diaryliodonium salts, O-benzoyl oximes, aryl sulfonium salts, aryl thioesters, and aryl halides; and applicable alkyl radical sources have included tetrahalogenated methanes (e.g., CCl3Br, CBr4 and CF3I), N-hydroxyphthalimide esters, alkyl bromides, and acetic acid. This review summarizes the current advances in direct intermolecular C(sp3)-H functionalization through key HAT events with in situ generated aryl/alkyl radicals and categorizes the procedures by the specific radical precursors applied. With an emphasis on the reaction conditions, mechanisms and representative substrate scopes of these protocols, this review aims to demonstrate the current trends and future challenges of this emerging field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Lin Tu
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai 519085, China.
- School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Binbin Huang
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai 519085, China.
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8
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Mao L, Liu C, Tan X, Yao B, Wu J, Wu W, Jiang H. Pd-catalyzed Markovnikov selective oxidative amination of 4-pentenoic acid. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:9626-9629. [PMID: 39150353 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc02504k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
Pd-catalyzed regioselective amination of unactivated alkene remains a challenge and is of great interest. Herein, a palladium-catalyzed and ligand-controlled strategy for the Markovnikov selective oxidative amination of 4-pentenoic acid has been described. The protocol effectively reverses the carboxylic acid-directed anti-Markovnikov selectivity in oxidative amination of 4-pentenoic acid, successfully constructing γ-ketoamide derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Mao
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Chao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Xiangwen Tan
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Biao Yao
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Jiahao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Wanqing Wu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Huanfeng Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
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9
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Tabaru K, Fujihara T, Torii K, Suzuki T, Jing Y, Toyao T, Maeno Z, Shimizu KI, Watanabe T, Sogawa H, Sanda F, Hasegawa JY, Obora Y. Exploring Catalytic Intermediates in Pd-Catalyzed Aerobic Oxidative Amination of 1,3-Dienes: Multiple Metal Interactions of the Palladium Nanoclusters. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:22993-23003. [PMID: 39110536 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c02518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/22/2024]
Abstract
Metal nanoclusters (NCs) have unique properties because of their small size, which makes them useful as catalysts in reactions like cross-coupling. Pd-catalyzed oxidative amination, which involves dehydrogenative C-N bond formation, uses Pd complexes as the active species. It is known that the catalytic conditions involve the formation of Pd(0) species from Pd NCs, but the precise role of Pd NCs in the transformations has not been established. In this study, we investigated the characteristic properties of Pd NCs in oxidative amination of 1,3-dienes. The reaction achieved direct amination of commercially accessible 1,3-dienes with secondary aromatic amines, providing a variety of nitrogen containing 1,3-dienes. The compound was applicable to radical polymerization to provide the nitrogen-fabricated 1,3-diene-based polymer, which exhibited a different thermal stability compared to aliphatic nitrogen-fabricated diene polymers. In addition to the synthetic utility, by combining X-ray absorption fine structure and small-angle X-ray scattering analysis, we revealed amines and 1,3-dienes affected metal leaching from the Pd nanoparticles and stabilization of Pd NCs in the catalytic reaction. Additionally, DFT calculation suggested that the catalytic intermediate contained multiple adjacent Pd atoms and was responsible for formation of an σ-allylic intermediate that is difficult to form with the use of Pd complexes. These results could be used to understand the underlying phenomenon in the oxidative coupling reaction and develop Pd NCs-based dehydrogenation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Tabaru
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Chemistry, Materials and Bioengineering, Kansai University, Suita, Osaka 564-8680, Japan
| | - Tetsuaki Fujihara
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Torii
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Chemistry, Materials and Bioengineering, Kansai University, Suita, Osaka 564-8680, Japan
| | - Takeyuki Suzuki
- Comprehensive Analysis Center, SANKEN, Osaka University, Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| | - Yuan Jing
- Institute for Catalysis, Hokkaido University, N-21, W-10, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021, Japan
| | - Takashi Toyao
- Institute for Catalysis, Hokkaido University, N-21, W-10, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021, Japan
| | - Zen Maeno
- School of Advanced Engineering, Kogakuin University, 2665-1, Nakano-cho, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0015, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Shimizu
- Institute for Catalysis, Hokkaido University, N-21, W-10, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021, Japan
| | - Takeshi Watanabe
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Sogawa
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Chemistry, Materials and Bioengineering, Kansai University, Suita, Osaka 564-8680, Japan
| | - Fumio Sanda
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Chemistry, Materials and Bioengineering, Kansai University, Suita, Osaka 564-8680, Japan
| | - Jun-Ya Hasegawa
- Institute for Catalysis, Hokkaido University, N-21, W-10, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021, Japan
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Catalytic Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| | - Yasushi Obora
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Chemistry, Materials and Bioengineering, Kansai University, Suita, Osaka 564-8680, Japan
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10
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Luo X, Shen J, Jiang H, Huang L. Ruthenium-Catalyzed C-H Arylation of Aromatic Acids with ortho-Haloaniline To Access Phenanthridinones. Org Lett 2024; 26:2883-2887. [PMID: 38385698 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c04377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Phenanthridinone is a significant moiety in pharmaceutical and material science; thus, it is highly desirable to develop an efficient and robust method to construct phenanthridinone from readily available starting materials. Herein, we report a Ru-catalyzed C-H arylation of aromatic carboxylic acids with ortho-haloanilines, followed by intramolecular dehydration to afford phenanthridinones in high yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianglin Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Jiayi Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Huanfeng Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Liangbin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
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11
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Cai Y, Gaurav G, Ritter T. 1,4-Aminoarylation of Butadienes via Photoinduced Palladium Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202311250. [PMID: 38334292 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202311250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
A visible-light-induced, three-component palladium-catalyzed 1,4-aminoarylation of butadienes with readily available aryl halides and aliphatic amines has been developed, affording allylamines with excellent E-selectivity. The reaction exhibits exceptional control over chemo-, regio-, and stereoselectivity, a broad substrate scope, and high functional group compatibility, as demonstrated by the late-stage functionalization of bioactive molecules. Mechanistic investigations are consistent with a photoinduced radical Pd(0)-Pd(I)-Pd(II)-Pd(0) Heck-Tsuji-Trost allylation cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Cai
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, D-45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Gaurav Gaurav
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, D-45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Tobias Ritter
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, D-45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
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12
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Wang L, Wang CL, Li ZH, Lian PF, Kang JC, Zhou J, Hao Y, Liu RX, Bai HY, Zhang SY. Cooperative Cu/azodiformate system-catalyzed allylic C-H amination of unactivated internal alkenes directed by aminoquinoline. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1483. [PMID: 38374064 PMCID: PMC10876528 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45875-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Aliphatic allylic amines are common in natural products and pharmaceuticals. The oxidative intermolecular amination of C(sp3)-H bonds represents one of the most straightforward strategies to construct these motifs. However, the utilization of widely internal alkenes with amines in this transformation remains a synthetic challenge due to the inefficient coordination of metals to internal alkenes and excessive coordination with aliphatic and aromatic amines, resulting in decreasing the reactivity of the catalyst. Here, we present a regioselective Cu-catalyzed oxidative allylic C(sp3)-H amination of internal olefins with azodiformates to these problems. A removable bidentate directing group is used to control the regiochemistry and stabilize the π-allyl-metal intermediate. Noteworthy is the dual role of azodiformates as both a nitrogen source and an electrophilic oxidant for the allylic C-H activation. This protocol features simple conditions, remarkable scope and functional group tolerance as evidenced by >40 examples and exhibits high regioselectivity and excellent E/Z selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, & Key Laboratory of Green and High-End Utilization of Salt Lake Resources, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, PR China
| | - Cheng-Long Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, & Key Laboratory of Green and High-End Utilization of Salt Lake Resources, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, PR China
| | - Zi-Hao Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, & Key Laboratory of Green and High-End Utilization of Salt Lake Resources, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, PR China
| | - Peng-Fei Lian
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, & Key Laboratory of Green and High-End Utilization of Salt Lake Resources, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, PR China
| | - Jun-Chen Kang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, & Key Laboratory of Green and High-End Utilization of Salt Lake Resources, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, PR China
| | - Jia Zhou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, & Key Laboratory of Green and High-End Utilization of Salt Lake Resources, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, PR China
| | - Yu Hao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, & Key Laboratory of Green and High-End Utilization of Salt Lake Resources, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, PR China
| | - Ru-Xin Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, & Key Laboratory of Green and High-End Utilization of Salt Lake Resources, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, PR China
| | - He-Yuan Bai
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, & Key Laboratory of Green and High-End Utilization of Salt Lake Resources, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, PR China
| | - Shu-Yu Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, & Key Laboratory of Green and High-End Utilization of Salt Lake Resources, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, PR China.
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13
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Kvasovs N, Fang J, Kliuev F, Gevorgyan V. Merging of Light/Dark Palladium Catalytic Cycles Enables Multicomponent Tandem Alkyl Heck/Tsuji-Trost Homologative Amination Reaction toward Allylic Amines. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:18497-18505. [PMID: 37556443 PMCID: PMC10750327 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c04968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
A visible light-induced palladium-catalyzed homologative three-component synthesis of allylic amines has been developed. This protocol proceeds via a unique mechanism involving two distinct cycles enabled by the same Pd(0) catalyst: a visible light-induced hybrid radical alkyl Heck reaction between 1,1-dielectrophile and styrene, followed by the "in dark" classical Tsuji-Trost-type allylic substitution reaction. This method works well with a broad range of primary and secondary amines, aryl alkenes, dielectrophiles, and in complex settings. The regiochemistry of the obtained products is primarily governed by the structure of 1,1-dielectrophile. Involvement of π-allyl palladium intermediates allowed for the control of stereoselectivity, which has been demonstrated with up to 95:5 er.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita Kvasovs
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080-3021, United States
| | - Jian Fang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080-3021, United States
| | - Fedor Kliuev
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080-3021, United States
| | - Vladimir Gevorgyan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080-3021, United States
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14
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Rathod VD, Paganelli S, Kočevar M, Krivec M, Piccolo O. Improved Process for the Synthesis of 3-(3-Trifluoromethylphenyl)propanal for More Sustainable Production of Cinacalcet HCl. Molecules 2023; 28:6042. [PMID: 37630295 PMCID: PMC10458415 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28166042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Cinacalcet (I), sold as hydrochloride salt, is a calcimimetic drug which has been approved for the treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism in patients with chronic renal disease and for the treatment of hypercalcemia in patients with parathyroid carcinoma. Here, an improved method for the synthesis of 3-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)propanal (II), a key intermediate for the preparation of I, is described. The protocol required a Mizoroki-Heck cross-coupling reaction between 1-bromo-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzene and acroleine diethyl acetal, catalyzed by Pd(OAc)2 in the presence of nBu4NOAc (tetrabutylammonium acetate), followed by the hydrogenation reaction of the crude mixture of products in a cascade process. Palladium species, at the end of the reaction, were efficiently recovered as Pd/Al2O3. The procedure was developed under conventional heating conditions as well as under microwave-assisted conditions. The obtained mixture of 1-(3,3-diethoxypropyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzene (III), impure for ethyl 3-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl) propanoate (IV), was finally treated, under mild conditions, with potassium diisobutyl-tert-butoxyaluminum hydride (PDBBA) to obtain after hydrolysis 3-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)propanal (II), in an excellent overall yield and very high purity. Microwave conditions permitted a reduction in reaction times without affecting selectivity and yield. The final API was obtained through reductive amination of (II) with (R)-(+)-1-(1-naphthyl)ethylamine (V) using a catalyst prepared by us with a very low content of precious metal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikas Damu Rathod
- Dipartimento di Scienze Molecolari e Nanosistemi, Università Ca’ Foscari Venezia, Via Torino 155, 30170 Venezia Mestre, Italy; (V.D.R.); (S.P.)
| | - Stefano Paganelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Molecolari e Nanosistemi, Università Ca’ Foscari Venezia, Via Torino 155, 30170 Venezia Mestre, Italy; (V.D.R.); (S.P.)
| | - Marijan Kočevar
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.K.); (M.K.)
| | - Marko Krivec
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.K.); (M.K.)
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Lutovsky GA, Plachinski E, Reed NL, Yoon TP. Allylic Amination of Highly Substituted Alkenes Enabled by Photoredox Catalysis and Cu(II)-Mediated Radical-Polar Crossover. Org Lett 2023; 25:4750-4754. [PMID: 37345950 PMCID: PMC10351055 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c01774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Allylic amination reactions enable the conversion of alkene feedstocks into value-added products with significant synthetic versatility. Here we describe a method for allylic amination involving photoredox activation and Cu(II)-mediated radical-polar crossover. A range of structurally varied allylic amines can be accessed using this strategy. The regioselectivity of this process is complementary to those of conventional methods for allylic amination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace A. Lutovsky
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706
| | - Ellie Plachinski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706
| | - Nicholas L. Reed
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706
| | - Tehshik P. Yoon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706
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