1
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Zhao Z, Cai Y, Zhang Q, Li A, Zhu T, Chen X, Yuan WZ. Photochromic luminescence of organic crystals arising from subtle molecular rearrangement. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5054. [PMID: 38871698 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48728-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Photoluminescence (PL) colour-changing materials in response to photostimulus play an increasingly significant role in intelligent applications for their programmability. Nevertheless, current research mainly focuses on photochemical processes, with less attention to PL transformation through uniform aggregation mode adjustment. Here we show photochromic luminescence in organic crystals (e.g. dimethyl terephthalate) with PL varying from dark blue to purple, then to bright orange-red, and finally to red. This change is attributed to the emergence of clusters with red emission, which is barely achieved in single-benzene-based structures, thanks to the subtle molecular rearrangements prompted by light. Crucial to this process are the through-space electron interactions among molecules and moderate short contacts between ester groups. The irradiated crystals exhibit reversible PL transformation upon sufficient relaxation, showing promising applications in information storage and smart optoelectronic devices. This research contributes to the development of smart photochromic luminescent materials with significant PL colour transformations through molecular rearrangement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihao Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yusong Cai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Anze Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianwen Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaohong Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wang Zhang Yuan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
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2
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Gan N, Zou X, Qian Z, Lv A, Wang L, Ma H, Qian HJ, Gu L, An Z, Huang W. Stretchable phosphorescent polymers by multiphase engineering. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4113. [PMID: 38750029 PMCID: PMC11096371 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47673-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Stretchable phosphorescence materials potentially enable applications in diverse advanced fields in wearable electronics. However, achieving room-temperature phosphorescence materials simultaneously featuring long-lived emission and good stretchability is challenging because it is hard to balance the rigidity and flexibility in the same polymer. Here we present a multiphase engineering for obtaining stretchable phosphorescent materials by combining stiffness and softness simultaneously in well-designed block copolymers. Due to the microphase separation, copolymers demonstrate an intrinsic stretchability of 712%, maintaining an ultralong phosphorescence lifetime of up to 981.11 ms. This multiphase engineering is generally applicable to a series of binary and ternary initiator systems with color-tunable phosphorescence in the visible range. Moreover, these copolymers enable multi-level volumetric data encryption and stretchable afterglow display. This work provides a fundamental understanding of the nanostructures and material properties for designing stretchable materials and extends the potential of phosphorescence polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Gan
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Xin Zou
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Zhao Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Anqi Lv
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Lan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Huili Ma
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Hu-Jun Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Long Gu
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China.
- Research and Development Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518057, China.
| | - Zhongfu An
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China.
| | - Wei Huang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China.
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China.
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3
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Yang L, Zhao E, Wang G, Yu X, Gu X. Solid-Emission-Tunable Squaraine with Thermal-Promoted Aggregate-State Transitions for Fast Thermal History Sensing. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024. [PMID: 38709905 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c02332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Determining thermal history is crucial in many industrial processes, but reliable and sensitive organic thermal history indicators are currently absent. Herein, we report on the development of a squaraine-based fluorescent molecule, DPEA-SQ, for the detection of thermal exposure histories up to 436 K. DPEA-SQ forms multiple single crystals (DPEA-SQ-I, DPEA-SQ-II, and DPEA-SQ-III) with different conformations and aggregate-state packing modes, contributing to their different fluorescence wavelengths, lifetimes, and efficiencies. Interestingly, DPEA-SQ-I and DPEA-SQ-III undergo aggregate-state structural transitions to form the thermodynamically more stable DPEA-SQ-II, which are accompanied by changes in their fluorescence. By taking advantage of similar aggregate-state structural transformations during heating, a high-temperature thermal exposure history of up to 436 K is recorded and reflected by their fluorescence. To demonstrate the potential practical applications of DPEA-SQ, a DPEA-SQ-Powder/PDMS film is prepared and coated on an electric circuit board, which enables real-time monitoring of localized overheating by the naked eye. Additionally, the fluorescence peaks of DPEA-SQ-Powder and DPEA-SQ-Powder/PDMS films remain unchanged after storage at 373 K for 52 days, demonstrating high aggregate-state stability. The fast and reliable responses of this system make it an excellent candidate for the detection of overtemperature traces in electronic components and circuit diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liming Yang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Re-source Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Engui Zhao
- School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, HIT Campus of University Town, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Guan Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Re-source Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xiaohui Yu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Xinggui Gu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Re-source Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
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4
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Dong M, Lv A, Zou X, Gan N, Peng C, Ding M, Wang X, Zhou Z, Chen H, Ma H, Gu L, An Z, Huang W. Polymorphism-Dependent Organic Room Temperature Phosphorescent Scintillation for X-Ray Imaging. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2310663. [PMID: 38267010 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202310663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Organic phosphorescent scintillating materials have shown great potential for applications in radiography and radiation detection due to their efficient utilization of excitons. However, revealing the relationship between molecule stacking and the phosphorescent radioluminescence of scintillators is still challenging. This study reports on two phenothiazine derivatives with polymorphism-dependent phosphorescence radioluminescence. The experiments reveal that molecule stacking significantly affects the non-radiation decay of the triplet excitons of scintillators, which further determines the phosphorescence scintillation performance under X-ray irradiation. These phosphorescent scintillators exhibit high radio stability and have a low detection limit of 278 nGys-1. Additionally, the potential application of these scintillators in X-ray radiography, based on their X-ray excited radioluminescence properties, is demonstrated. These findings provide a guideline for obtaining high-performance phosphorescent scintillating materials by shedding light on the effect of crystal packing on the radioluminescence of organic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyang Dong
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
| | - Anqi Lv
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China
| | - Xin Zou
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
| | - Nan Gan
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
| | - Chenxi Peng
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
| | - Meijuan Ding
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
| | - Zixing Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China
| | - Huan Chen
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
| | - Huili Ma
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China
| | - Long Gu
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
- Research and Development Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518057, P. R. China
| | - Zhongfu An
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China
| | - Wei Huang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China
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5
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Yang B, Yan S, Zhang Y, Ban S, Ma H, Feng F, Huang W. Double-Model Decay Strategy Integrating Persistent Photogenic Radicaloids with Dynamic Circularly Polarized Doublet Radiance and Triplet Afterglow. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:7668-7678. [PMID: 38451846 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c14262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Organic phosphors integrating circularly polarized persistent luminescence (CPPL) across the visible range are widespread for applications in optical information encryption, bioimaging, and 3D display, but the pursuit of color-tunable CPPL in single-component organics remains a formidable task. Herein, via in situ photoimplanting radical ion pairing into axial chiral crystals, we present and elucidate an unprecedented double-module decay strategy to achieve a colorful CPPL through a combination of stable triplet emission from neutral diphosphine and doublet radiance from photogenic radicals in an exclusive crystalline framework. Owing to the photoactivation-dependent doublet radiance component and an inherent triplet phosphorescence in the asymmetric environment, the CPL vision can be regulated by altering the photoactivation and observation time window, allowing colorful glow tuning from blue and orange to delayed green emission. Mechanism studies clearly reveal that this asymmetric electron migration environment and hybrid n-π* and π-π* instincts are responsible for the afterglow and radical radiance at ambient conditions. Moreover, we demonstrate the applications of colorful CPPL for displays and encryption via manipulation of both excitation and observation times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P. R. China
| | - Suqiong Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P. R. China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P. R. China
| | - Shirong Ban
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P. R. China
| | - Hui Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P. R. China
| | - Fanda Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P. R. China
| | - Wei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P. R. China
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Nanjing University, Shenzhen 518057, P. R. China
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6
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Liao Q, Li A, Huang A, Wang J, Chang K, Li H, Yao P, Zhong C, Xie P, Wang J, Li Z, Li Q. Controllable π-π coupling of intramolecular dimer models in aggregated states. Chem Sci 2024; 15:4364-4373. [PMID: 38516094 PMCID: PMC10952094 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc05533g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
π-π coupling as a common interaction plays a key role in emissions, transport and mechanical properties of organic materials. However, the precise control of π-π coupling is still challenging owing to the possible interference from other intermolecular interactions in the aggregated state, usually resulting in uncontrollable emission properties. Herein, with the rational construction of intramolecular dimer models and crystal engineering, π-π coupling can be subtly modulated by conformation variation with balanced π-π and π-solvent interactions and visualized by green-to-blue emission switching. Moreover, it can rapidly respond to temperature, pressure and mechanical force, affording a facile way to modulate π-π coupling in situ. This work contributes to a deeper understanding of the internal mechanism of molecular motions in aggregated states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyan Liao
- Hubei Key Lab on Organic and Polymeric Opto-Electronic Materials, Department of Chemistry, TaiKang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 China
| | - Aisen Li
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University Fuzhou 350207 China
| | - Arui Huang
- Hubei Key Lab on Organic and Polymeric Opto-Electronic Materials, Department of Chemistry, TaiKang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 China
| | - Jiaqiang Wang
- Institute of Molecular Aggregation Science, Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Kai Chang
- Hubei Key Lab on Organic and Polymeric Opto-Electronic Materials, Department of Chemistry, TaiKang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 China
| | - Hehua Li
- Hubei Key Lab on Organic and Polymeric Opto-Electronic Materials, Department of Chemistry, TaiKang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 China
| | - Pengfei Yao
- Hubei Key Lab on Organic and Polymeric Opto-Electronic Materials, Department of Chemistry, TaiKang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 China
| | - Cheng Zhong
- Hubei Key Lab on Organic and Polymeric Opto-Electronic Materials, Department of Chemistry, TaiKang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 China
| | - Peidong Xie
- Hubei Key Lab on Organic and Polymeric Opto-Electronic Materials, Department of Chemistry, TaiKang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 China
| | - Jinfeng Wang
- Institute of Molecular Aggregation Science, Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Zhen Li
- Hubei Key Lab on Organic and Polymeric Opto-Electronic Materials, Department of Chemistry, TaiKang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 China
- Institute of Molecular Aggregation Science, Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Qianqian Li
- Hubei Key Lab on Organic and Polymeric Opto-Electronic Materials, Department of Chemistry, TaiKang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 China
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7
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Xiao G, Ma YJ, Qi Z, Fang X, Chen T, Yan D. A flexible ligand and halogen engineering enable one phosphor-based full-color persistent luminescence in hybrid perovskitoids. Chem Sci 2024; 15:3625-3632. [PMID: 38455006 PMCID: PMC10915845 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc06845e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Color-tunable room temperature phosphorescent (RTP) materials have raised wide interest due to their potential application in the fields of encryption and anti-counterfeiting. Herein, a series of CdX2-organic hybrid perovskitoids, (H-apim)CdX3 and (apim)CdX2 (denoted as CdX-apim1 and CdX-apim2, apim = 1-(3-aminopropyl)imidazole, X = Cl, Br), were synthesized using apim with both rigid and flexible groups as ligands, which exhibit naked-eye detectable RTP with different durations and colors (from cyan to red) by virtue of different halogen atoms, coordination modes and the coplanar configuration of flexible groups. Interestingly, CdCl-apim1 and CdX-apim2 both exhibit excitation wavelength-dependent RTP properties, which can be attributed to the multiple excitation of imidazole/apim, the diverse interactions with halogen atoms, and aggregated state of imidazoles. Structural analysis and theoretical calculations confirm that the aminopropyl groups in CdCl-apim1 do not participate in luminescence, while those in CdCl-apim2 are involved in luminescence including both metal/halogen to ligand charge transfer and twisted intramolecular charge transfer. Furthermore, we demonstrate that these perovskitoids can be applied in multi-step anti-counterfeiting, information encryption and smart ink fields. This work not only develops a new type of perovskitoid with full-color persistent luminescence, but also provides new insight into the effect of flexible ligands and halogen engineering on the wide-range modulation of RTP properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guowei Xiao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage Materials and Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University Beijing 100875 P. R. China
| | - Yu-Juan Ma
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage Materials and Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University Beijing 100875 P. R. China
| | - Zhenhong Qi
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage Materials and Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University Beijing 100875 P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyu Fang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage Materials and Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University Beijing 100875 P. R. China
| | - Tianhong Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage Materials and Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University Beijing 100875 P. R. China
| | - Dongpeng Yan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage Materials and Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University Beijing 100875 P. R. China
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8
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Sun H, He M, Baryshnikov GV, Wu B, Valiev RR, Shen S, Zhang M, Xu X, Li Z, Liu G, Ågren H, Zhu L. Engineering Tunable Ratiometric Dual Emission in Single Emitter-based Amorphous Systems. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202318159. [PMID: 38189634 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202318159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Molecular emitters with multi-emissive properties are in high demand in numerous fields, while these properties basically depend on specific molecular conformation and packing. For amorphous systems, special molecular arrangement is unnecessary, but it remains challenging to achieve such luminescent behaviors. Herein, we present a general strategy that takes advantage of molecular rigidity and S1 -T1 energy gap balance for emitter design, which enables fluorescence-phosphorescence dual-emission properties in various solid forms, whether crystalline or amorphous. Subsequently, the amorphism of the emitters based polymethyl methacrylate films endowed an in situ regulation of the dual-emissive characteristics. With the ratiometric regulation of phosphorescence by external stimuli and stable fluorescence as internal reference, highly controllable luminescent color tuning (yellow to blue including white emission) was achieved. There properties together with a persistent luminous behavior is of benefit for an irreplaceable set of optical information combination, featuring an ultrahigh-security anti-counterfeiting ability. Our research introduces a concept of eliminating the crystal-form and molecular-conformational dependence of complex luminescent properties through emitter molecular design. This has profound implications for the development of functional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Menglu He
- Department of Chemistry, Advanced Research Institute, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Glib V Baryshnikov
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, 60174, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Bin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Rashid R Valiev
- Tomsk State University, 36, Lenin Avenue, 634050, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Shen Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Man Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Xiaoyan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Zhongyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Guofeng Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Advanced Research Institute, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Hans Ågren
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University Box 516, SE-75120, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Liangliang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
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9
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Guang L, Lu Y, Zhang Y, Liao R, Wang F. Circularly Polarized Phosphorescence of Benzils Achieved by Chiral Supramolecular Polymerization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202315362. [PMID: 38117012 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202315362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
In current approaches for circularly polarized phosphorescent materials, the crystallization of chiral phosphors suffers from poor processability, while integrating them into an amorphous polymer matrix results in unsatisfactory chiroptical signals due to the absence of chirality communication. Here, we have developed an innovative strategy through chiral supramolecular polymerization of benzil phosphors facilitated by intermolecular hydrogen bonds. The inherent film-forming capabilities of non-covalent supramolecular polymers obviate the need for an external polymer matrix. The pronounced helical asymmetry of benzil phosphors resulting from chiral supramolecular polymerization leads to enhanced circularly polarized phosphorescence compared to their non-hydrogen-bonded counterparts. The circularly polarized phosphorescent signals can be further modulated by varying the location of stereogenic centers or introducing halogen bonding to benzils. Incorporation of platinum(II) phosphor into the benzil supramolecular polymers induces both chirality and triplet-to-triplet energy transfer, leading to a change in circularly polarized phosphorescent color from yellow to red. In summary, chiral supramolecular polymerization of phosphors represents a novel and effective approach to circularly polarized phosphorescent materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longyu Guang
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Yi Lu
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Yifei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Rui Liao
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Feng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, P. R. China
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10
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Huang Y, Ning L, Zhang X, Zhou Q, Gong Q, Zhang Q. Stimuli-fluorochromic smart organic materials. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:1090-1166. [PMID: 38193263 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00976e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Smart materials based on stimuli-fluorochromic π-conjugated solids (SFCSs) have aroused significant interest due to their versatile and exciting properties, leading to advanced applications. In this review, we highlight the recent developments in SFCS-based smart materials, expanding beyond organometallic compounds and light-responsive organic luminescent materials, with a discussion on the design strategies, exciting properties and stimuli-fluorochromic mechanisms along with their potential applications in the exciting fields of encryption, sensors, data storage, display, green printing, etc. The review comprehensively covers single-component and multi-component SFCSs as well as their stimuli-fluorochromic behaviors under external stimuli. We also provide insights into current achievements, limitations, and major challenges as well as future opportunities, aiming to inspire further investigation in this field in the near future. We expect this review to inspire more innovative research on SFCSs and their advanced applications so as to promote further development of smart materials and devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinjuan Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Shaanxi International Research Center for Soft Matter, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
| | - Lijian Ning
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Shaanxi International Research Center for Soft Matter, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
| | - Xiaomin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Shaanxi International Research Center for Soft Matter, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
| | - Qian Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Shaanxi International Research Center for Soft Matter, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
| | - Qiuyu Gong
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Qichun Zhang
- Department Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Chemistry & Center of Super-Diamond and Advanced Films (COSDAF), City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China.
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11
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Zhao H, Jia X, Zhang M, Zhu L. Construction of Carbon Dots@LiCl-polyacrylamide with Humidity-Induced Ultralong Room-Temperature Phosphorescence to Fluorescence and Rigid-to-Flexible Transition Behavior. Macromol Rapid Commun 2024; 45:e2300538. [PMID: 37877956 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202300538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
The continuous advancement of luminescent materials has placed increasingly stringent requirements on dynamic color-tunable ultralong room-temperature phosphorescence (URTP) materials that can respond to external stimuli. Nevertheless, endowing URTP materials with stimuli-response-induced dynamic color tuning is a challenging task. This study introduces a carbon dots (CDs)@LiCl-polyacrylamide (PAM) polymer system that switches from URTP to fluorescence under humidity stimuli, accompanied by a transition from rigidity to flexibility. The obtained rigid CDs@LiCl-PAM exhibits ultralong green phosphorescence with a lifetime of 560 ms in the initial state. After absorbing moisture, it becomes flexible and its phosphorescence switches off. Moreover, the emission of the CDs@LiCl-PAM film depends on the excitation wavelength. This property can potentially used in multicolored luminescence applications and displays. Moreover, multicolor luminescent patterns can be constructed in situ using the water-absorption ability of the obtained thin film and the Förster resonance energy-transfer strategy. The proposed strategy is expected to promote the interdisciplinary development of intelligent information encryption, anti-counterfeiting, and smart flexible display materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Zhao
- Henan Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Materials, College of Future Technical, Henan University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Xiaoyong Jia
- Henan Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Materials, College of Future Technical, Henan University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Man Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Liangliang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
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12
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Zhao Y, Yang J, Liang C, Wang Z, Zhang Y, Li G, Qu J, Wang X, Zhang Y, Sun P, Shi J, Tong B, Xie HY, Cai Z, Dong Y. Fused-Ring Pyrrole-Based Near-Infrared Emissive Organic RTP Material for Persistent Afterglow Bioimaging. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202317431. [PMID: 38081786 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202317431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Organic near-infrared room temperature phosphorescence (RTP) materials offer remarkable advantages in bioimaging due to their characteristic time scales and background noise elimination. However, developing near-infrared RTP materials for deep tissue imaging still faces challenges since the small band gap may increase the non-radiative decay, resulting in weak emission and short phosphorescence lifetime. In this study, fused-ring pyrrole-based structures were employed as the guest molecules for the construction of long wavelength emissive RTP materials. Compared to the decrease of the singlet energy level, the triplet energy level showed a more effectively decrease with the increase of the conjugation of the substituent groups. Moreover, the sufficient conjugation of fused ring structures in the guest molecule suppresses the non-radiative decay of triplet excitons. Therefore, a near-infrared RTP material (764 nm) was achieved for deep penetration bioimaging. Tumor cell membrane is used to coat RTP nanoparticles (NPs) to avoid decreasing the RTP performance compared to traditional coating by amphiphilic surfactants. RTP NPs with tumor-targeting properties show favorable phosphorescent properties, superior stability, and excellent biocompatibility. These NPs are applied for time-resolved luminescence imaging to eliminate background interference with excellent tissue penetration. This study provides a practical solution to prepare long-wavelength and long-lifetime organic RTP materials and their applications in bioimaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeyun Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Construction Tailorable Advanced Functional Materials and Green Applications, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Jianhui Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Luoyang Institute of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, P. R. China
| | - Chao Liang
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Zhongjie Wang
- School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Yongfeng Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Construction Tailorable Advanced Functional Materials and Green Applications, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Gengchen Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Construction Tailorable Advanced Functional Materials and Green Applications, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Jiamin Qu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Construction Tailorable Advanced Functional Materials and Green Applications, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Xi Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Construction Tailorable Advanced Functional Materials and Green Applications, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Yahui Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Xihua University, Chengdu, 610039, P. R. China
| | - Peng Sun
- Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Sciences, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Jianbing Shi
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Construction Tailorable Advanced Functional Materials and Green Applications, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Bin Tong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Construction Tailorable Advanced Functional Materials and Green Applications, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Hai-Yan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chemical Biology Center, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
| | - Zhengxu Cai
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Construction Tailorable Advanced Functional Materials and Green Applications, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Yuping Dong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Construction Tailorable Advanced Functional Materials and Green Applications, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
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13
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Qiao W, Yao M, Xu J, Peng H, Xia J, Xie X, Li Z. Naphthyl Substituted Impurities Induce Efficient Room Temperature Phosphorescence. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202315911. [PMID: 37905301 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202315911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Accidentally, it was found that triphenylamine (TPA) from commercial sources shows ultralong yellow-green room temperature phosphorescence (RTP) like commercial carbazole, which however disappears for lab-synthesized TPA with high purity. Herein, we for the first time identify the impurity types that cause RTP of commercial TPA, which are two N, N-diphenyl-naphthylamine isomers. Due to similar molecular polarity and very trace amount (≈0.8 ‰, molar ratio), these naphthyl substituted impurities can be easily overlooked. We further show that even at an extremely low amount (1000000 : 1, mass ratio) of impurities, RTP emission is still generated, attributed to the triplet-to-triplet energy transfer mechanism. Notably, this doping strategy is also applicable to the triphenylphosphine and benzophenone host systems, of which strong RTP emission can be activated by simply doping the corresponding naphthyl substituted analogues into them. This work therefore provides a general and efficient host/guest strategy toward high performance and diverse organic RTP materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiguo Qiao
- Key Laboratory for Material Chemistry of Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Ming Yao
- Key Laboratory for Material Chemistry of Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Jingwen Xu
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Haiyan Peng
- Key Laboratory for Material Chemistry of Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Jianlong Xia
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xiaolin Xie
- Key Laboratory for Material Chemistry of Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Zhong'an Li
- Key Laboratory for Material Chemistry of Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
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14
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Jin H, Zhang X, Ma J, Bu L, Qian C, Li Z, Guan Y, Chen M, Ma Z, Ma Z. Achieving Colorful Ultralong Organic Room-Temperature Phosphorescence by Precise Modification of Nitrogen Atoms on Phosphorescence Units. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:54732-54742. [PMID: 37964465 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c14054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
We successfully tune ultralong organic room-temperature phosphorescence (UORTP) by a simple strategy of precisely modifying nitrogen atoms on Phosphorescence Units, and colorful ultralong phosphorescence can be achieved. We for the first time investigate the structure-function relationship between phosphorescence properties and molecular structures of Phosphorescence Units. With BCz and BCz-1 as comparison, eight new Phosphorescence Units were synthesized by introducing one or two nitrogen atoms to the naphthalene moiety. For all the 10 Phosphorescence Units, their room-temperature ultralong phosphorescence in the PMMA film should be assigned to monomer phosphorescence from intrinsic T1 decay. For Phosphorescence Units series I (BCz, NBCz-1, NBCz-2, NBCz-3, NBCz-4, NBCz-5, and NBCz-6), introducing one nitrogen atom to the naphthalene moiety can significantly affect the phosphorescence properties of Phosphorescence Units, and the effect is quite complicated. For modification on the inner ring, the T1 energy level of NBCz-1 decreases, and the red shift of UORTP occurs while the T1 energy level of NBCz-2 increases and the blue shift of UORTP happens. For modification on the outer ring, no phosphorescence color change is observed for NBCz-3 and NBCz-4, but their phosphorescence lifetimes vary notably due to different intersystem crossing efficiencies; as the modification site approaches the central five-member ring, the T1 energy levels of NBCz-5 and NBCz-6 decrease, and their UORTP red shifts dramatically. For Phosphorescence Units series II (BCz, 2NBCz, BCz-1, and 2NBCz-1), introducing two nitrogen atoms to the outer six-member ring reduces energy level of T1 excitons and leads to incredible red shift of UORTP for BCz and 2NBCz while surprisingly energy levels of T1 excitons rise and UORTP blue shifts for BCz-1 and 2NBCz-1. Under the condition of proper modification sites, it is true that the more the additional nitrogen atoms, the more red-shifted the ultralong phosphorescence. This study may expand our knowledge of organic phosphorescence and lay the foundation for its future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiwen Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jiaxin Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Lijuan Bu
- Chinese PLA Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Chen Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zewei Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yan Guan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Mingxing Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhimin Ma
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhiyong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
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15
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Liao Q, Li Q, Li Z. The Key Role of Molecular Packing in Luminescence Property: From Adjacent Molecules to Molecular Aggregates. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023:e2306617. [PMID: 37739004 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202306617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
The luminescence materials act as the key components in many functional devices, as well as the detection and imaging systems, which can be permeated in each aspect of modern life, and attract more and more attention for the creative technology and applications. In addition to the diverse properties of organic luminogens, the multiple molecular packing at aggregated states frequently offers new and/or exciting performance. However, there still lacks comprehensive analysis of molecular packing in these organic materials, resulting in an increased gap between molecular design and practical applications. In this review, from the basic knowledge of organic compounds as single molecules, to the discernable property of excimer, charge transfer (CT) complex or self-assembly systems by adjacent molecules, and finally to the opto-electronic performance of molecular aggregates, the relevant factors to molecular packing and practical applications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyan Liao
- Hubei Key Lab on Organic and Polymeric Opto-Electronic Materials, TaiKang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Qianqian Li
- Hubei Key Lab on Organic and Polymeric Opto-Electronic Materials, TaiKang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Zhen Li
- Hubei Key Lab on Organic and Polymeric Opto-Electronic Materials, TaiKang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
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