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Tao S, Wang J, Zhang J. Conductive Metal-Organic Frameworks and Their Electrocatalysis Applications. ACS NANO 2025; 19:9484-9512. [PMID: 40057943 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c14989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2025]
Abstract
Recently, electrically conductive metal-organic frameworks (EC-MOFs) have emerged as a wealthy library of porous frameworks with unique properties, allowing their use in diverse applications of energy conversion, including electrocatalysis. In this review, the electron conduction mechanisms in EC-MOFs are examined, while their electrical conductivities are considered. There have been various strategies to enhance the conductivities of MOFs including ligand modification, the incorporation of conducting materials, and the construction of multidimensional architectures. With sufficient conductivities being established for EC-MOFs, there have been extensive pursuits in their electrocatalysis applications, such as in the hydrogen evolution reaction, oxygen reduction reaction, oxygen evolution reaction, N2 reduction reaction, and CO2 reduction reaction. In addition, computational modeling of EC-MOFs also exerts an important impact on revealing the synthesis-structure-performance relationships. Finally, the prospects and current challenges are discussed to provide guidelines for designing promising framework materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhui Tao
- National University of Singapore (Chongqing) Research Institute, Chongqing 401123, China
| | - John Wang
- National University of Singapore (Chongqing) Research Institute, Chongqing 401123, China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117574, Singapore
| | - Jie Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
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Fang X, Choi JY, Lu C, Reichert E, Pham HTB, Park J. From 0D to 2D: microwave-assisted synthesis of electrically conductive metal-organic frameworks with controlled morphologies. Chem Sci 2025; 16:3168-3172. [PMID: 39829974 PMCID: PMC11740778 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc07025a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2025] [Indexed: 01/22/2025] Open
Abstract
Morphology control of electrically conductive metal-organic frameworks (EC-MOFs) can be a powerful means to tune their surface area and carrier transport pathways, particularly beneficial for energy conversion and storage. However, controlling EC-MOFs' morphology is underexplored due to the uncontrollable crystal nucleation and rapid growth kinetics. This work introduces a microwave-assisted strategy to readily synthesize Cu-HHTP (HHTP = 2,3,6,7,10,11-hexahydroxytriphenylene) with controlled morphologies. We controlled solvent compositions to facilitate particles' directional growth to 1D and 2D crystals. Meanwhile, we found that ultrasonication can manipulate crystal seeding, yielding 0D spherical Cu-HHTP crystals. Electronic conductivity measurements suggest that the isotropic nature of the 0D crystals allows a conductivity of 7.34 × 10-1 S cm-1, much higher than 1D and 2D counterparts. Additionally, the controlled 0D morphology enhanced the material's capacitance and effective surface area and significantly improved its photocurrent response. These findings underscore the pivotal impact of controlled morphology in optimizing EC-MOFs' physicochemical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Fang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder Boulder Colorado 80303 USA
| | - Ji Yong Choi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder Boulder Colorado 80303 USA
| | - Chenwei Lu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder Boulder Colorado 80303 USA
| | - Elizabeth Reichert
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder Boulder Colorado 80303 USA
| | - Hoai T B Pham
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder Boulder Colorado 80303 USA
| | - Jihye Park
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder Boulder Colorado 80303 USA
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Zhu L, Yang H, Xu T, Shen F, Si C. Precision-Engineered Construction of Proton-Conducting Metal-Organic Frameworks. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2024; 17:87. [PMID: 39658670 PMCID: PMC11631836 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-024-01558-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2024] [Accepted: 10/08/2024] [Indexed: 12/12/2024]
Abstract
Proton-conducting materials have attracted considerable interest because of their extensive application in energy storage and conversion devices. Among them, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) present tremendous development potential and possibilities for constructing novel advanced proton conductors due to their special advantages in crystallinity, designability, and porosity. In particular, several special design strategies for the structure of MOFs have opened new doors for the advancement of MOF proton conductors, such as charged network construction, ligand functionalization, metal-center manipulation, defective engineering, guest molecule incorporation, and pore-space manipulation. With the implementation of these strategies, proton-conducting MOFs have developed significantly and profoundly within the last decade. Therefore, in this review, we critically discuss and analyze the fundamental principles, design strategies, and implementation methods targeted at improving the proton conductivity of MOFs through representative examples. Besides, the structural features, the proton conduction mechanism and the behavior of MOFs are discussed thoroughly and meticulously. Future endeavors are also proposed to address the challenges of proton-conducting MOFs in practical research. We sincerely expect that this review will bring guidance and inspiration for the design of proton-conducting MOFs and further motivate the research enthusiasm for novel proton-conducting materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyu Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Fiber Manufacturing Technology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, 300457, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, 510640, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Robustnique Co. Ltd., Block C, Phase II, Pioneer Park, Lanyuan Road, 300384, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongbin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Fiber Manufacturing Technology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, 300457, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Fiber Manufacturing Technology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, 300457, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, 510640, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
- Robustnique Co. Ltd., Block C, Phase II, Pioneer Park, Lanyuan Road, 300384, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.
| | - Feng Shen
- Agro-Environmenta Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 300191, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chuanling Si
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Fiber Manufacturing Technology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, 300457, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.
- Robustnique Co. Ltd., Block C, Phase II, Pioneer Park, Lanyuan Road, 300384, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.
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Tai H, Ding W, Zhang X, Liang K, Rong Y, Liu Z. Upgrading Structural Conjugation in Three-Dimensional Ni-Based Metal-Organic Frameworks for Promoting Electrical Conductivity and Specific Capacitance. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:18083-18091. [PMID: 39295589 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c02829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/21/2024]
Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have emerged as promising candidates for electrochemical energy storage and conversion due to their high specific surface areas, abundant active sites, and excellent chemical and structural tunability. However, the direct utilization of MOFs as electrochemical materials is a challenge because of the poor electroconductivity induced by the insulating nature of most organic linkers. Herein, a conjugated three-dimensional Ni-MOF {Ni(HBTC)(BPE)}n (Ni-BPE) with a 2-fold interpenetrating structure was developed via the coordination polymerization of Ni2+, a H3BTC ligand (1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylic acid), and a vinyl-functionalized bipyridine linker (1,2-di(4-pyridyl)ethylene, BPE). Ni-BPE displayed an enhanced conjugation system compared to analogous and insulated Ni-BPY that is constructed by the Ni-BTC layer and ordinary bipyridine linker (4,4'-bipyridine, BPY). Notably, upgrading structural conjugation promoted a dramatical ∼204 times increase in the electroconductivity of Ni-BPE compared to Ni-BPY. More importantly, Ni-BPE displayed a higher specific capacitance of 633.2 F g-1 (316.6 C g-1) at 1 A g-1, which exhibited a significant ∼1.5-fold enhancement than Ni-BPY. Furthermore, the asymmetric supercapacitor can reach a good energy density of 25.2 Wh kg-1 with a reasonable cycle stability of 71.0% over 5000 cycles. This work provides an effective method for optimizing the structure of insulating MOFs to enhance the electroconductivity and specific capacitance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo Tai
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, P.R. China
| | - Wenyu Ding
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, P.R. China
| | - Xuan Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, P.R. China
| | - Kaicheng Liang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, P.R. China
| | - Yang Rong
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, P.R. China
| | - Zhiliang Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, P.R. China
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Lu C, Choi JY, Check B, Fang X, Spotts S, Nuñez D, Park J. Thiatruxene-Based Conductive MOF: Harnessing Sulfur Chemistry for Enhanced Proton Transport. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:26313-26319. [PMID: 39283998 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c08659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2024]
Abstract
Functionalizing the organic building blocks of electrically conductive MOFs (EC-MOFs) can be a powerful method for adjusting the electronic structure and introducing a specific chemistry. However, designing EC-MOF linkers with reactive functional groups for postsynthetic modification is challenging due to the requirements of d-p conjugation. This work addresses such design limitations by synthesizing an EC-MOF, Cu-thiatruxene (Cu-thiaTRX). This conductive framework incorporated a truxene-based linker with heterocyclic sulfur, allowing for efficient conjugation and an electrical conductivity of 2.2 × 10-2 S cm-1. Harnessing sulfur chemistry in Cu-thiaTRX involves a two-step postsynthetic modification: oxidation and SNAr. The sulfinic groups introduced in the framework enabled tunable proton conductivity, leading to a 200-fold improvement. These results highlight the importance of a rational linker design for functionalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenwei Lu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Ji Yong Choi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Brianna Check
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Xiaoyu Fang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Samuel Spotts
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Dario Nuñez
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Jihye Park
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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Jeong H, Park G, Jeon J, Park SS. Fabricating Large-Area Thin Films of 2D Conductive Metal-Organic Frameworks. Acc Chem Res 2024; 57:2336-2346. [PMID: 39073835 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.4c00292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
ConspectusRecent years have witnessed significant interest in two-dimensional metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) due to their unique properties and promising applications across various fields. These materials offer distinct advantages, including high porosity and excellent charge transport properties. Their tunability allows precise control over various factors, including the electronic structure adjustments and local reactivity modulation, facilitating a wide range of properties and applications, such as material sensing and spin dynamics control. Moreover, the precise crystal structure of 2D MOFs supports rational design and mechanism studies, providing insights into their potential applications and enhancing their utility in various scientific and technological endeavors.To fully unveil the latent capabilities of 2D MOFs and advance their applications across diverse fields, thin film synthesis is crucial. Thin films provide a platform for investigating the intrinsic electrical properties of 2D MOFs with anisotropic structures, enabling the exploration of their unique characteristics comprehensively. Additionally, thin films offer the advantage of minimizing interference at contacts and junctions, thereby enhancing the performance of 2D MOFs for various applications. Furthermore, the properties of thin films can vary with thickness, presenting an opportunity to tailor their characteristics based on specific requirements.In this Account, we present an overview of our research focusing on the synthesis of 2D conductive MOF thin films encompassing two primary methods: chemical vapor deposition and solution processing. The chemical vapor deposition method allows for one-step, all-vapor-phase processes resulting in MOFs with edge-on orientation, controllable film thicknesses ranging from 55 to 662.7 nm, and smooth, homogeneous surfaces. On the other hand, solution-processing introduces a novel MOF, Cu3(HHTATP)2, by reducing interlayer interactions through the addition of pendent Brønsted bases on a ligand, enabling spin coating for thin film synthesis. This method yields a concentrated 2D MOF solution, enabling spin coating for thin film synthesis, where reversible electrical conductivity changes occur through doping with an acid and dedoping with a base. Additionally, we discuss various other synthesis methods, such as interfacial synthesis, layer-by-layer assembly, and microfluidic-assisted synthesis, offering versatile approaches for fabricating large-area thin films with tailored properties. Finally, we address ongoing challenges and potential strategies for further advancement in 2D conductive MOF thin film synthesis. We hope that this Account provides insights for selecting synthesis methods tailored to specific purposes, contributes to the development of varied synthesis techniques, and facilitates the exploration of diverse applications, unlocking the full potential of 2D conductive MOFs for next-generation technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyebeen Jeong
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Geunchan Park
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaemin Jeon
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Sarah S Park
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
- Institute for Convergence Research and Education in Advanced Technology (I-CREATE), Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
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Dontireddy GMR, Suman SP, Merino-Gardea JL, Chen T, Dou JH, Banda H. Arresting dissolution of two-dimensional metal-organic frameworks enables long life in electrochemical devices. Chem Sci 2024; 15:10416-10424. [PMID: 38994412 PMCID: PMC11234863 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc02699c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Two-dimensional conjugated metal-organic frameworks (2D cMOFs) are emerging as promising materials for electrochemical energy storage (EES). Despite considerable interest, an understanding of their electrochemical stability and the factors contributing to their degradation during cycling is largely lacking. Here we investigate three Cu-based MOFs and report that the dissolution of 2D cMOFs into electrolytes is a prevalent and significant degradation pathway. Several factors, such as the inherent solubility of ligands in electrolyte solvents and the duration of charge-discharge cycling exert a strong influence on the dissolution process. When these factors combine within a MOF, severely limited cycling stability is observed, with dissolution accounting for up to 80% of capacity degradation. Conversely, excellent cycling stability is observed when testing a Cu-MOF with a sparingly soluble ligand within an optimized potential window. Overall, these findings represent essential insights into the electrochemical stability of 2D cMOFs, offering crucial guidelines for their targeted development in EES applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopi M R Dontireddy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at El Paso El Paso Texas 79968 USA
| | - Satya Prakash Suman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at El Paso El Paso Texas 79968 USA
| | - Jose L Merino-Gardea
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at El Paso El Paso Texas 79968 USA
| | - Tianyang Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University Stanford California 94305 USA
| | - Jin-Hu Dou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Harish Banda
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at El Paso El Paso Texas 79968 USA
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Kim V, Lee DW, Noh HR, Lee J, Kim TH, Park J, Kim JY, Lim SH. Copper-Based Two-Dimensional Metal-Organic Frameworks for Fenton-like Photocatalytic Degradation of Methylene Blue under UV and Sunlight Irradiation. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:8832-8845. [PMID: 38687621 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c00627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
To efficiently degrade organic pollutants, photocatalysts must be effective under both ultraviolet (UV) radiation and sunlight. We synthesized a series of new metal-organic frameworks by using mild hydrothermal conditions. These frameworks incorporate three distinct bipyridyl ligands: pyrazine (pyr), 4,4'-bipyridine (bpy), and 1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethane (bpe). The resulting compounds are denoted as [Cu(pyz)(H2O)2MF6], [Cu(bpy)2(H2O)2]·MF6, and [Cu(bpe)2(H2O)2]·MF6·H2O [M = Zr (1, 3, and 5) and Hf (2, 4, and 6)]. All six compounds exhibited a two-dimensional crystal structure comprising infinitely nonintersecting linear chains. Compound 3 achieved 100% degradation of methylene blue (MB) after 8 min under UV irradiation and 100 min under natural sunlight in the presence of H2O2 as the electron acceptor. For compound 5, 100% MB degradation was achieved after 120 min under sunlight and 10 min under UV light. Moreover, reactive radical tests revealed that the dominant species involved in photocatalytic degradation are hydroxyl (•OH), superoxide radicals (•O2-), and photogenerated holes (h+). The photodegradation process followed pseudo-first-order kinetics, with photodegradation rate constants of 0.362 min-1 (0.039 min-1) for 3 and 0.316 min-1 (0.033 min-1) for 5 under UV (sunlight) irradiation. The developed photocatalysts with excellent activity and good recyclability are promising green catalysts for degrading organic pollutants during environmental decontamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoriya Kim
- Nuclear Chemistry Technology Division, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Daejeon 34057, Republic of Korea
- Department of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Woo Lee
- Nuclear Chemistry Technology Division, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Daejeon 34057, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Ran Noh
- Nuclear Chemistry Technology Division, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Daejeon 34057, Republic of Korea
- Department of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongmook Lee
- Nuclear Chemistry Technology Division, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Daejeon 34057, Republic of Korea
- Department of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Hyeong Kim
- Nuclear Chemistry Technology Division, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Daejeon 34057, Republic of Korea
| | - Junghwan Park
- Nuclear Chemistry Technology Division, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Daejeon 34057, Republic of Korea
- Department of Nuclear and Quantum Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Yun Kim
- Nuclear Chemistry Technology Division, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Daejeon 34057, Republic of Korea
- Department of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Ho Lim
- Nuclear Chemistry Technology Division, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Daejeon 34057, Republic of Korea
- Department of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
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Su X, Zhong Z, Yan X, Xu Y, Zhang T, Ma Y, Chen L. De Novo Design and Facile Synthesis of Highly Crystalline 2D Conductive Metal-Organic Frameworks: A "Rotor-Stator" Strategy. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:9036-9044. [PMID: 38507821 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c13985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Two-dimensional conductive metal-organic frameworks (2D c-MOFs), which feature high electrical conductivity and large charge carrier mobility, hold great promise in electronics and optoelectronics. Nevertheless, the limited solubility of commonly used planar ligands inevitably brings challenges in synthesis and purification and causes laborious coordination conditions for screening. Moreover, most reported 2D c-MOFs are polycrystalline powders with relatively low crystallinity and irregular morphology, hindering the unveiling of the detailed structure-function relationship. Herein, we developed a "rotor-stator" molecular design strategy to construct 2D c-MOFs using a delicately designed nonplanar biscarbazole ligand (8OH-DCB). Benefiting from the special "rotor-stator" structure of the ligand, crystals of Cu-DCB-MOF were successfully prepared, allowing for the precise determination of their crystal structure. Interestingly, the crystals of Cu-DCB-MOF can be obtained in various organic solvents, indicating excellent solvent compatibility. The versatility of the "rotor-stator" molecular design strategy was further demonstrated by another two new ligands with a "rotor-stator" structure, and afford corresponding 2D c-MOF crystals (Cu-DCBT-MOF and Cu-DCBBT-MOF). The current work presents a facile approach toward the rational design and direct construction of highly crystalline 2D c-MOFs using nonplanar ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Su
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Zhiye Zhong
- School of Physical Science and Technology & Shanghai Key Laboratory of High-Resolution Electron Microscopy, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Xiaoli Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Yunpeng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Yanhang Ma
- School of Physical Science and Technology & Shanghai Key Laboratory of High-Resolution Electron Microscopy, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Long Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
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