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Yang Y, Ebel B, Oppel IM, Patureau FW. Nine-Membered Ketolactams by Oxidative Cyclization Expansion. Org Lett 2025. [PMID: 40424094 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5c01462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2025]
Abstract
Considerable progress has been made over decades in synthetic organic chemistry in order to build up molecular complexity, often through the design of advanced catalytic systems. Yet, simply exposing organic molecules to benchmark oxidants in catalyst free conditions can sometimes lead to surprising and highly valuable products. Thus, a synthetic method for accessing rare 9-membered ketolactams is herein described, under mild oxidative conditions. Key 18O and 17O label experiments revealed an unexpected oxygen atom migration event in the ring expansion process. The scope, mechanism, synthetic applications, and 9 to 7 membered ring contraction opportunities are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Yang
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Ben Ebel
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Iris M Oppel
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Frederic W Patureau
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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2
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Lou X, Zhang X, Huang S, Deng X, Jie X, Su W. Constructions of Biaryl-Bridged Macrocycles Through Phosphine-Ligand-Controlled Switch of Selectivity Between Intra- and Intermolecular Cyclizations. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2025:e202505591. [PMID: 40263219 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202505591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2025] [Revised: 04/17/2025] [Accepted: 04/22/2025] [Indexed: 04/24/2025]
Abstract
The rigid biaryl-bridged macrocycles serve as core scaffolds in numerous bioactive molecules. However, constructing biaryl-bridged macrocycles smaller than 14-membered ring remains challenging, partially due to the strain present in the cyclic intermediates formed during their synthesis. Here, we report that a Pd catalyst supported by P(tBu)3 effectively promotes the intramolecular ortho C─H arylation of phenols with aryl bromides, leading to the efficient synthesis of both strained 2-hydroxybiaryl-bridged macrocycles and strain-free bimolecular counterparts. The success of this Pd-catalyzed intramolecular cyclization in generating strained macrocycles originates from the dissociation of the P(tBu)3 ligand from the Pd center, which facilitates dual chelation of functional groups of substrates to the Pd center of palladacycle intermediate for alleviating its strain. Additionally, Pd catalysts supported by PPh3 promote intermolecular cyclization of the same substrates, enabling formation of larger macrocycles bridged by two 2-hydroxybiaryl motifs. These two distinct cyclization modes illustrate how phosphine ligands control the switch of chemoselectivity in Pd-catalyzed cyclizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Lou
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Science & Technology Innovation Laboratory for Optoelectronic Information of China, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yangqiao Road West 155, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
| | - Xiaofeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Science & Technology Innovation Laboratory for Optoelectronic Information of China, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yangqiao Road West 155, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
| | - Shijun Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Science & Technology Innovation Laboratory for Optoelectronic Information of China, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yangqiao Road West 155, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
| | - Xi Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Science & Technology Innovation Laboratory for Optoelectronic Information of China, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yangqiao Road West 155, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
| | - Xiaoming Jie
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Science & Technology Innovation Laboratory for Optoelectronic Information of China, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yangqiao Road West 155, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
| | - Weiping Su
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Science & Technology Innovation Laboratory for Optoelectronic Information of China, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yangqiao Road West 155, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
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3
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Zhou H, O’Brien P, Unsworth WP. Synthesis and Elaboration of Medium-Sized Ring Building Blocks Prepared via Cascade Ring Expansion Reactions. J Org Chem 2025; 90:5070-5074. [PMID: 40169943 PMCID: PMC11998084 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5c00202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2025] [Revised: 03/17/2025] [Accepted: 03/25/2025] [Indexed: 04/03/2025]
Abstract
A general approach is described for the synthesis and elaboration of medium-sized ring mono- and difunctionalized 8- or 9-membered ring lactone building blocks. The lactones are prepared via cascade ring expansion reactions and elaborated via Suzuki-Miyaura cross coupling and various N-functionalization reactions. This enables efficient access to diverse, medium-sized ring building blocks in a synthetically challenging and under-represented area of the pharmaceutical chemical space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haimei Zhou
- University
of York, Department of Chemistry, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, U.K.
| | - Peter O’Brien
- University
of York, Department of Chemistry, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, U.K.
| | - William P. Unsworth
- University
of York, Department of Chemistry, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, U.K.
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4
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Guo SK, Zhang YH, Yang F, An XD, Shen YB, Xiao J, Qiu B. Synthesis of All Ring Sizes of Medium-Sized Heterocycles Bridged Biaryls via VQM-Enabled Diversity-Oriented Synthetic Strategy. Org Lett 2025; 27:3237-3241. [PMID: 40130904 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5c00531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/26/2025]
Abstract
Herein, for the first time, the controllable, accurate, and diverse synthesis of all ring sizes of medium-sized (8- to 11-membered) indole-derived bridged biaryls has been realized by using ingeniously designed o-alkynylnaphthols that feature cyclic amines with adjustable ring sizes. The transformation may proceed through a DBN-mediated in-situ generation of vinylidene ortho-quinone methides/indole-ring formation/ring expansion cascade sequence, which is characterized by acceptable to excellent yields and good functional group tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Kui Guo
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Yu-Han Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Fan Yang
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Xiao-De An
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Yao-Bin Shen
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Zaozhuang University, Zaozhuang 277160, China
| | - Jian Xiao
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Bin Qiu
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
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5
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Göttemann LT, Amber C, Mahmood K, Mader P, Kokculer I, Andris T, Zavesky BP, Sarpong R. C-C Cleavage/Cross-Coupling Approach for the Modular Synthesis of Medium-to-Large Sized Rings: Total Synthesis of Resorcylic Acid Lactone Natural Products. J Am Chem Soc 2025; 147:9900-9908. [PMID: 40042818 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5c00801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2025]
Abstract
The chemical synthesis of medium (8-11 membered) and large sized (≥12 membered) cyclic systems is often challenging. The introduction of transannular strain and loss of degrees of freedom in forming macrocycles often result in poor reaction kinetics and thermodynamics (i.e., thermodynamically disfavored at equilibrium). To address these challenges, we herein report a strategy for the synthesis of medium-to-large sized rings, which leverages strain-release and metal templating through a palladium-mediated C-C cleavage/cross-coupling. By means of DOSY NMR techniques, we identified an undesired competing β-hydrogen elimination pathway, which was substrate dependent. Using a streamlined synthesis of the requisite precursors, our method enables the rapid generation of complex medium-to-large sized rings in a modular fashion through a C(sp2)-C(sp3) macrocyclization. The transformation enabled the short total synthesis of various resorcylic acid lactone (RAL) natural products and unnatural analogues of late-stage intermediates. A mechanistic proposal for the macrocyclization is supported by computational studies of the reaction using density functional theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas T Göttemann
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Charis Amber
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Khalid Mahmood
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Philipp Mader
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Ismail Kokculer
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Théo Andris
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Blane P Zavesky
- Corteva Agriscience, Indianapolis, Indiana 46268, United States
| | - Richmond Sarpong
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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6
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Wootton JM, Roper NJ, Morris CE, Maguire VE, Duff LC, Waddell PG, Whitwood AC, Gammons RJ, Miah AH, Lynam JM, Armstrong RJ, Unsworth WP. Stereoselective synthesis of atropisomeric amides enabled by intramolecular acyl transfer. Chem Sci 2025; 16:3938-3945. [PMID: 39886439 PMCID: PMC11776508 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc05760k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2025] [Indexed: 02/01/2025] Open
Abstract
C-N atropisomeric amides are important compounds in medicinal chemistry and agrochemistry. Atropselective methods for their synthesis are therefore important. In this study, a novel strategy to make C-N atropisomeric amides based on intramolecular acyl transfer via a tethered Lewis basic pyridine or tertiary amine group is reported. The reactions operate under kinetic control and in most cases are highly atropselective, with the products isolable as pure, single diastereoisomers following chromatography. The kinetically favored atropisomer can also be isomerised into the alternative thermodynamically favored atropisomer upon heating. The kinetic and thermodynamic outcomes are supported by computational studies, while additional mechanistic studies support operation via initial fast acylation of the Lewis basic group, followed by rate-determining acyl transfer, which also enables control over the atropisomer formed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack M Wootton
- Department of Chemistry, University of York York YO10 5DD UK
| | - Natalie J Roper
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 7RU UK
| | - Catrin E Morris
- Department of Chemistry, University of York York YO10 5DD UK
| | | | - Lee C Duff
- Department of Chemistry, University of York York YO10 5DD UK
| | - Paul G Waddell
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 7RU UK
| | | | | | | | - Jason M Lynam
- Department of Chemistry, University of York York YO10 5DD UK
| | - Roly J Armstrong
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 7RU UK
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7
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Zhang JM, Yuan GY, Zou Y. Enzymatic ester bond formation strategies in fungal macrolide skeletons. Nat Prod Rep 2025; 42:298-323. [PMID: 39831437 DOI: 10.1039/d4np00050a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2025]
Abstract
Covering: up to August 2024Macrolides, the core skeletons of numerous marketed drugs and bioactive natural products, have garnered considerable scientific interest owing to their structural diversity and broad spectrum of pharmaceutical activities. The formation of intramolecular ester bonds is a critical biocatalytic step in constructing macrolide skeletons. Here, we summarised enzymatic ester bond formation strategies in fungal polyketide (PK)-type, nonribosomal peptide (NRP)-type, and PK-NRP hybrid-type macrolides. In PK-type macrolides, ester bond formation is commonly catalysed by a trans-acting thioesterase (TE) or a cis-acting TE domain during the product release process. In NRP-type and PK-NRP hybrid-type macrolides, the ester bond is usually introduced through condensation (C) domain-catalysed esterification during the elongation or product release step. Although the TE and C domains share similarities in their catalytic mechanism, using hydroxyl groups as nucleophiles in an intramolecular nucleophilic attack, they differ in terms of the hydroxyl origin, the timing of ester bond formation, and domain location. Furthermore, some TE domains are utilized as chemoenzymatic catalysts to construct macrolides with different ring sizes. A comparison of ester bond formation between fungi and bacteria is also discussed. Exploring the biosynthetic pathways of fungal macrolides, elucidating the diverse strategies employed in the formation of ester bonds, and understanding the application of enzymes/domains in chemoenzymatic synthesis hold promise for the discovery of new bioactive macrolides in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Mei Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, 400715 Chongqing, China.
| | - Guan-Yin Yuan
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, 400715 Chongqing, China.
| | - Yi Zou
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, 400715 Chongqing, China.
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8
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Wootton JM, Tam JKF, Unsworth WP. Cascade ring expansion reactions for the synthesis of medium-sized rings and macrocycles. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:4999-5009. [PMID: 38655659 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc01303d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
This Feature Article discusses recent advances in the development of cascade ring expansion reactions for the synthesis of medium-sized rings and macrocycles. Cascade ring expansion reactions have much potential for use in the synthesis of biologically important medium-sized rings and macrocycles, most notably as they don't require high dilution conditions, which are commonly used in established end-to-end macrocyclisation methods. Operation by cascade ring expansion method can allow large ring products to be accessed via rearrangements that proceed exclusively by normal-sized ring cyclisation steps. Ensuring that there is adequate thermodynamic driving force for ring expansion is a key challenge when designing such methods, especially for the expansion of normal-sized rings into medium-sized rings. This Article is predominantly focused on methods developed in our own laboratory, with selected works by other groups also discussed. Thermodynamic considerations, mechanism, reaction design, route planning and future perspective for this field are all covered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack M Wootton
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK.
| | - Jerry K F Tam
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK.
| | - William P Unsworth
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK.
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9
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Yang Z, Arnoux M, Hazelard D, Hughes OR, Nabarro J, Whitwood AC, Fascione MA, Spicer CD, Compain P, Unsworth WP. Expanding the scope of the successive ring expansion strategy for macrocycle and medium-sized ring synthesis: unreactive and reactive lactams. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:2985-2991. [PMID: 38526035 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob00285g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
New methods are described that expand the scope of the Successive Ring Expansion (SuRE) with respect to synthetically challenging lactams. A protocol has been developed for use with 'unreactive' lactams, enabling SuRE reactions to be performed on subsrates that fail under previously established conditions. Ring expansion is also demonstarted on 'reactive' lactams derived from iminosugars for the first time. The new SuRE methods were used to prepare a diverse array of medium-sized and macrocyclic lactams and lactones, which were evaluted in an anti-bacterial assay against E. coli BW25113WT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongzhen Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK.
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Marion Arnoux
- Laboratoire d'Innovation Moléculaire et Applications (LIMA), Univ. de Strasbourg, Univ. de Haute-Alsace, CNRS (UMR 7042), Equipe de Synthèse Organique et Molécules Bioactives (SYBIO), ECPM, 25 Rue Becquerel, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Damien Hazelard
- Laboratoire d'Innovation Moléculaire et Applications (LIMA), Univ. de Strasbourg, Univ. de Haute-Alsace, CNRS (UMR 7042), Equipe de Synthèse Organique et Molécules Bioactives (SYBIO), ECPM, 25 Rue Becquerel, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Owen R Hughes
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK.
- York Biomedical Research Institute, University of York, Heslington, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Joe Nabarro
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK.
- York Biomedical Research Institute, University of York, Heslington, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Adrian C Whitwood
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK.
| | - Martin A Fascione
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK.
- York Biomedical Research Institute, University of York, Heslington, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Christopher D Spicer
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK.
- York Biomedical Research Institute, University of York, Heslington, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Philippe Compain
- Laboratoire d'Innovation Moléculaire et Applications (LIMA), Univ. de Strasbourg, Univ. de Haute-Alsace, CNRS (UMR 7042), Equipe de Synthèse Organique et Molécules Bioactives (SYBIO), ECPM, 25 Rue Becquerel, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
| | - William P Unsworth
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK.
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