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Xing H, Akram E, Ali R, Gao Y, Zhang Y. Diluted alkaline pretreatment in hexafluoroisopropanol facilitates chemoenzymatic depolymerization of polyethylene terephthalate. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2025; 279:121794. [PMID: 40340007 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2025.121794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2025] [Accepted: 05/05/2025] [Indexed: 05/10/2025]
Abstract
Enzymatic PET degradation presents a sustainable and eco-friendly solution for recycling and upgrading PET materials. While various PET-degrading enzymes have proven effective in converting low-crystallinity PET into monomers, their efficiency decreases significantly for high-crystallinity PET. Given that most commercially available PET products are highly crystalline and have a limited specific surface area, conventional methods typically resort to heat treatment and ball milling to achieve decrystallization and micronization before enzymatic hydrolysis. However, these pretreatments often compromise environmental benefits due to their high energy consumption and dust pollution, and are difficult to scale up. In this study, we developed a chemoenzymatic strategy that efficiently depolymerizes waste PET materials into monomers in just 4 h. This process involves an alkaline treatment with diluted NaOH in 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propanol (HFIP), followed by enzymatic hydrolysis of the PET nanosuspensions generated from solvent exchange. The alkaline treatment partially breaks down the PET molecular chains and mitigates recrystallization during the precipitation process. Importantly, the complete hydrolysis of PET is attributed to reduced crystallinity rather than particle size. Notably, this method eliminates the need for PET micronization and minimizes the usage of NaOH. The effectiveness of this method was demonstrated through the hydrolysis of various commercially available PET products, showcasing its potential to advance enzymatic degradation processes for PET recycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China; Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Ekram Akram
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China; Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Rohan Ali
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China; Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Yunzhengshan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China; Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Yifei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China; Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China.
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2
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Dohi T, Elboray EE, Kikushima K, Morimoto K, Kita Y. Iodoarene Activation: Take a Leap Forward toward Green and Sustainable Transformations. Chem Rev 2025; 125:3440-3550. [PMID: 40053418 PMCID: PMC11951092 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.4c00808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2024] [Revised: 01/29/2025] [Accepted: 02/05/2025] [Indexed: 03/09/2025]
Abstract
Constructing chemical bonds under green sustainable conditions has drawn attention from environmental and economic perspectives. The dissociation of (hetero)aryl-halide bonds is a crucial step of most arylations affording (hetero)arene derivatives. Herein, we summarize the (hetero)aryl halides activation enabling the direct (hetero)arylation of trapping reagents and construction of highly functionalized (hetero)arenes under benign conditions. The strategies for the activation of aryl iodides are classified into (a) hypervalent iodoarene activation followed by functionalization under thermal/photochemical conditions, (b) aryl-I bond dissociation in the presence of bases with/without organic catalysts and promoters, (c) photoinduced aryl-I bond dissociation in the presence/absence of organophotocatalysts, (d) electrochemical activation of aryl iodides by direct/indirect electrolysis mediated by organocatalysts and mediators acting as electron shuttles, and (e) electrophotochemical activation of aryl iodides mediated by redox-active organocatalysts. These activation modes result in aryl iodides exhibiting diverse reactivity as formal aryl cations/radicals/anions and aryne precursors. The coupling of these reactive intermediates with trapping reagents leads to the facile and selective formation of C-C and C-heteroatom bonds. These ecofriendly, inexpensive, and functional group-tolerant activation strategies offer green alternatives to transition metal-based catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshifumi Dohi
- Graduate
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan
University, 1-1-1, Nojihigashi, Kusatsu Shiga 525-8577, Japan
- Research
Organization of Science and Technology, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1, Nojihigashi, Kusatsu Shiga 525-8577, Japan
| | - Elghareeb E. Elboray
- Graduate
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan
University, 1-1-1, Nojihigashi, Kusatsu Shiga 525-8577, Japan
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, South
Valley University, Qena 83523, Egypt
| | - Kotaro Kikushima
- Graduate
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan
University, 1-1-1, Nojihigashi, Kusatsu Shiga 525-8577, Japan
| | - Koji Morimoto
- Graduate
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan
University, 1-1-1, Nojihigashi, Kusatsu Shiga 525-8577, Japan
- Research
Organization of Science and Technology, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1, Nojihigashi, Kusatsu Shiga 525-8577, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Kita
- Research
Organization of Science and Technology, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1, Nojihigashi, Kusatsu Shiga 525-8577, Japan
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3
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Zhang L, Zhou FY, Jiao L. N-Boryl Pyridyl Anion Chemistry. Acc Chem Res 2025; 58:1023-1035. [PMID: 40017027 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.5c00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2025]
Abstract
ConspectusPyridine is a crucial heterocyclic compound in organic chemistry. Typically, the pyridine motif behaves as an N-nucleophile and an electron-deficient aromatic ring. Transforming the pyridine ring into an electron-rich system that exhibits reactivity contrary to classical expectations could unveil new opportunities in pyridine chemistry. This Account describes an approach to the umpolung reactivity of the pyridine ring through the formation of an unprecedented N-boryl pyridyl anion (N-BPA) intermediate that enables new catalysis and transformations.In 2017, we discovered that 4-phenylpyridine acts as an efficient catalyst for the borylation of iodo- and bromoarenes using diboron(4) compounds. Mechanistic studies revealed that the in situ formation of an N-BPA intermediate in the pyridine/diboron(4)/methoxide reaction system is a pivotal step in this transformation. Further investigations showed that N-BPA exhibits dual reactivities as both a strong electron donor and a potent nucleophile. This unique reactivity profile has unveiled novel pathways for redox catalysis, pyridine derivatizations, and umpolung transformations.Based on the electron-donor characteristic of the N-boryl pyridyl anion, we have developed a redox catalytic system mediated by a pyridine catalyst. In the pyridine/diboron(4)/base reaction system, the in situ formation of N-BPA followed by single electron transfer (SET) to a substrate with regeneration of the pyridine molecule establishes a redox catalytic cycle. This approach enables the single-electron reduction of a variety of substrates employing 4-phenylpyridine as a catalyst and diboron(4) as the electron source. Upon visible-light excitation, this intermediate transitions into its excited state, exhibiting significantly enhanced reductivity. This enables the establishment of a modular photoredox system consisting of various pyridine/diboron(4)/base combinations that allow for fine-tuning of its redox property. Using this strategy, we performed a series of challenging single-electron reduction reactions, including the single -electron reduction of nonactivated chloro- and fluoroarenes, and Birch reduction of arenes.The nucleophilic character of the N-boryl pyridyl anion was effectively harnessed to facilitate pyridine derivatization and umpolung transformations. By directly quenching the in situ-generated N-BPA with a proton source, we developed a practical approach to N-H-1,4-dihydropyridines (DHPs). Bimolecular nucleophilic substitution reaction between N-BPA and an alkyl bromide produced a 4-alkyl-1,4-DHP, which subsequently releases an alkyl radical under photoredox conditions. This process enabled a catalytic transformation of alkyl bromides into alkyl radicals. Employing 4-trifluoromethylpyridine in this chemistry, the resulting N-BPA intermediate undergoes elimination of fluoride to yield a 4-pyridyldifluoromethyl nucleophile, which then reacts with electrophiles to realize a defluorinative functionalization reaction to forge pyridyldifluoromethyl compounds. Alternatively, when 4-perfluoroalkylthiopyridine was employed, a similar elimination process occurred to form a perfluoroalkyl anion, demonstrating a novel nucleophilic perfluoroalkylation reagent that offers distinct advantages over traditional reagents.The reactivities of the N-boryl pyridyl anion described in this Account provide new insights into pyridine chemistry. We anticipate that these findings will inspire further exploration of novel reactivities and mechanisms in pyridine and related heterocyclic chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Center of Basic Molecular Science (CBMS), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Fei-Yu Zhou
- Center of Basic Molecular Science (CBMS), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Lei Jiao
- Center of Basic Molecular Science (CBMS), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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4
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Spula C, Becker V, Talajić G, Grätz S, Užarević K, Borchardt L. Metal-Free C-X Functionalization in Solid-State via Photochemistry in Ball Mills. CHEMSUSCHEM 2025; 18:e202401022. [PMID: 39404649 PMCID: PMC11874632 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202401022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Revised: 10/13/2024] [Accepted: 10/15/2024] [Indexed: 11/21/2024]
Abstract
We report the first metal- and catalyst-free protocol for the facile cross-coupling of aryl halides towards C-B, C-P and C-S bonds under solid-state ball milling conditions via UV light irradiation. The reactions can be performed in the absence of bulk solvents at room temperature in a mixer mill, yielding up to 99 % and being tolerant towards various functionalized aryl halides (X=I or Br). Furthermore, we developed a novel photoreactor design increasing the light intensity. With this we could demonstrate that our protocol surpasses classical solvent based as well as purely mechanochemical approaches in terms of green metrics and energy efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Spula
- Inorganic Chemistry IRuhr-Universität BochumUniversitätsstr. 15044801BochumGermany
| | - Valentin Becker
- Inorganic Chemistry IRuhr-Universität BochumUniversitätsstr. 15044801BochumGermany
| | - Gregor Talajić
- Divison of Organic ChemistryFaculty of ScienceUniversity of ZagrebHorvatovac 102aZagreb10000Croatia
| | - Sven Grätz
- Inorganic Chemistry IRuhr-Universität BochumUniversitätsstr. 15044801BochumGermany
| | - Krunoslav Užarević
- Division of Physical ChemistryRuđer Bošković InstituteBijenička 54Zagreb10000Croatia
| | - Lars Borchardt
- Inorganic Chemistry IRuhr-Universität BochumUniversitätsstr. 15044801BochumGermany
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5
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Nakatsuka S, Akiyama S, Harabuchi Y, Maeda S, Nagata Y. Tetraborylation of p-Benzynes Generated by the Masamune-Bergman Cyclization through Reaction Design Based on the Reaction Path Network. JACS AU 2024; 4:2578-2584. [PMID: 39055142 PMCID: PMC11267532 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.4c00302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Designing the reactant molecule of an initial reaction, based on quantum chemical pathway exploration, enabled us to access a new reaction, i.e., the tetraborylation reaction of p-benzynes generated from 1,2-diethynylbenzene derivatives, using bis(pinacolato)diborane(4) (B2pin2). Based on the reaction path network generated via the artificial-force-induced reaction (AFIR) method, desired and undesired paths were identified and used to modify the chemical structure of the reactant. After the in silico screening, the optimal structure of the reactant was determined to be a 1,2-diethynylbenzene derivative with a butylene linker. The reaction of the optimized reactant and its derivatives with an excess of B2pin2 gave the tetraborylated products in good yields (up to 58%). It is quite intriguing that the two carbons of p-benzyne behave formally as dicarbenes in this reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soichiro Nakatsuka
- ERATO
Maeda Artificial Intelligence in Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery
Project, JST, Sapporo 060-0810, Hokkaido, Japan
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido
University, Sapporo 060-0810, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Seiji Akiyama
- ERATO
Maeda Artificial Intelligence in Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery
Project, JST, Sapporo 060-0810, Hokkaido, Japan
- Institute
for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0021, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yu Harabuchi
- ERATO
Maeda Artificial Intelligence in Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery
Project, JST, Sapporo 060-0810, Hokkaido, Japan
- Institute
for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0021, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Satoshi Maeda
- ERATO
Maeda Artificial Intelligence in Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery
Project, JST, Sapporo 060-0810, Hokkaido, Japan
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido
University, Sapporo 060-0810, Hokkaido, Japan
- Institute
for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0021, Hokkaido, Japan
- Research
and Services Division of Materials Data and Integrated System (MaDIS), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Tsukuba 305-0044, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yuuya Nagata
- ERATO
Maeda Artificial Intelligence in Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery
Project, JST, Sapporo 060-0810, Hokkaido, Japan
- Institute
for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0021, Hokkaido, Japan
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6
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Prakash A, Basappa S, Jeebula B, Nagaraju DH, Dhayal RS, Bose SK. A Simple Nickel Metal-Organic Framework-Catalyzed Borylation of Aryl Chlorides and Bromides. Org Lett 2024; 26:2569-2573. [PMID: 38527017 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c00535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
We report a recyclable and efficient catalyst system based on a nickel-benzene tricarboxylic acid metal-organic framework (Ni-BTC MOF) for the borylation of aryl halides, including aryl chlorides, with bis(pinacolato)diboron, affording aryl boronate esters in high yields (up to >99% yield) with high selectivity. This protocol demonstrates broad functional group tolerance. Catalyst can be recyclable up to four times, and gram-scale reactions further highlights the usefulness of this method. In situ EPR experiments confirmed the formation of catalytically active Ni(I) species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aishwarya Prakash
- Centre for Nano and Material Sciences (CNMS), Jain University, Jain Global Campus, Bangalore 562112, India
| | - Suma Basappa
- Centre for Nano and Material Sciences (CNMS), Jain University, Jain Global Campus, Bangalore 562112, India
| | - Bhavya Jeebula
- Centre for Nano and Material Sciences (CNMS), Jain University, Jain Global Campus, Bangalore 562112, India
| | - Doddahalli H Nagaraju
- Department of Chemistry, School of Applied Sciences, REVA University, Bangalore 560064, India
| | - Rajendra S Dhayal
- Department of Chemistry, School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda 151401, India
| | - Shubhankar Kumar Bose
- Centre for Nano and Material Sciences (CNMS), Jain University, Jain Global Campus, Bangalore 562112, India
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7
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Biswas S, Hughes WB, De Angelis L, Haug GC, Trevino R, Fremin SO, Arman HD, Larionov OV, Doyle MP. The "cesium effect" magnified: exceptional chemoselectivity in cesium ion mediated nucleophilic reactions. Chem Sci 2024; 15:5277-5283. [PMID: 38577370 PMCID: PMC10988617 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc00316k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Chemodivergent construction of structurally distinct heterocycles from the same precursors by adjusting specific reaction parameters is an emergent area of organic synthesis; yet, understanding of the processes that underpin the reaction divergence is lacking, preventing the development of new synthetic methods by systematically harnessing key mechanistic effects. We describe herein cesium carbonate-promoted oxadiaza excision cross-coupling reactions of β-ketoesters with 1,2,3-triazine 1-oxides that form pyridones in good to high yields, instead of the sole formation of pyridines when the same reaction is performed in the presence of other alkali metal carbonates or organic bases. The reaction can be further extended to the construction of synthetically challenging pyridylpyridones. A computational study comparing the effect of cesium and sodium ions in the oxadiaza excision cross-coupling reactions reveals that the cesium-coordinated species changes the reaction preference from attack at the ketone carbonyl to attack at the ester carbon due to metal ion-specific transition state conformational accommodation, revealing a previously unexplored role of cesium ions that may facilitate the development of chemodivergent approaches to other heterocyclic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumen Biswas
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at San Antonio One UTSA Circle San Antonio TX 78249 USA
| | - William B Hughes
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at San Antonio One UTSA Circle San Antonio TX 78249 USA
| | - Luca De Angelis
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at San Antonio One UTSA Circle San Antonio TX 78249 USA
| | - Graham C Haug
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at San Antonio One UTSA Circle San Antonio TX 78249 USA
| | - Ramon Trevino
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at San Antonio One UTSA Circle San Antonio TX 78249 USA
| | - Seth O Fremin
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at San Antonio One UTSA Circle San Antonio TX 78249 USA
| | - Hadi D Arman
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at San Antonio One UTSA Circle San Antonio TX 78249 USA
| | - Oleg V Larionov
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at San Antonio One UTSA Circle San Antonio TX 78249 USA
| | - Michael P Doyle
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at San Antonio One UTSA Circle San Antonio TX 78249 USA
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8
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Mao X, Lu Z, Zhang J, Xie Z. Catalyst-Free Regioselective Diborylation of Aryllithium with Tetra(o-tolyl)diborane(4). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202317614. [PMID: 38123525 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202317614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
A catalyst-free 1,2-diborylation of aryllithium with tetra(o-tolyl)diborane(4) has been achieved, giving a series of 1,2-diborylaryl lithium species in excellent yields under mild reaction conditions, which leads to 1,2-di(tolyl)borylarenes in 60-91 % yields upon treatment with the hydride-abstracting reagent. In these transformations, one sp2 C-H of arene is activated and both boryl units are utilized to build two new (sp2 )C-B bonds. This represents a new strategy for selective arene diborylation. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations suggest that an aromatic nucleophilic substitution is a key step in the formation of the products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Mao
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N. T., Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhenpin Lu
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N. T., Hong Kong, China
| | - Zuowei Xie
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N. T., Hong Kong, China
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
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9
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Zhu L, Ren Y, Liu X, Xu S, Li T, Xu W, Li Z, Liu Y, Xiong B. Catalyst- and Additive-free, Regioselective 1,6-Hydroarylation of para-Quinone Methides with Anilines in HFIP. Chem Asian J 2023; 18:e202300792. [PMID: 37845179 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202300792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
A simple and efficient method for the synthesis of diarylmethyl-functionalized anilines through the hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP)-mediated regioselective 1,6-hydroarylation reaction of para-quinone methides (p-QMs) with anilines under catalyst- and additive-free conditions is reported. Various kinds of p-QMs and amines (e. g. primary, secondary and tertiary amines) are well tolerated in this transformation without the pre-protection of amino group, and the corresponding products could be generated with good to excellent yields and satisfactory regioselectivity under the optimized reaction conditions. In addition to adaptable amine compounds, indoles and their derivatives are also compatible with this reaction system. This transformation can be easily extended to a gram scale-synthesis level to synthesize the target product. Furthermore, it is worth noting that some complex small aniline molecules with biological activity can be selectively modified using this method. The possible reaction mechanism is proposed through the step-by-step control experiments and DFT calculations, showing that the key process for achieving the regioselective 1,6-hydroarylation of p-QMs is the hydrogen bonding effect of HFIP to substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longzhi Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang, 414006, P. R. China
| | - Yining Ren
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang, 414006, P. R. China
| | - Xianping Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang, 414006, P. R. China
| | - Shipan Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang, 414006, P. R. China
| | - Tao Li
- Hunan Provincial Institute of Product and Goods Quality Inspection, Changsha, 410007 (P. R., China
| | - Weifeng Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang, 414006, P. R. China
| | - Zikang Li
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology and Research Institute for Smart Energy, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hung Hom, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang, 414006, P. R. China
| | - Biquan Xiong
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang, 414006, P. R. China
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10
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Bhawar R, Saini S, Patil KS, Nagaraju DH, Bose SK. Synthesis of Alkyl and Aryl Boronate Esters via CeO 2-Catalyzed Borylation of Alkyl and Aryl Electrophiles Including Alkyl Chlorides. J Org Chem 2023; 88:16270-16279. [PMID: 37957832 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
A recyclable protocol using a CeO2-nanorod catalyst for borylation of alkyl halides with B2pin2 (pin = OCMe2CMe2O) is reported. A wide range of synthetically useful alkyl boronate esters are readily obtained from primary and secondary alkyl electrophiles, including unactivated alkyl chlorides, demonstrating broad utility and functional group tolerance. Preliminary investigation revealed an involvement of in situ formed catalytically active boryl species. The catalyst can be reused for up to six runs without appreciable loss in activity. In addition, we have demonstrated the use of this recyclable catalyst for the borylation of aryl halides with B2pin2, providing valuable aryl boronate esters under neat conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Bhawar
- Centre for Nano and Material Sciences (CNMS), JAIN (Deemed-to-be University), Jain Global Campus, Bangalore, 562112, India
| | - Suresh Saini
- Centre for Nano and Material Sciences (CNMS), JAIN (Deemed-to-be University), Jain Global Campus, Bangalore, 562112, India
| | - Kiran S Patil
- Centre for Nano and Material Sciences (CNMS), JAIN (Deemed-to-be University), Jain Global Campus, Bangalore, 562112, India
| | - D H Nagaraju
- Department of Chemistry, School of Applied Sciences, Reva University, Bangalore, 560064, India
| | - Shubhankar Kumar Bose
- Centre for Nano and Material Sciences (CNMS), JAIN (Deemed-to-be University), Jain Global Campus, Bangalore, 562112, India
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11
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Bhanja R, Bera SK, Mal P. Photocatalyst- and Transition Metal-Free Light-Induced Borylation Reactions. Chem Asian J 2023; 18:e202300691. [PMID: 37747303 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202300691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
The increasing global warming concerns have propelled a surge in the demand for sustainable energy sources within the domain of synthetic organic chemistry. A particularly prominent area of research has been the development of mild synthetic strategies for generating heterocyclic compounds. Heterocyclic compounds containing boron have notably risen to prominence as pivotal reagents in a myriad of organic transformations, showcasing their wide-ranging applicability. This comprehensive review is aimed at collecting the literature pertaining to borylation reactions induced by light, specifically focusing on photocatalyst-free and transition metal-free methodologies. The central emphasis is on delving into selective mechanistic investigations. The amalgamation and analysis of these research insights elucidate the substantial potential inherent in eco-friendly approaches for synthesizing heterocyclic compounds, thus propelling the landscape of sustainable organic chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalin Bhanja
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), An OCC of Homi Bhabha National Institute, Bhubaneswar, PO Bhimpur-Padanpur, Via Jatni, District Khurda, Odisha, 752050, India) (PM
| | - Shyamal Kanti Bera
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), An OCC of Homi Bhabha National Institute, Bhubaneswar, PO Bhimpur-Padanpur, Via Jatni, District Khurda, Odisha, 752050, India) (PM
| | - Prasenjit Mal
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), An OCC of Homi Bhabha National Institute, Bhubaneswar, PO Bhimpur-Padanpur, Via Jatni, District Khurda, Odisha, 752050, India) (PM
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12
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Wang T, Wang ZJ, Wang M, Wu L, Fang X, Liang Y, Lv J, Shi Z. Metal-Free Stereoconvergent C-H Borylation of Enamides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202313205. [PMID: 37721200 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202313205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Enamides, functional derivatives of enamines, play a significant role as synthetic targets. However, the stereoselective synthesis of these molecules has posed a longstanding challenge in organic chemistry, particularly for acyclic enamides that are less thermodynamically stable. In this study, we present a general strategy for constructing β-borylenamides by C-H borylation, which provides a versatile platform for generating the stereodefined enamides. Our approach involves the utilization of metalloid borenium cation, generated through the reaction of BBr3 and enamides in the presence of two different additives, avoiding any exogenous catalyst. Importantly, the stereoconvergent nature of this methodology allows for the use of starting materials with mixed E/Z configurations, thus highlighting the unique advantage of this chemistry. Mechanistic investigations have shed light on the pivotal roles played by the two additives, the reactive boron species, and the phenomenon of stereoconvergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianhang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210093, China
| | - Zheng-Jun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210093, China
- Wenzhou Key Lab of Advanced Energy Storage and Conversion, Zhejiang Province Key Lab of Leather Engineering, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Minyan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210093, China
| | - Lei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210093, China
| | - Xiaowu Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210093, China
| | - Yong Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210093, China
| | - Jiahang Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210093, China
| | - Zhuangzhi Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210093, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, China
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13
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Sun W, Wilding-Steele L, Brown RCD, Harrowven DC. Aryl-aryl cross-coupling reactions without reagents or catalysts: photocyclization of ortho-iodoaryl ethers and related compounds via triplet aryl cation intermediates. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:10797-10800. [PMID: 37594190 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc03271j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Cyclisations of benzyl ortho-iodoaryl ethers to benzo[c]chromenes can be effected without reagents or catalysts by irradiation with UVC under flow. Reactions proceed via triplet aryl cation generation, 5-exo and 3-exo-cyclisations, and rearomatisation. They have wide scope, are easy to effect and extend to a myriad of related ring systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Sun
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | - Luke Wilding-Steele
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | - Richard C D Brown
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | - David C Harrowven
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
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14
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Wei Q, Lee Y, Liang W, Chen X, Mu BS, Cui XY, Wu W, Bai S, Liu Z. Photocatalytic direct borylation of carboxylic acids. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7112. [PMID: 36402764 PMCID: PMC9675845 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34833-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The preparation of high value-added boronic acids from cheap and plentiful carboxylic acids is desirable. To date, the decarboxylative borylation of carboxylic acids is generally realized through the extra step synthesized redox-active ester intermediate or in situ generated carboxylic acid covalent derivatives above 150 °C reaction temperature. Here, we report a direct decarboxylative borylation method of carboxylic acids enabled by visible-light catalysis and that does not require any extra stoichiometric additives or synthesis steps. This operationally simple process produces CO2 and proceeds under mild reaction conditions, in terms of high step economy and good functional group compatibility. A guanidine-based biomimetic active decarboxylative mechanism is proposed and rationalized by mechanistic studies. The methodology reported herein should see broad application extending beyond borylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Wei
- grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Radiochemistry and Radiation Chemistry Key Laboratory of Fundamental Science, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Radiopharmaceuticals, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China
| | - Yuhsuan Lee
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 China
| | - Weiqiu Liang
- grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Radiochemistry and Radiation Chemistry Key Laboratory of Fundamental Science, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Radiopharmaceuticals, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China
| | - Xiaolei Chen
- grid.32566.340000 0000 8571 0482Radiochemistry Laboratory, School of Nuclear Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000 China
| | - Bo-shuai Mu
- grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Radiochemistry and Radiation Chemistry Key Laboratory of Fundamental Science, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Radiopharmaceuticals, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China
| | - Xi-Yang Cui
- grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Radiochemistry and Radiation Chemistry Key Laboratory of Fundamental Science, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Radiopharmaceuticals, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China
| | - Wangsuo Wu
- grid.32566.340000 0000 8571 0482Radiochemistry Laboratory, School of Nuclear Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000 China
| | - Shuming Bai
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 China
| | - Zhibo Liu
- grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Radiochemistry and Radiation Chemistry Key Laboratory of Fundamental Science, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Radiopharmaceuticals, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China ,grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China
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15
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Xu L, Dong Z, Zhang Q, Deng N, Li SY, Xu HJ. Protoboration of Alkynes and Miyaura Borylation Catalyzed by Low Loadings of Palladium. J Org Chem 2022; 87:14879-14888. [PMID: 36223839 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The versions of Miyaura borylation and protoboration of alkynes catalyzed by low loadings of palladium (400 mol ppm = 0.04 mol %) have been developed. These transformations have a broad substrate scope, good functional-group compatibility, and gram-scale synthetic ability.
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16
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Motiwala HF, Armaly AM, Cacioppo JG, Coombs TC, Koehn KRK, Norwood VM, Aubé J. HFIP in Organic Synthesis. Chem Rev 2022; 122:12544-12747. [PMID: 35848353 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 71.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
1,1,1,3,3,3-Hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP) is a polar, strongly hydrogen bond-donating solvent that has found numerous uses in organic synthesis due to its ability to stabilize ionic species, transfer protons, and engage in a range of other intermolecular interactions. The use of this solvent has exponentially increased in the past decade and has become a solvent of choice in some areas, such as C-H functionalization chemistry. In this review, following a brief history of HFIP in organic synthesis and an overview of its physical properties, literature examples of organic reactions using HFIP as a solvent or an additive are presented, emphasizing the effect of solvent of each reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hashim F Motiwala
- Divison of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
| | - Ahlam M Armaly
- Divison of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
| | - Jackson G Cacioppo
- Divison of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
| | - Thomas C Coombs
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, North Carolina 28403 United States
| | - Kimberly R K Koehn
- Divison of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
| | - Verrill M Norwood
- Divison of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
| | - Jeffrey Aubé
- Divison of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
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17
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Raut RK, Waghamare AB, Patel N, Majumdar M. Role of N, N′‐diboryl‐4, 4′‐bipyridinylidene in the Transition metal‐free Borylation of Aryl Halides and Direct C‐H arylation of Unactivated Benzene. Eur J Inorg Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202200089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ravindra K. Raut
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Pune Chemistry INDIA
| | | | - Niranjan Patel
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Pune Chemistry INDIA
| | - Moumita Majumdar
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune Chemistry Dr. Homi Bhabha RoadPashan 411008 Pune INDIA
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18
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Hruzd M, le Poul N, Cordier M, Kahlal S, Saillard JY, Achelle S, Gauthier S, Robin-le Guen F. Luminescent cyclometalated alkynylplatinum(II) complexes with 1,3-di(pyrimidin-2-yl)benzene ligands: synthesis, electrochemistry, photophysics and computational studies. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:5546-5560. [PMID: 35302571 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt04237h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this article, we report on a series of cyclometalated chloro- and alkynyl-platinum(II) complexes bearing various tridentate N^C^N-cyclometalated ligands derived from 1,3-bis(pyrimidin-2-yl)benzene. The X-ray crystal structures of two alkynyl-platinum(II) complexes were determined and other structures were DFT-calculated. Electrochemical and DFT-computational studies suggest a ligand-centred reduction on the R1-substituted N^C^N ligand, whereas oxidation likely occurs either on the Pt-phenylacetylide moiety and/or the cyclometalated ligand. In CH2Cl2 solution at room temperature, the complexes show phosphorescent emissions ranging from green to orange, depending on the R1 and R2 substituents on the ligands. In KBr solid state matrix, excluding complexes bearing a trifluoromethyl substituted ligand, all compounds exhibit red emission. The presence of an alkynyl ancillary ligand has limited influence on absorption and emission spectra except in the case of the complex with the strongly electron-donating diphenylamino R2 substituent on the alkynyl ligand, for which a significant red-shift was observed. The alkynyl Pt(II) complex with OMe groups as both R1 and R2 substituents shows the best emission quantum yield (0.81 in CH2Cl2 solution) in this series. The full series of DFT calculated band gaps correlated generally well with the electrochemical and absorption data and reasonably model the impact of the substituents on the electronics of these complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariia Hruzd
- Univ. Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes) - UMR 6226, F-35000 Rennes, France.
| | - Nicolas le Poul
- Laboratoire de Chimie, Électrochimie Moléculaires et Chimie Analytique, UMR CNRS 6521, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, UFR Sciences et Techniques, 6 avenue Victor Le Gorgeu - CS 93837, F-29238 Brest Cedex 3, France
| | - Marie Cordier
- Univ. Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes) - UMR 6226, F-35000 Rennes, France.
| | - Samia Kahlal
- Univ. Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes) - UMR 6226, F-35000 Rennes, France.
| | - Jean-Yves Saillard
- Univ. Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes) - UMR 6226, F-35000 Rennes, France.
| | - Sylvain Achelle
- Univ. Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes) - UMR 6226, F-35000 Rennes, France.
| | - Sébastien Gauthier
- Univ. Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes) - UMR 6226, F-35000 Rennes, France.
| | - Françoise Robin-le Guen
- Univ. Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes) - UMR 6226, F-35000 Rennes, France.
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19
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Ma X, Kuang Z, Song Q. Recent Advances in the Construction of Fluorinated Organoboron Compounds. JACS AU 2022; 2:261-279. [PMID: 35252978 PMCID: PMC8889561 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.1c00129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Fluorinated organoboron compounds are important synthetic building blocks that combine the unique characteristics of a fluorinated motif with the versatile synthetic applications of organoboron moiety. This review article guides the research on fluorinated organoboron compounds mainly from four aspects in recent years: selective monodefluoroborylation of polyfluoroarenes and polyfluoroalkenes, selective borylation of fluorinated substrates, selective fluorination of organoboron compounds, and borofluorination of alkynes/olefins. In addition, this review will provide a necessary guidance and inspiration for the research on the valuable synthetic building block fluorinated organoboron compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingxing Ma
- Key
Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery, Fujian Province
University, College of Chemistry at Fuzhou
University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China
| | - Zhijie Kuang
- Institute
of Next Generation Matter Transformation, College of Materials Science
Engineering & Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, 668 Jimei Boulevard, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, China
| | - Qiuling Song
- Key
Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery, Fujian Province
University, College of Chemistry at Fuzhou
University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China
- Institute
of Next Generation Matter Transformation, College of Materials Science
Engineering & Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, 668 Jimei Boulevard, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, China
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20
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Buglioni L, Raymenants F, Slattery A, Zondag SDA, Noël T. Technological Innovations in Photochemistry for Organic Synthesis: Flow Chemistry, High-Throughput Experimentation, Scale-up, and Photoelectrochemistry. Chem Rev 2022; 122:2752-2906. [PMID: 34375082 PMCID: PMC8796205 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 281] [Impact Index Per Article: 93.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Photoinduced chemical transformations have received in recent years a tremendous amount of attention, providing a plethora of opportunities to synthetic organic chemists. However, performing a photochemical transformation can be quite a challenge because of various issues related to the delivery of photons. These challenges have barred the widespread adoption of photochemical steps in the chemical industry. However, in the past decade, several technological innovations have led to more reproducible, selective, and scalable photoinduced reactions. Herein, we provide a comprehensive overview of these exciting technological advances, including flow chemistry, high-throughput experimentation, reactor design and scale-up, and the combination of photo- and electro-chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Buglioni
- Micro
Flow Chemistry and Synthetic Methodology, Department of Chemical Engineering
and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Het Kranenveld, Bldg 14—Helix, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Fabian Raymenants
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Aidan Slattery
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan D. A. Zondag
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Timothy Noël
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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21
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Tian FX, Qu J. Studies on the Origin of the Stabilizing Effects of Fluorinated Alcohols and Weakly Coordinated Fluorine-Containing Anions on Cationic Reaction Intermediates. J Org Chem 2022; 87:1814-1829. [PMID: 35020378 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c02361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Many synthetic methods that use fluorinated alcohols as solvents have been reported, and the fluorinated alcohols have been found to be crucial to the success of these methods. In addition, there have been reports indicating that adding a weakly coordinated fluorine-containing anion, such as BF4-, PF6-, or SbF6-, to fluorinated alcohols can improve yields. The boosting effect of fluorinated alcohols is attributed mainly to hydrogen bond activation. A few studies have suggested that the very polar fluorinated alcohols can stabilize cationic reaction intermediates. However, how they do so and why weakly coordinated fluorine-containing anions improve yields have not been studied in depth. Here, we used quaternary ammonium cations, a quaternary phosphonium cation, and a triaryl-substituted carbocation as models for short-lived cationic intermediates and studied the possible interactions of these cations with fluorinated alcohols and BF4-, PF6-, or SbF6-. On the basis of the results, we propose that the C-F dipoles of fluorinated alcohols and the E-F dipoles (where E is B, P, or Sb) of weakly coordinated fluorine-containing anions stabilized these cations by intermolecular charge-dipole interactions. We deduced that in the same fashion the C-F and E-F dipoles can thermodynamically stabilize cationic reaction intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Xian Tian
- The State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Jin Qu
- The State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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22
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Le TV, Daugulis O. In situ ortho-lithiation/functionalization of pentafluorosulfanyl arenes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 58:537-540. [PMID: 34908042 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc06140b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A general method for ortho-functionalization of pentafluorosulfanyl arenes has been developed. ortho-Lithiation with lithium tetramethylpiperidide at -60 °C in the presence of silicon, germanium, and tin electrophiles affords trapped products in moderate to high yields. Precise temperature regimes and the presence of electrophiles during lithiation are important for successful reactions, since the pentafluorosulfanyl group acts as a competent leaving group at temperatures above -40 °C. Fluoro, bromo, iodo, enolizable keto, cyano, ester, amide, and unsubstituted amino functionalities are compatible with the reaction conditions. Conversion of 2-dimethylsilylpentafluorosulfanyl benzene to 2-halosubstituted derivatives, useful as starting materials in cross-coupling chemistry, was also demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanh V Le
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, USA.
| | - Olafs Daugulis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, USA.
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23
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Yu D, To WP, Liu Y, Wu LL, You T, Ling J, Che CM. Direct photo-induced reductive Heck cyclization of indoles for the efficient preparation of polycyclic indolinyl compounds. Chem Sci 2021; 12:14050-14058. [PMID: 34760188 PMCID: PMC8565399 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc04258k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The photo-induced cleavage of C(sp2)-Cl bonds is an appealing synthetic tool in organic synthesis, but usually requires the use of high UV light, photocatalysts and/or photosensitizers. Herein is described a direct photo-induced chloroarene activation with UVA/blue LEDs that can be used in the reductive Heck cyclization of indoles and without the use of a photocatalyst or photosensitizer. The indole compounds examined display room-temperature phosphorescence. The photochemical reaction tolerates a panel of functional groups including esters, alcohols, amides, cyano and alkenes (27 examples, 50-88% yields), and can be used to prepare polycyclic compounds and perform the functionalization of natural product analogues in moderate to good yields. Mechanistic experiments, including time-resolved absorption spectroscopy, are supportive of photo-induced electron transfer between the indole substrate and DIPEA, with the formation of radical intermediates in the photo-induced dearomatization reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daohong Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 China
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, HKU-CAS Joint Laboratory on New Materials, Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road Hong Kong China
- Key Laboratory of Organo-Pharmaceutical Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, Gannan Normal University Ganzhou 341000 China
| | - Wai-Pong To
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, HKU-CAS Joint Laboratory on New Materials, Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road Hong Kong China
| | - Yungen Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 China
| | - Liang-Liang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, HKU-CAS Joint Laboratory on New Materials, Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road Hong Kong China
| | - Tingjie You
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, HKU-CAS Joint Laboratory on New Materials, Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road Hong Kong China
| | - Jesse Ling
- Laboratory for Synthetic Chemistry and Chemical Biology Limited Units 1503-1511, 15/F, Building 17W, Hong Kong Science Park New Territories Hong Kong China
| | - Chi-Ming Che
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 China
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, HKU-CAS Joint Laboratory on New Materials, Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road Hong Kong China
- HKU Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation Shenzhen Guangdong 518057 China
- Laboratory for Synthetic Chemistry and Chemical Biology Limited Units 1503-1511, 15/F, Building 17W, Hong Kong Science Park New Territories Hong Kong China
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24
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Synthesis of arylboronates via the Pd-catalyzed desulfitative coupling reaction of sodium arylsulfinates with bis(pinacolato)diboron. Tetrahedron Lett 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2021.153478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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25
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Jin S, Haug GC, Trevino R, Nguyen VD, Arman HD, Larionov OV. Photoinduced C(sp 3)-H sulfination empowers the direct and chemoselective introduction of the sulfonyl group. Chem Sci 2021; 12:13914-13921. [PMID: 34760178 PMCID: PMC8549786 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc04245a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Direct installation of the sulfinate group by the functionalization of unreactive aliphatic C-H bonds can provide access to most classes of organosulfur compounds, because of the central position of sulfinates as sulfonyl group linchpins. Despite the importance of the sulfonyl group in synthesis, medicine, and materials science, a direct C(sp3)-H sulfination reaction that can convert abundant aliphatic C-H bonds to sulfinates has remained elusive, due to the reactivity of sulfinates that are incompatible with typical oxidation-driven C-H functionalization approaches. We report herein a photoinduced C(sp3)-H sulfination reaction that is mediated by sodium metabisulfite and enables access to a variety of sulfinates. The reaction proceeds with high chemoselectivity and moderate to good regioselectivity, affording only monosulfination products and can be used for a solvent-controlled regiodivergent distal C(sp3)-H functionalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengfei Jin
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at San Antonio One UTSA Circle San Antonio TX 78249 USA
| | - Graham C Haug
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at San Antonio One UTSA Circle San Antonio TX 78249 USA
| | - Ramon Trevino
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at San Antonio One UTSA Circle San Antonio TX 78249 USA
| | - Viet D Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at San Antonio One UTSA Circle San Antonio TX 78249 USA
| | - Hadi D Arman
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at San Antonio One UTSA Circle San Antonio TX 78249 USA
| | - Oleg V Larionov
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at San Antonio One UTSA Circle San Antonio TX 78249 USA
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26
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Abstract
A simple electrochemically mediated method for the conversion of alkyl carboxylic acids to their borylated congeners is presented. This protocol features an undivided cell setup with inexpensive carbon-based electrodes and exhibits a broad substrate scope and scalability in both flow and batch reactors. The use of this method in challenging contexts is exemplified with a modular formal synthesis of jawsamycin, a natural product harboring five cyclopropane rings.
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Li J, Huang CY, Ataya M, Khaliullin RZ, Li CJ. Direct deoxygenative borylation of carboxylic acids. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4970. [PMID: 34404789 PMCID: PMC8370987 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25229-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Carboxylic acids are readily available, structurally diverse and shelf-stable; therefore, converting them to the isoelectronic boronic acids, which play pivotal roles in different settings, would be highly enabling. In contrast to the well-recognised decarboxylative borylation, the chemical space of carboxylic-to-boronic acid transformation via deoxygenation remains underexplored due to the thermodynamic and kinetic inertness of carboxylic C-O bonds. Herein, we report a deoxygenative borylation reaction of free carboxylic acids or their sodium salts to synthesise alkylboronates under metal-free conditions. Promoted by a uniquely Lewis acidic and strongly reducing diboron reagent, bis(catecholato)diboron (B2cat2), a library of aromatic carboxylic acids are converted to the benzylboronates. By leveraging the same borylative manifold, a facile triboration process with aliphatic carboxylic acids is also realised, diversifying the pool of available 1,1,2-alkyl(trisboronates) that were otherwise difficult to access. Detailed mechanistic studies reveal a stepwise C-O cleavage profile, which could inspire and encourage future endeavours on more appealing reductive functionalisation of oxygenated feedstocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbin Li
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- FRQNT Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Chia-Yu Huang
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- FRQNT Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Mohamad Ataya
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Chao-Jun Li
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
- FRQNT Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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28
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29
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Bera SK, Boruah PJ, Parida SS, Paul AK, Mal P. A Photochemical Intramolecular C-N Coupling Toward the Synthesis of Benzimidazole-Fused Phenanthridines. J Org Chem 2021; 86:9587-9602. [PMID: 34191516 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c00871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we report a direct photochemical dehydrogenative C-N coupling of unactivated C(sp2)-H and N(sp2)-H bonds. The catalysts or additive-free transformation of 2-([1,1'-biphenyl]-2-yl)-1H-benzo[d]imidazole to benzo[4,5]imidazo[1,2-f]phenanthridine was achieved at ∼350 nm of irradiation via ε-hydrogen abstraction. DFT calculations helped to understand that the N-H···π interaction was essential for the reaction to proceed at a lower energy than expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyamal Kanti Bera
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), HBNI, Bhubaneswar, PO Bhimpur-Padanpur, District Khurda, Jatni, Odisha 752050, India
| | - Palash J Boruah
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Meghalaya, Shillong 793003, Meghalaya, India
| | - Shraddha Saraswati Parida
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), HBNI, Bhubaneswar, PO Bhimpur-Padanpur, District Khurda, Jatni, Odisha 752050, India
| | - Amit K Paul
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Meghalaya, Shillong 793003, Meghalaya, India
| | - Prasenjit Mal
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), HBNI, Bhubaneswar, PO Bhimpur-Padanpur, District Khurda, Jatni, Odisha 752050, India
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30
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Herrera-Luna JC, Díaz Díaz D, Abramov A, Encinas S, Jiménez MC, Pérez-Ruiz R. Aerobic Visible-Light-Driven Borylation of Heteroarenes in a Gel Nanoreactor. Org Lett 2021; 23:2320-2325. [PMID: 33650873 PMCID: PMC8719754 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c00451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Heteroarene boronate esters constitute
valuable intermediates in
modern organic synthesis. As building blocks, they can be further
applied to the synthesis of new materials, since they can be easily
transformed into any other functional group. Efforts toward novel
and efficient strategies for their preparation are clearly desirable.
Here, we have achieved the borylation of commercially available heteroarene
halides under very mild conditions in an easy-to-use gel nanoreactor.
Its use of visible light as the energy source at room temperature
in photocatalyst-free and aerobic conditions makes this protocol very
attractive. The gel network provides an adequate stabilizing microenvironment
to support wide substrate scope, including furan, thiophene, selenophene,
and pyrrole boronate esters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge C. Herrera-Luna
- Departamento de Química, Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Camino de Vera S/N, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - David Díaz Díaz
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de La Laguna, Avda. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 3, 38206, La Laguna, Spain
- Instituto de Bio-Orgánica Antonio González, Universidad de La Laguna, Avda. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 3, 38206, La Laguna, Spain
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Alex Abramov
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Susana Encinas
- Departamento de Química, Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Camino de Vera S/N, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - M. Consuelo Jiménez
- Departamento de Química, Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Camino de Vera S/N, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Raúl Pérez-Ruiz
- Departamento de Química, Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Camino de Vera S/N, 46022, Valencia, Spain
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31
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Jiao ZF, Tian YM, Guo XN, Radius U, Braunschweig H, Marder TB, Guo XY. Visible-light-driven graphene supported Cu/Pd alloy nanoparticle-catalyzed borylation of alkyl bromides and chlorides in air. J Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2021.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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32
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Tian YM, Guo XN, Braunschweig H, Radius U, Marder TB. Photoinduced Borylation for the Synthesis of Organoboron Compounds. Chem Rev 2021; 121:3561-3597. [PMID: 33596057 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Organoboron compounds have important synthetic value and can be applied in numerous transformations. The development of practical and convenient ways to synthesize boronate esters has thus attracted significant interest. Photoinduced borylations originated from stoichiometric reactions of alkanes and arenes with well-defined metal-boryl complexes. Now, photoredox-initiated borylations, catalyzed by either transition metal or organic photocatalysts, and photochemical borylations with high efficiency have become a burgeoning area of research. In this Focus Review, we summarize research on photoinduced borylations, especially emphasizing recent developments and trends. This includes the photoinduced borylation of arenes, alkanes, aryl/alkyl halides, activated carboxylic acids, amines, alcohols, and so on based on transition metal catalysis, metal-free organocatalysis, and direct photochemical activation. We focus on reaction mechanisms involving single-electron transfer, triplet-energy transfer, and other radical processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Ming Tian
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry and Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Xiao-Ning Guo
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry and Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Holger Braunschweig
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry and Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Udo Radius
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry and Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Todd B Marder
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry and Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
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33
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Yan B, Zhou Y, Wu J, Ran M, Li H, Yao Q. Catalyst-free reductive hydrogenation or deuteration of aryl–heteroatom bonds induced by light. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo00978h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The photoinduced hydrogenation or deuteration of quaternary arylammonium salts, aryl triflates, and aryl halides under catalyst-free conditions was achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyu Yan
- Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis & Chiral Drug Synthesis of Guizhou Province, Generic Drug Research Center of Guizhou Province, Department of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, 6 Xuefu Road West, Zunyi, 563000, China
| | - Yutong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis & Chiral Drug Synthesis of Guizhou Province, Generic Drug Research Center of Guizhou Province, Department of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, 6 Xuefu Road West, Zunyi, 563000, China
| | - Jieliang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis & Chiral Drug Synthesis of Guizhou Province, Generic Drug Research Center of Guizhou Province, Department of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, 6 Xuefu Road West, Zunyi, 563000, China
| | - Maogang Ran
- Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis & Chiral Drug Synthesis of Guizhou Province, Generic Drug Research Center of Guizhou Province, Department of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, 6 Xuefu Road West, Zunyi, 563000, China
| | - Huihui Li
- Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis & Chiral Drug Synthesis of Guizhou Province, Generic Drug Research Center of Guizhou Province, Department of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, 6 Xuefu Road West, Zunyi, 563000, China
| | - Qiuli Yao
- Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis & Chiral Drug Synthesis of Guizhou Province, Generic Drug Research Center of Guizhou Province, Department of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, 6 Xuefu Road West, Zunyi, 563000, China
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources and Chemistry of Salt Lakes, Qinghai Institute of Salt Lakes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, Qinghai, 810008, China
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34
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Lai D, Ghosh S, Hajra A. Light-induced borylation: developments and mechanistic insights. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:4397-4428. [PMID: 33913460 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob00323b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Organoboron compounds are very important derivatives because of their profound impacts on medicinal, biological as well as industrial applications. The development of several novel borylation methodologies has achieved momentous interest among synthetic chemists. In this scenario, eco-friendly light-induced borylation is progressively becoming one of the best synthetic tools in recent days to prepare organoboronic ester and acid derivatives based on green chemistry rules. In this article, we have discussed all the UV- and visible-light-induced borylation strategies developed in the last decade. Furthermore, special attention is given to the mechanisms of these borylation methodologies for better understanding of reaction insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipti Lai
- Department of Chemistry, Visva-Bharati (A Central University), Santiniketan 731235, India.
| | - Sumit Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, Visva-Bharati (A Central University), Santiniketan 731235, India.
| | - Alakananda Hajra
- Department of Chemistry, Visva-Bharati (A Central University), Santiniketan 731235, India.
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35
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Lang Y, Li CJ, Zeng H. Photo-induced transition-metal and external photosensitizer-free organic reactions. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo00359c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Photoreactions have become powerful synthetic tools with a broad scope of applications. This review mainly focuses on photoreactions in the absence of transition-metals and photosensitizers, and highlights the mechanisms of such reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yatao Lang
- The State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry
- and the College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou 730000
- P. R. China
| | - Chao-Jun Li
- Department of Chemistry and FQRNT Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis
- McGill University
- Montreal
- Canada
| | - Huiying Zeng
- The State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry
- and the College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou 730000
- P. R. China
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36
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Abstract
Photochemical transformations of molecular building blocks have become an important and widely recognized research field in the past decade. Detailed and deep understanding of novel photochemical catalysts and reaction concepts with visible light as the energy source has enabled a broad application portfolio for synthetic organic chemistry. In parallel, continuous-flow chemistry and microreaction technology have become the basis for thinking and doing chemistry in a novel fashion with clear focus on improved process control for higher conversion and selectivity. As can be seen by the large number of scientific publications on flow photochemistry in the recent past, both research topics have found each other as exceptionally well-suited counterparts with high synergy by combining chemistry and technology. This review will give an overview on selected reaction classes, which represent important photochemical transformations in synthetic organic chemistry, and which benefit from mild and defined process conditions by the transfer from batch to continuous-flow mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas H. Rehm
- Division Energy & Chemical Technology/Flow Chemistry GroupFraunhofer Institute for Microengineering and Microsystems IMMCarl-Zeiss-Straße 18–2055129MainzGermany
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37
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Affiliation(s)
- B. Yadagiri
- Polymers and Functional Materials Division CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology Uppal Road, Tarnaka Hyderabad 500007 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad 201002 India
| | - Komal Daipule
- Polymers and Functional Materials Division CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology Uppal Road, Tarnaka Hyderabad 500007 India
| | - Surya Prakash Singh
- Polymers and Functional Materials Division CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology Uppal Road, Tarnaka Hyderabad 500007 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad 201002 India
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38
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Tian YM, Guo XN, Krummenacher I, Wu Z, Nitsch J, Braunschweig H, Radius U, Marder TB. Visible-Light-Induced Ni-Catalyzed Radical Borylation of Chloroarenes. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:18231-18242. [PMID: 33026223 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c08834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A highly selective and general photoinduced C-Cl borylation protocol that employs [Ni(IMes)2] (IMes = 1,3-dimesitylimidazoline-2-ylidene) for the radical borylation of chloroarenes is reported. This photoinduced system operates with visible light (400 nm) and achieves borylation of a wide range of chloroarenes with B2pin2 at room temperature in excellent yields and with high selectivity, thereby demonstrating its broad utility and functional group tolerance. Mechanistic investigations suggest that the borylation reactions proceed via a radical process. EPR studies demonstrate that [Ni(IMes)2] undergoes very fast chlorine atom abstraction from aryl chlorides to give [NiI(IMes)2Cl] and aryl radicals. Control experiments indicate that light promotes the reaction of [NiI(IMes)2Cl] with aryl chlorides generating additional aryl radicals and [NiII(IMes)2Cl2]. The aryl radicals react with an anionic sp2-sp3 diborane [B2pin2(OMe)]- formed from B2pin2 and KOMe to yield the corresponding borylation product and the [Bpin(OMe)]•- radical anion, which reduces [NiII(IMes)2Cl2] under irradiation to regenerate [NiI(IMes)2Cl] and [Ni(IMes)2] for the next catalytic cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Ming Tian
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Xiao-Ning Guo
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ivo Krummenacher
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Zhu Wu
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jörn Nitsch
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Holger Braunschweig
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Udo Radius
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Todd B Marder
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
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39
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Kuntze-Fechner MW, Verplancke H, Tendera L, Diefenbach M, Krummenacher I, Braunschweig H, Marder TB, Holthausen MC, Radius U. Coligand role in the NHC nickel catalyzed C-F bond activation: investigations on the insertion of bis(NHC) nickel into the C-F bond of hexafluorobenzene. Chem Sci 2020; 11:11009-11023. [PMID: 34094350 PMCID: PMC8162383 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc04237d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The reaction of [Ni(Mes2Im)2] (1) (Mes2Im = 1,3-dimesityl-imidazolin-2-ylidene) with polyfluorinated arenes as well as mechanistic investigations concerning the insertion of 1 and [Ni(iPr2Im)2] (1ipr) (iPr2Im = 1,3-diisopropyl-imidazolin-2-ylidene) into the C–F bond of C6F6 is reported. The reaction of 1 with different fluoroaromatics leads to formation of the nickel fluoroaryl fluoride complexes trans-[Ni(Mes2Im)2(F)(ArF)] (ArF = 4-CF3-C6F42, C6F53, 2,3,5,6-C6F4N 4, 2,3,5,6-C6F4H 5, 2,3,5-C6F3H26, 3,5-C6F2H37) in fair to good yields with the exception of the formation of the pentafluorophenyl complex 3 (less than 20%). Radical species and other diamagnetic side products were detected for the reaction of 1 with C6F6, in line with a radical pathway for the C–F bond activation step using 1. The difluoride complex trans-[Ni(Mes2Im)2(F)2] (9), the bis(aryl) complex trans-[Ni(Mes2Im)2(C6F5)2] (15), the structurally characterized nickel(i) complex trans-[NiI(Mes2Im)2(C6F5)] (11) and the metal radical trans-[NiI(Mes2Im)2(F)] (12) were identified. Complex 11, and related [NiI(Mes2Im)2(2,3,5,6-C6F4H)] (13) and [NiI(Mes2Im)2(2,3,5-C6F3H2)] (14), were synthesized independently by reaction of trans-[Ni(Mes2Im)2(F)(ArF)] with PhSiH3. Simple electron transfer from 1 to C6F6 was excluded, as the redox potentials of the reaction partners do not match and [Ni(Mes2Im)2]+, which was prepared independently, was not detected. DFT calculations were performed on the insertion of [Ni(iPr2Im)2] (1ipr) and [Ni(Mes2Im)2] (1) into the C–F bond of C6F6. For 1ipr, concerted and NHC-assisted pathways were identified as having the lowest kinetic barriers, whereas for 1, a radical mechanism with fluoride abstraction and an NHC-assisted pathway are both associated with almost the same kinetic barrier. A combined experimental and theoretical study on the mechanism of the C–F bond activation of C6F6 with [Ni(NHC)2] is provided.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian W Kuntze-Fechner
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Hendrik Verplancke
- Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7 60438 Frankfurt Germany
| | - Lukas Tendera
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Martin Diefenbach
- Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7 60438 Frankfurt Germany
| | - Ivo Krummenacher
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany .,Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Holger Braunschweig
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany .,Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Todd B Marder
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany .,Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Max C Holthausen
- Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7 60438 Frankfurt Germany
| | - Udo Radius
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
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40
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Yu D, To WP, Tong GSM, Wu LL, Chan KT, Du L, Phillips DL, Liu Y, Che CM. Luminescent tungsten(vi) complexes as photocatalysts for light-driven C-C and C-B bond formation reactions. Chem Sci 2020; 11:6370-6382. [PMID: 32874518 PMCID: PMC7448528 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc01340d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The realization of photocatalysis for practical synthetic application hinges on the development of inexpensive photocatalysts which can be prepared on a large scale. Herein an air-stable, visible-light-absorbing photoluminescent tungsten(vi) complex which can be conveniently prepared at the gram-scale is described. This complex could catalyse photochemical organic transformation reactions including borylation of aryl halides, such as aryl chloride, reductive coupling of benzyl bromides for C-C bond formation, reductive coupling of phenacyl bromides, and decarboxylative coupling of redox-active esters of alkyl carboxylic acid with high product yields and broad functional group tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daohong Yu
- Department of Chemistry , Southern University of Science and Technology , Shenzhen , Guangdong 518055 , China .
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry , HKU-CAS Joint Laboratory on New Materials , Department of Chemistry , The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam Road , Hong Kong , China
| | - Wai-Pong To
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry , HKU-CAS Joint Laboratory on New Materials , Department of Chemistry , The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam Road , Hong Kong , China
| | - Glenna So Ming Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry , HKU-CAS Joint Laboratory on New Materials , Department of Chemistry , The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam Road , Hong Kong , China
| | - Liang-Liang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry , HKU-CAS Joint Laboratory on New Materials , Department of Chemistry , The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam Road , Hong Kong , China
| | - Kaai-Tung Chan
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry , HKU-CAS Joint Laboratory on New Materials , Department of Chemistry , The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam Road , Hong Kong , China
| | - Lili Du
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry , HKU-CAS Joint Laboratory on New Materials , Department of Chemistry , The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam Road , Hong Kong , China
| | - David Lee Phillips
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry , HKU-CAS Joint Laboratory on New Materials , Department of Chemistry , The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam Road , Hong Kong , China
| | - Yungen Liu
- Department of Chemistry , Southern University of Science and Technology , Shenzhen , Guangdong 518055 , China .
| | - Chi-Ming Che
- Department of Chemistry , Southern University of Science and Technology , Shenzhen , Guangdong 518055 , China .
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry , HKU-CAS Joint Laboratory on New Materials , Department of Chemistry , The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam Road , Hong Kong , China
- HKU Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation Shenzhen , Guangdong 518055 , China
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41
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Li J, Wang H, Qiu Z, Huang CY, Li CJ. Metal-Free Direct Deoxygenative Borylation of Aldehydes and Ketones. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:13011-13020. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c03813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianbin Li
- Department of Chemistry and FRQNT Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street W, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Haining Wang
- Department of Chemistry and FRQNT Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street W, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Zihang Qiu
- Department of Chemistry and FRQNT Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street W, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Chia-Yu Huang
- Department of Chemistry and FRQNT Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street W, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Chao-Jun Li
- Department of Chemistry and FRQNT Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street W, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
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42
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Herrera-Luna JC, Sampedro D, Jiménez MC, Pérez-Ruiz R. Rapid Access to Borylated Thiophenes Enabled by Visible Light. Org Lett 2020; 22:3273-3278. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c01076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge C. Herrera-Luna
- Departamento de Química, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Diego Sampedro
- Departamento de Química, Centro de Investigación en Síntesis Química (CISQ), Universidad de La Rioja, Madre de Dios, 53, 26006 Logroño, Spain
| | - M. Consuelo Jiménez
- Departamento de Química, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Raúl Pérez-Ruiz
- Departamento de Química, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
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43
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Ma Y, Pang Y, Chabbra S, Reijerse EJ, Schnegg A, Niski J, Leutzsch M, Cornella J. Radical C-N Borylation of Aromatic Amines Enabled by a Pyrylium Reagent. Chemistry 2020; 26:3738-3743. [PMID: 31994764 PMCID: PMC7155052 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202000412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we report a radical borylation of aromatic amines through a homolytic C(sp2 )-N bond cleavage. This method capitalizes on a simple and mild activation via a pyrylium reagent (Sc Pyry-OTf) thus priming the amino group for reactivity. The combination of terpyridine and a diboron reagent triggers a radical reaction which cleaves the C(sp2 )-N bond and forges a new C(sp2 )-B bond. The unique non-planar structure of the pyridinium intermediate, provides the necessary driving force for the aryl radical formation. The method permits borylation of a wide variety of aromatic amines indistinctively of the electronic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanhong Ma
- Max-Planck-Institut für KohlenforschungKaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1Mülheim an der Ruhr45470Germany
| | - Yue Pang
- Max-Planck-Institut für KohlenforschungKaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1Mülheim an der Ruhr45470Germany
| | - Sonia Chabbra
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische EnergiekonversionStiftstrasse 34–36Mülheim an der Ruhr45470Germany
| | - Edward J. Reijerse
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische EnergiekonversionStiftstrasse 34–36Mülheim an der Ruhr45470Germany
| | - Alexander Schnegg
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische EnergiekonversionStiftstrasse 34–36Mülheim an der Ruhr45470Germany
| | - Jan Niski
- Max-Planck-Institut für KohlenforschungKaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1Mülheim an der Ruhr45470Germany
| | - Markus Leutzsch
- Max-Planck-Institut für KohlenforschungKaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1Mülheim an der Ruhr45470Germany
| | - Josep Cornella
- Max-Planck-Institut für KohlenforschungKaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1Mülheim an der Ruhr45470Germany
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44
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Zhu D, Wu Q, Li H, Li H, Lang J. Hantzsch Ester as a Visible‐Light Photoredox Catalyst for Transition‐Metal‐Free Coupling of Arylhalides and Arylsulfinates. Chemistry 2020; 26:3484-3488. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201905281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Da‐Liang Zhu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials ScienceSoochow University Suzhou 215123 P. R. China
| | - Qi Wu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials ScienceSoochow University Suzhou 215123 P. R. China
| | - Hai‐Yan Li
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials ScienceSoochow University Suzhou 215123 P. R. China
| | - Hong‐Xi Li
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials ScienceSoochow University Suzhou 215123 P. R. China
| | - Jian‐Ping Lang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials ScienceSoochow University Suzhou 215123 P. R. China
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45
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Photocatalytic C–X borylation of aryl halides by hierarchical SiC nanowire-supported Pd nanoparticles. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CATALYSIS 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2067(19)63449-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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46
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Liu W, Li J, Huang C, Li C. Aromatic Chemistry in the Excited State: Facilitating Metal‐Free Substitutions and Cross‐Couplings. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201909138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenbo Liu
- Department of Chemistry and FRQNT Centre for Green Chemistry and CatalysisMcGill University 801 Sherbrooke St. W. Montreal Quebec H3A 0B8 Canada
| | - Jianbin Li
- Department of Chemistry and FRQNT Centre for Green Chemistry and CatalysisMcGill University 801 Sherbrooke St. W. Montreal Quebec H3A 0B8 Canada
| | - Chia‐Yu Huang
- Department of Chemistry and FRQNT Centre for Green Chemistry and CatalysisMcGill University 801 Sherbrooke St. W. Montreal Quebec H3A 0B8 Canada
| | - Chao‐Jun Li
- Department of Chemistry and FRQNT Centre for Green Chemistry and CatalysisMcGill University 801 Sherbrooke St. W. Montreal Quebec H3A 0B8 Canada
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47
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Kim H, Kim H, Lambert TH, Lin S. Reductive Electrophotocatalysis: Merging Electricity and Light To Achieve Extreme Reduction Potentials. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:2087-2092. [PMID: 31951390 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b10678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We describe a new electrophotocatalytic strategy that harnesses the power of light and electricity to generate an excited radical anion with a reducing potential of -3.2 V vs SCE, which can be used to activate substrates with very high reduction potentials (Ered ≈ -1.9 to -2.9 V). The resultant aryl radicals can be engaged in various synthetically useful transformations to furnish arylboronate, arylstannane, and biaryl products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunwoo Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , Cornell University , Ithaca , New York 14853 , United States
| | - Hyungjun Kim
- Department of Chemistry , Incheon National University , 119 Academy-ro, Yeonsu-gu , Incheon 22012 , Republic of Korea
| | - Tristan H Lambert
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , Cornell University , Ithaca , New York 14853 , United States
| | - Song Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , Cornell University , Ithaca , New York 14853 , United States
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48
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Wei D, Liu TM, Zhou B, Han B. Decarboxylative Borylation of mCPBA-Activated Aliphatic Acids. Org Lett 2019; 22:234-238. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b04218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dian Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tu-Ming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bo Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bing Han
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People’s Republic of China
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49
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Lee DS, Kim CS, Iqbal N, Park GS, Son KS, Cho EJ. Organophotocatalytic Arene Functionalization: C–C and C–B Bond Formation. Org Lett 2019; 21:9950-9953. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b03877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Da Seul Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro,
Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Chung Soo Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Naila Iqbal
- Department of Chemistry, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro,
Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyeong Su Park
- Department of Chemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-sun Son
- Department of Chemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Jin Cho
- Department of Chemistry, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro,
Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
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50
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Friese FW, Studer A. New avenues for C-B bond formation via radical intermediates. Chem Sci 2019; 10:8503-8518. [PMID: 32015798 PMCID: PMC6977546 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc03765a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
This perspective gives an overview on recent findings in the emerging area of C-radical borylation using diborons as radical trapping reagents. Aryl, vinyl and alkyl boronic esters can be accessed via such an approach under mild conditions. These processes are complementary to established transition metal catalysed cross coupling reactions. Radical borylations can be conducted in the absence of a transition metal but some processes require transition metals as catalysts. It will be shown that various readily available C-radical precursors can be used to run these borylations. For a better understanding of the chemistry, mechanistic discussions are also presented and an outlook on this topic will be provided at the end of the article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian W Friese
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut , Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität , Corrensstrasse 40 , 48149 Münster , Germany .
| | - Armido Studer
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut , Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität , Corrensstrasse 40 , 48149 Münster , Germany .
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