1
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Jiang R, Casilli F, Thunnissen AMWH, Roelfes G. An Artificial Copper-Michaelase Featuring a Genetically Encoded Bipyridine Ligand for Asymmetric Additions to Nitroalkenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2025; 64:e202423182. [PMID: 39945539 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202423182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2025] [Indexed: 02/27/2025]
Abstract
Artificial metalloenzymes (ArMs) are an attractive approach to achieving "new to nature" biocatalytic transformations. In this work, a novel copper-dependent artificial Michaelase (Cu_Michaelase) comprising a genetically encoded copper-binding ligand, i. e. (2,2-bipyridin-5-yl)alanine (BpyA), was developed. For the first time, such an ArM containing a non-canonical metal-binding amino acid was successfully optimized through directed evolution. The evolved Cu_Michaelase was applied in the copper-catalyzed asymmetric addition of 2-acetyl azaarenes to nitroalkenes, yielding various γ-nitro butyric acid derivatives, which are precursors for a range of high-value-added pharmaceutically relevant compounds, with good yields and high enantioselectivities (up to >99 % yield and 99 % ee). Additionally, the evolved variant could be further used in a preparative-scale synthesis, providing chiral products for diverse derivatizations. X-ray crystal structure analysis confirmed the binding of Cu(II) ions to the BpyA residues and showed that, in principle, there is sufficient space for the 2-acetyl azaarene substrate to coordinate. Kinetic studies showed that the increased catalytic efficiency of the evolved enzyme is due to improvements in apparent KM for both substrates and a notable threefold increase in apparent kcat for 2-acetyl pyridine. This work illustrates the potential of artificial metalloenzymes exploiting non-canonical metal-binding ligands for new-to-nature biocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru Jiang
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 3, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Fabrizio Casilli
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 3, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Andy-Mark W H Thunnissen
- Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 3 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gerard Roelfes
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 3, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
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2
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Zhu Z, Hu Q, Fu Y, Tong Y, Zhou Z. Design and Evolution of an Enzyme for the Asymmetric Michael Addition of Cyclic Ketones to Nitroolefins by Enamine Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202404312. [PMID: 38783596 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202404312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Consistent introduction of novel enzymes is required for developing efficient biocatalysts for challenging biotransformations. Absorbing catalytic modes from organocatalysis may be fruitful for designing new-to-nature enzymes with novel functions. Herein we report a newly designed artificial enzyme harboring a catalytic pyrrolidine residue that catalyzes the asymmetric Michael addition of cyclic ketones to nitroolefins through enamine activation with high efficiency. Diverse chiral γ-nitro cyclic ketones with two stereocenters were efficiently prepared with excellent stereoselectivity (up to 97 % e.e., >20 : 1 d.r.) and good yield (up to 86 %). This work provides an efficient biocatalytic strategy for cyclic ketone functionalization, and highlights the usefulness of artificial enzymes for extending biocatalysis to further non-natural reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixi Zhu
- School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Qinru Hu
- School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Yi Fu
- School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Yingjia Tong
- School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Zhi Zhou
- School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
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3
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Fansher DJ, Palmer DRJ. A Type 1 Aldolase, NahE, Catalyzes a Stereoselective Nitro-Michael Reaction: Synthesis of β-Aryl-γ-nitrobutyric Acids. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202214539. [PMID: 36484780 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202214539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Michael addition reactions are highly useful in organic synthesis and are commonly accomplished using organocatalysts. However, the corresponding biocatalytic Michael additions are rare, typically lack synthetically useful substrate scope, and suffer from low stereoselectivity. Herein we report a biocatalytic nitro-Michael addition, catalyzed by NahE, that proceeds with low catalyst loading at room temperature in moderate to excellent enantioselectivity and high yields. A series of β-nitrostyrenes reacted with pyruvate in the presence of NahE to give, after oxidative decarboxylation, β-aryl-γ-nitrobutyric acids in up to 99 % yield without need for chromatography, providing a simple preparative-scale route to chiral GABA analogues. This reaction represents the first example of an aldolase displaying promiscuous Michaelase activity and opens the use of nitroalkenes in place of aldehydes as substrates for aldolases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas J Fansher
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5C9, Canada
| | - David R J Palmer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5C9, Canada
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4
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Ascaso‐Alegre C, Herrera RP, Mangas‐Sánchez J. Stereoselective Three-Step One-Pot Cascade Combining Amino- and Biocatalysis to Access Chiral γ-Nitro Alcohols. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202209159. [PMID: 35983936 PMCID: PMC9826084 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202209159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The combination of small-molecule catalysis and enzyme catalysis represents an underexploited area of research with huge potential in asymmetric synthetic chemistry due to both compatibility of reaction conditions and complementary reactivity. Herein, we describe the telescopic synthesis of chiral nitro alcohols starting from commercially available benzaldehyde derivatives through the one-pot three-step chemoenzymatic cascade combination of a Wittig reaction, chiral-thiourea-catalysed asymmetric conjugate addition, and ketoreductase-mediated reduction to access the corresponding target compounds in moderate to excellent overall isolated yields (36-80 %) and high diastereomeric and enantiomeric ratios (up to >97 : 3). This represents the first example of the combination of an organocatalysed asymmetric conjugate addition via iminium ion activation and a bioreduction step catalysed by ketoreductases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Ascaso‐Alegre
- Institute of Chemical Synthesis and Homogeneous Catalysis (ISQCH)Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)—University of ZaragozaPedro Cerbuna 1250009ZaragozaSpain
| | - Raquel P. Herrera
- Institute of Chemical Synthesis and Homogeneous Catalysis (ISQCH)Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)—University of ZaragozaPedro Cerbuna 1250009ZaragozaSpain
| | - Juan Mangas‐Sánchez
- Institute of Chemical Synthesis and Homogeneous Catalysis (ISQCH)Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)—University of ZaragozaPedro Cerbuna 1250009ZaragozaSpain
- ARAID Foundation50018ZaragozaSpain
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5
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Ascaso-Alegre C, P. Herrera R, Mangas-Sanchez J. Stereoselective Three‐Step One‐Pot Cascade Combining Amino‐ and Biocatalysis to Access Chiral Υ‐Nitro Alcohols. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202209159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Ascaso-Alegre
- CSIC: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas Institute of Chemical Synthesis and Homogeneous Catalysis SPAIN
| | - Raquel P. Herrera
- CSIC: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas Institute of Chemical Synthesis and Homogeneous Catalysis SPAIN
| | - Juan Mangas-Sanchez
- ARAID: Agencia Aragonesa para la Investigacion y Desarrollo ISQCH PEDRO CERBUNA, 12FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS D 50009 ZARAGOZA SPAIN
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6
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Müller M, Germer P, Andexer JN. Biocatalytic One-Carbon Transfer – A Review. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2022. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1719884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThis review provides an overview of different C1 building blocks as substrates of enzymes, or part of their cofactors, and the resulting functionalized products. There is an emphasis on the broad range of possibilities of biocatalytic one-carbon extensions with C1 sources of different oxidation states. The identification of uncommon biosynthetic strategies, many of which might serve as templates for synthetic or biotechnological applications, towards one-carbon extensions is supported by recent genomic and metabolomic progress and hence we refer principally to literature spanning from 2014 to 2020.1 Introduction2 Methane, Methanol, and Methylamine3 Glycine4 Nitromethane5 SAM and SAM Ylide6 Other C1 Building Blocks7 Formaldehyde and Glyoxylate as Formaldehyde Equivalents8 Cyanide9 Formic Acid10 Formyl-CoA and Oxalyl-CoA11 Carbon Monoxide12 Carbon Dioxide13 Conclusions
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Abstract
The application of biocatalysis in conquering challenging synthesis requires the constant input of new enzymes. Developing novel biocatalysts by absorbing catalysis modes from synthetic chemistry has yielded fruitful new-to-nature enzymes. Organocatalysis was originally bio-inspired and has become the third pillar of asymmetric catalysis. Transferring organocatalytic reactions back to enzyme platforms is a promising approach for biocatalyst creation. Herein, we summarize recent developments in the design of novel biocatalysts that adopt iminium catalysis, a fundamental branch in organocatalysis. By repurposing existing enzymes or constructing artificial enzymes, various biocatalysts for iminium catalysis have been created and optimized via protein engineering to promote valuable abiological transformations. Recent advances in iminium biocatalysis illustrate the power of combining chemomimetic biocatalyst design and directed evolution to generate useful new-to-nature enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangcai Xu
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical BiologyGroningen Research Institute of PharmacyUniversity of GroningenAntonius Deusinglaan 19713AV GroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Gerrit J. Poelarends
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical BiologyGroningen Research Institute of PharmacyUniversity of GroningenAntonius Deusinglaan 19713AV GroningenThe Netherlands
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8
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Xu G, Poelarends GJ. Unlocking New Reactivities in Enzymes by Iminium Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202203613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guangcai Xu
- University of Groningen: Rijksuniversiteit Groningen Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology NETHERLANDS
| | - Gerrit J. Poelarends
- University of Groningen Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology Antonius Deusinglaan 1 9713 AV Groningen NETHERLANDS
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9
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Ballini R, Palmieri A, Petrini M. Catalysts’ evolution in the asymmetric conjugate addition of nitroalkanes to electron-poor alkenes. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qo01341j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This review provides a journey of the catalyst usage for the enantioselective conjugate addition of nitroalkanes to electron-poor olefins from the early attempts to the latest achievements. Selected applications are also reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Ballini
- School of Science and Technology, Chemistry Division, University of Camerino, CHIP, Via Madonna delle Carceri, 62032 Camerino, MC, Italy
| | - Alessandro Palmieri
- School of Science and Technology, Chemistry Division, University of Camerino, CHIP, Via Madonna delle Carceri, 62032 Camerino, MC, Italy
| | - Marino Petrini
- School of Science and Technology, Chemistry Division, University of Camerino, CHIP, Via Madonna delle Carceri, 62032 Camerino, MC, Italy
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10
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Ren C, Yang J, Zeng Y, Zhang T, Tian C, Men Y, Sun Y. Novel catalytic property of fructose-6-phosphate aldolase in directly conversion of two 1-hydroxyalkanones to diketones. Enzyme Microb Technol 2021; 147:109784. [PMID: 33992412 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2021.109784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Asymmetric CC bond formation catalyzed by aldolases requires the supplementation of nucleophiles and receptors in the reaction medium. However, aldol condensation using a single ketone as substrate has never been reported yet. In this work, we discovered that d-fructose-6-phosphate aldolase (FSA) could convert two 1-hydroxyalkanones, such as hydroxyacetone (HA) and 1-hydroxy-2-butanone, into two type of diketones. The initial product synthesis rate increased 3-fold and the yield reached to 56 %, when pure oxygen was directly inputted into the reaction medium. The results confirmed that oxygen participated in this reaction and hydrogen peroxide was generated. Metal ions Co2+ and Cu2+ remarkably increased the conversion yield compared with the control. For this reaction mechanism, we conjectured that HA may be oxidized to methylglyoxal by enzyme FSA in the presence of oxygen in the medium, and then FSA catalyzes the aldol addition between HA and its oxidative product MG to form diketone products. The obtained diketones could serve as important precursors for preparing furans and pyrroles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxi Ren
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China; National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Jiangang Yang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China; National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin 300308, China.
| | - Yan Zeng
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China; National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Tong Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China; National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Chaoyu Tian
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China; National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Yan Men
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China; National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Yuanxia Sun
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China; National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin 300308, China.
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11
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Watkins-Dulaney E, Straathof S, Arnold F. Tryptophan Synthase: Biocatalyst Extraordinaire. Chembiochem 2021; 22:5-16. [PMID: 32677310 PMCID: PMC7935429 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202000379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Tryptophan synthase (TrpS) has emerged as a paragon of noncanonical amino acid (ncAA) synthesis and is an ideal biocatalyst for synthetic and biological applications. TrpS catalyzes an irreversible, C-C bond-forming reaction between indole and serine to make l-tryptophan; native TrpS complexes possess fairly broad specificity for indole analogues, but are difficult to engineer to extend substrate scope or to confer other useful properties due to allosteric constraints and their heterodimeric structure. Directed evolution freed the catalytically relevant TrpS β-subunit (TrpB) from allosteric regulation by its TrpA partner and has enabled dramatic expansion of the enzyme's substrate scope. This review examines the long and storied career of TrpS from the perspective of its application in ncAA synthesis and biocatalytic cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ella Watkins-Dulaney
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, MC 210-41, 1200 E. California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Sabine Straathof
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, MC 210-41, 1200 E. California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Frances Arnold
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, MC 210-41, 1200 E. California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, MC 210-41, 1200 E. California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
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12
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Enhancing promiscuous chemistries of a Schiff-base forming enzyme by divergent evolution. Methods Enzymol 2020. [PMID: 32943152 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2020.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Directed evolution has emerged as a powerful technique for the rapid tailoring of enzymes toward particular synthetic demands, spawning a number of enzymes capable of complex chemical transformations. During random mutagenesis of a protein, changes in fitness must be assayed in order to quantify and understand the relative effect a given mutation has, and the assay employed must be carefully chosen to report directly on the transformation of interest. Here, we describe a series of medium-throughput screening techniques that have been utilized for the evolution and engineering of an artificial carboligase, RA95.5-8, resulting in improvement of catalytic efficiency of a number of promiscuous chemistries. The methods make use of common analytical chemistry equipment and low-cost materials, and may help inspire development of novel screening workflows for related transformations.
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13
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Macdonald DS, Garrabou X, Klaus C, Verez R, Mori T, Hilvert D. Engineered Artificial Carboligases Facilitate Regioselective Preparation of Enantioenriched Aldol Adducts. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:10250-10254. [PMID: 32427470 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c02351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Controlling regio- and stereoselectivity of aldol additions is generally challenging. Here we show that an artificial aldolase with high specificity for acetone as the aldol donor can be reengineered via single active site mutations to accept linear and cyclic aliphatic ketones with notable efficiency, regioselectivity, and stereocontrol. Biochemical and crystallographic data show how the mutated residues modulate the binding and activation of specific aldol donors, as well as their subsequent reaction with diverse aldehyde acceptors. Broadening the substrate scope of this evolutionarily naïve catalyst proved much easier than previous attempts to redesign natural aldolases, suggesting that such proteins may be excellent starting points for the development of customized biocatalysts for diverse practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xavier Garrabou
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Cindy Klaus
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Rebecca Verez
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Takahiro Mori
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Donald Hilvert
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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14
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Nödling AR, Santi N, Williams TL, Tsai YH, Luk LYP. Enabling protein-hosted organocatalytic transformations. RSC Adv 2020; 10:16147-16161. [PMID: 33184588 PMCID: PMC7654312 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra01526a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, the development of organocatalytic artificial enzymes will be discussed. This area of protein engineering research has underlying importance, as it enhances the biocompatibility of organocatalysis for applications in chemical and synthetic biology research whilst expanding the catalytic repertoire of enzymes. The approaches towards the preparation of organocatalytic artificial enzymes, techniques used to improve their performance (selectivity and reactivity) as well as examples of their applications are presented. Challenges and opportunities are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander R Nödling
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK.
| | - Nicolò Santi
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK.
| | - Thomas L Williams
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK.
| | - Yu-Hsuan Tsai
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK.
| | - Louis Y P Luk
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK.
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15
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Huang Y, Zha Z, Wang Z. Copper Catalyzed Diastereo- and Enantioselective 1,4-Addition Michael Reaction of 2,3-Dioxopyrrolidines with Nitroalkanes in Aqueous Media. Org Lett 2020; 22:2512-2516. [PMID: 32069055 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
A good diastereo- and enantioselective 1,4-addition Michael reaction catalyzed by a chiral copper complex was developed in aqueous media. A series of nitro-containing pyrrolidones could be gained in high yields with excellent diastereoselectivities and good ee values by virtue of this developed method. It affords a facile access to construct carbon-carbon bonds with water and air tolerance. Furthermore, the gram scale synthesis was conducted successfully to give rise to the corresponding products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yekai Huang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry & Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology & School of Chemistry and Materials Science in University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
| | - Zhenggen Zha
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry & Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology & School of Chemistry and Materials Science in University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
| | - Zhiyong Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry & Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology & School of Chemistry and Materials Science in University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
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16
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Synergistic catalysis in an artificial enzyme by simultaneous action of two abiological catalytic sites. Nat Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1038/s41929-019-0420-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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17
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Leveson-Gower RB, Mayer C, Roelfes G. The importance of catalytic promiscuity for enzyme design and evolution. Nat Rev Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1038/s41570-019-0143-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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18
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Romney DK, Sarai NS, Arnold FH. Nitroalkanes as Versatile Nucleophiles for Enzymatic Synthesis of Noncanonical Amino Acids. ACS Catal 2019; 9:8726-8730. [PMID: 33274115 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b02089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
C-C bond-forming reactions often require nucleophilic carbon species rarely compatible with aqueous reaction media, thus restricting their appearance in biocatalysis. Here we report the use of nitroalkanes as a structurally versatile class of nucleophilic substrates for C-C bond formation catalyzed by variants of the β-subunit of tryptophan synthase (TrpB). The enzymes accept a wide range of nitroalkanes to form noncanonical amino acids, here the nitro group can serve as a handle for further modification. Using nitroalkane nucleophiles greatly expands the scope of compounds made by TrpB variants and establishes nitroalkanes as a valuable substrate class for biocatalytic C-C bond formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David K. Romney
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering 210-41, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Nicholas S. Sarai
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering 210-41, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Frances H. Arnold
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering 210-41, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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19
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Guo C, Saifuddin M, Saravanan T, Sharifi M, Poelarends GJ. Biocatalytic Asymmetric Michael Additions of Nitromethane to α,β-Unsaturated Aldehydes via Enzyme-bound Iminium Ion Intermediates. ACS Catal 2019; 9:4369-4373. [PMID: 31080691 PMCID: PMC6503466 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b00780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The enzyme 4-oxalocrotonate tautomerase (4-OT) exploits an N-terminal proline as main catalytic residue to facilitate several promiscuous C-C bond-forming reactions via enzyme-bound enamine intermediates. Here we show that the active site of this enzyme can give rise to further synthetically useful catalytic promiscuity. Specifically, the F50A mutant of 4-OT was found to efficiently promote asymmetric Michael additions of nitromethane to various α,β-unsaturated aldehydes to give γ-nitroaldehydes, important precursors to biologically active γ-aminobutyric acids. High conversions, high enantiocontrol, and good isolated product yields were achieved. The reactions likely proceed via iminium ion intermediates formed between the catalytic Pro-1 residue and the α,β-unsaturated aldehydes. In addition, a cascade of three 4-OT(F50A)-catalyzed reactions followed by an enzymatic oxidation step enables assembly of γ-nitrocarboxylic acids from three simple building blocks in one pot. Our results bridge organo- and biocatalysis, and they emphasize the potential of enzyme promiscuity for the preparation of important chiral synthons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Guo
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mohammad Saifuddin
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Thangavelu Saravanan
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Masih Sharifi
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gerrit J. Poelarends
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
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20
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Caselle EA, Yoon JH, Bhattacharya S, Rempillo JJ, Lengyel Z, D’Souza A, Moroz YS, Tolbert PL, Volkov AN, Forconi M, Castañeda CA, Makhlynets OV, Korendovych IV. Kemp Eliminases of the AlleyCat Family Possess High Substrate Promiscuity. ChemCatChem 2019; 11:1425-1430. [PMID: 31788134 PMCID: PMC6884320 DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201801994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Minimalist enzymes designed to catalyze model reactions provide useful starting points for creating catalysts for practically important chemical transformations. We have shown that Kemp eliminases of the AlleyCat family facilitate conversion of leflunomide (an immunosupressor pro-drug) to its active form teriflunomide with outstanding rate enhancement (nearly four orders of magnitude) and catalytic proficiency (more than seven orders of magnitude) without any additional optimization. This remarkable activity is achieved by properly positioning the substrate in close proximity to the catalytic glutamate with very high pKa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A. Caselle
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, 111 College Place, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA
| | - Jennifer H. Yoon
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, 111 College Place, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA
| | - Sagar Bhattacharya
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, 111 College Place, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA
| | - Joel J.L. Rempillo
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, 111 College Place, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA
| | - Zsófia Lengyel
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, 111 College Place, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA
| | - Areetha D’Souza
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, 111 College Place, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA
| | - Yurii S. Moroz
- Department of Chemistry, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, 64 Volodymyrska St., Kyiv 01601, Ukraine
| | - Patricia L. Tolbert
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, 111 College Place, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA
| | - Alexander N. Volkov
- VIB Centre for Structural Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB), Pleinlaan 2, Brussels 1050, Belgium
- Jean Jeener NMR Cetre, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, Brussels 1050, Belgium
| | - Marcello Forconi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Charleston, 66 George St. Charleston, SC 29424, USA
| | - Carlos A. Castañeda
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, 111 College Place, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA
| | - Olga V. Makhlynets
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, 111 College Place, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA
| | - Ivan V. Korendovych
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, 111 College Place, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA
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21
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Biewenga L, Saravanan T, Kunzendorf A, van der Meer JY, Pijning T, Tepper PG, van Merkerk R, Charnock SJ, Thunnissen AMWH, Poelarends GJ. Enantioselective Synthesis of Pharmaceutically Active γ-Aminobutyric Acids Using a Tailor-Made Artificial Michaelase in One-Pot Cascade Reactions. ACS Catal 2019; 9:1503-1513. [PMID: 30740262 PMCID: PMC6366683 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b04299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
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Chiral
γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) analogues represent abundantly
prescribed drugs, which are broadly applied as anticonvulsants, as
antidepressants, and for the treatment of neuropathic pain. Here we
report a one-pot two-step biocatalytic cascade route for synthesis
of the pharmaceutically relevant enantiomers of γ-nitrobutyric
acids, starting from simple precursors (acetaldehyde and nitroalkenes),
using a tailor-made highly enantioselective artificial “Michaelase”
(4-oxalocrotonate tautomerase mutant L8Y/M45Y/F50A), an aldehyde dehydrogenase
with a broad non-natural substrate scope, and a cofactor recycling
system. We also report a three-step chemoenzymatic cascade route for
the efficient chemical reduction of enzymatically prepared γ-nitrobutyric
acids into GABA analogues in one pot, achieving high enantiopurity
(e.r. up to 99:1) and high overall yields (up to 70%). This chemoenzymatic
methodology offers a step-economic alternative route to important
pharmaceutically active GABA analogues, and highlights the exciting
opportunities available for combining chemocatalysts, natural enzymes,
and designed artificial biocatalysts in multistep syntheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lieuwe Biewenga
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Thangavelu Saravanan
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Andreas Kunzendorf
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan-Ytzen van der Meer
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Tjaard Pijning
- Structural Biology Group, Groningen Institute of Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter G. Tepper
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald van Merkerk
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Simon J. Charnock
- Prozomix Ltd., Station Court, Haltwhistle, Northumberland NE49 9HN, United Kingdom
| | - Andy-Mark W. H. Thunnissen
- Molecular Enzymology Group, Groningen Institute of Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gerrit J. Poelarends
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
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22
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Heckenbichler K, Schweiger A, Brandner LA, Binter A, Toplak M, Macheroux P, Gruber K, Breinbauer R. Asymmetric Reductive Carbocyclization Using Engineered Ene Reductases. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:7240-7244. [PMID: 29689601 PMCID: PMC6033016 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201802962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Ene reductases from the Old Yellow Enzyme (OYE) family reduce the C=C double bond in α,β-unsaturated compounds bearing an electron-withdrawing group, for example, a carbonyl group. This asymmetric reduction has been exploited for biocatalysis. Going beyond its canonical function, we show that members of this enzyme family can also catalyze the formation of C-C bonds. α,β-Unsaturated aldehydes and ketones containing an additional electrophilic group undergo reductive cyclization. Mechanistically, the two-electron-reduced enzyme cofactor FMN delivers a hydride to generate an enolate intermediate, which reacts with the internal electrophile. Single-site replacement of a crucial Tyr residue with a non-protic Phe or Trp favored the cyclization over the natural reduction reaction. The new transformation enabled the enantioselective synthesis of chiral cyclopropanes in up to >99 % ee.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Heckenbichler
- Institute of Organic ChemistryGraz University of TechnologyStremayrgasse 98010GrazAustria
| | - Anna Schweiger
- Institute of Organic ChemistryGraz University of TechnologyStremayrgasse 98010GrazAustria
| | - Lea Alexandra Brandner
- Institute of Organic ChemistryGraz University of TechnologyStremayrgasse 98010GrazAustria
| | - Alexandra Binter
- Institute of BiochemistryGraz University of TechnologyPetersgasse 10–128010GrazAustria
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB)Petersgasse 148010GrazAustria
| | - Marina Toplak
- Institute of BiochemistryGraz University of TechnologyPetersgasse 10–128010GrazAustria
| | - Peter Macheroux
- Institute of BiochemistryGraz University of TechnologyPetersgasse 10–128010GrazAustria
| | - Karl Gruber
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB)Petersgasse 148010GrazAustria
- Institute of Molecular BiosciencesUniversity of GrazHumboldtstraße 508010GrazAustria
| | - Rolf Breinbauer
- Institute of Organic ChemistryGraz University of TechnologyStremayrgasse 98010GrazAustria
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB)Petersgasse 148010GrazAustria
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23
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Tan Y, Harms K, Meggers E. A Chiral‐at‐Metal Iridium Catalyst with Two Simple but Sterically Demanding Cyclometalated N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Ligands. Eur J Inorg Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201800450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuqi Tan
- Fachbereich Chemie Philipps‐Universität Marburg Hans‐Meerwein‐Straße 4 35043 Marburg Germany
| | - Klaus Harms
- Fachbereich Chemie Philipps‐Universität Marburg Hans‐Meerwein‐Straße 4 35043 Marburg Germany
| | - Eric Meggers
- Fachbereich Chemie Philipps‐Universität Marburg Hans‐Meerwein‐Straße 4 35043 Marburg Germany
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24
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Heckenbichler K, Schweiger A, Brandner LA, Binter A, Toplak M, Macheroux P, Gruber K, Breinbauer R. Asymmetrische reduktive Carbocyclisierung durch modifizierte En-Reduktasen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201802962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Heckenbichler
- Institut für Organische Chemie; Technische Universität Graz; Stremayrgasse 9 8010 Graz Österreich
| | - Anna Schweiger
- Institut für Organische Chemie; Technische Universität Graz; Stremayrgasse 9 8010 Graz Österreich
| | - Lea Alexandra Brandner
- Institut für Organische Chemie; Technische Universität Graz; Stremayrgasse 9 8010 Graz Österreich
| | - Alexandra Binter
- Institut für Biochemie; Technische Universität Graz; Petersgasse 10-12 8010 Graz Österreich
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB); Petersgasse 14 8010 Graz Österreich
| | - Marina Toplak
- Institut für Biochemie; Technische Universität Graz; Petersgasse 10-12 8010 Graz Österreich
| | - Peter Macheroux
- Institut für Biochemie; Technische Universität Graz; Petersgasse 10-12 8010 Graz Österreich
| | - Karl Gruber
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB); Petersgasse 14 8010 Graz Österreich
- Institut für Molekulare Biowissenschaften; Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz; Humboldtstraße 50 8010 Graz Österreich
| | - Rolf Breinbauer
- Institut für Organische Chemie; Technische Universität Graz; Stremayrgasse 9 8010 Graz Österreich
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB); Petersgasse 14 8010 Graz Österreich
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25
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Garrabou X, Macdonald DS, Wicky BIM, Hilvert D. Stereodivergent Evolution of Artificial Enzymes for the Michael Reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:5288-5291. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201712554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Garrabou
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry; ETH Zürich; 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | | | | | - Donald Hilvert
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry; ETH Zürich; 8093 Zürich Switzerland
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26
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Wang Y, Ren H, Zhao H. Expanding the boundary of biocatalysis: design and optimization of in vitro tandem catalytic reactions for biochemical production. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2018; 53:115-129. [PMID: 29411648 PMCID: PMC6112242 DOI: 10.1080/10409238.2018.1431201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Biocatalysts have been increasingly used in the synthesis of fine chemicals and medicinal compounds due to significant advances in enzyme discovery and engineering. To mimic the synergistic effects of cascade reactions catalyzed by multiple enzymes in nature, researchers have been developing artificial tandem enzymatic reactions in vivo by harnessing synthetic biology and metabolic engineering tools. There is also growing interest in the development of one-pot tandem enzymatic or chemo-enzymatic processes in vitro due to their neat and concise catalytic systems and product purification procedures. In this review, we will briefly summarize the strategies of designing and optimizing in vitro tandem catalytic reactions, highlight a few representative examples, and discuss the future trend in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajie Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 6180
| | - Hengqian Ren
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 6180
| | - Huimin Zhao
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 6180
- Departments of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Bioengineering, Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
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27
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Garrabou X, Macdonald DS, Wicky BIM, Hilvert D. Stereodivergent Evolution of Artificial Enzymes for the Michael Reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201712554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Garrabou
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry; ETH Zürich; 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | | | | | - Donald Hilvert
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry; ETH Zürich; 8093 Zürich Switzerland
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28
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Bunzel HA, Garrabou X, Pott M, Hilvert D. Speeding up enzyme discovery and engineering with ultrahigh-throughput methods. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2018; 48:149-156. [PMID: 29413955 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2017.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Exploring the sequence space of enzyme catalysts is ultimately a numbers game. Ultrahigh-throughput screening methods for rapid analysis of millions of variants are therefore increasingly important for investigating sequence-function relationships, searching large metagenomic libraries for interesting activities, and accelerating enzyme evolution in the laboratory. Recent applications of such technologies are reviewed here, with a particular focus on the practical benefits of droplet-based microfluidics for the directed evolution of natural and artificial enzymes. Broader implementation of such rapid, cost-effective screening technologies is likely to redefine the way enzymes are studied and engineered for academic and industrial purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Adrian Bunzel
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, ETH Zurich, Zurich CH-8093, Switzerland
| | - Xavier Garrabou
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, ETH Zurich, Zurich CH-8093, Switzerland
| | - Moritz Pott
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, ETH Zurich, Zurich CH-8093, Switzerland
| | - Donald Hilvert
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, ETH Zurich, Zurich CH-8093, Switzerland.
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29
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Rudroff F, Mihovilovic MD, Gröger H, Snajdrova R, Iding H, Bornscheuer UT. Opportunities and challenges for combining chemo- and biocatalysis. Nat Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1038/s41929-017-0010-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 371] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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30
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Romero-Rivera A, Garcia-Borràs M, Osuna S. Role of Conformational Dynamics in the Evolution of Retro-Aldolase Activity. ACS Catal 2017; 7:8524-8532. [PMID: 29226011 PMCID: PMC5716449 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.7b02954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Enzymes exist as
ensembles of conformations that are important
for function. Tuning these populations of conformational states through
mutation enables evolution toward additional activities. Here we computationally
evaluate the population shifts induced by distal and active site mutations
in a family of computationally designed and experimentally optimized
retro-aldolases. The conformational landscape of these enzymes was
significantly altered during evolution, as pre-existing catalytically
active conformational substates became major states in the most evolved
variants. We further demonstrate that key residues responsible for
these substate conversions can be predicted computationally. Significantly,
the identified residues coincide with those positions mutated in the
laboratory evolution experiments. This study establishes that distal
mutations that affect enzyme catalytic activity can be predicted computationally
and thus provides the enzyme (re)design field with a rational strategy
to determine promising sites for enhancing activity through mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Romero-Rivera
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Carrer Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69, 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - Marc Garcia-Borràs
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Carrer Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69, 17003 Girona, Spain
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), 607 Charles E. Young Drive, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Sílvia Osuna
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Carrer Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69, 17003 Girona, Spain
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31
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Schmidt NG, Pavkov‐Keller T, Richter N, Wiltschi B, Gruber K, Kroutil W. Biocatalytic Friedel-Crafts Acylation and Fries Reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:7615-7619. [PMID: 28544673 PMCID: PMC5488191 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201703270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The Friedel-Crafts acylation is commonly used for the synthesis of aryl ketones, and a biocatalytic version, which may benefit from the chemo- and regioselectivity of enzymes, has not yet been introduced. Described here is a bacterial acyltransferase which can catalyze Friedel-Crafts C-acylation of phenolic substrates in buffer without the need of CoA-activated reagents. Conversions reach up to >99 %, and various C- or O-acyl donors, such as DAPG or isopropenyl acetate, are accepted by this enzyme. Furthermore the enzyme enables a Fries rearrangement-like reaction of resorcinol derivatives. These findings open an avenue for the development of alternative and selective C-C bond formation methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina G. Schmidt
- ACIB GmbHPetersgasse 148010GrazAustria
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of Graz, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed GrazHeinrichstraße 288010GrazAustria
| | - Tea Pavkov‐Keller
- ACIB GmbHPetersgasse 148010GrazAustria
- Institute of Molecular BiosciencesUniversity of GrazHumboldtstraße 50/38010GrazAustria
| | - Nina Richter
- ACIB GmbHPetersgasse 148010GrazAustria
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of Graz, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed GrazHeinrichstraße 288010GrazAustria
| | | | - Karl Gruber
- ACIB GmbHPetersgasse 148010GrazAustria
- Institute of Molecular BiosciencesUniversity of GrazHumboldtstraße 50/38010GrazAustria
| | - Wolfgang Kroutil
- ACIB GmbHPetersgasse 148010GrazAustria
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of Graz, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed GrazHeinrichstraße 288010GrazAustria
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32
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Schmidt NG, Pavkov-Keller T, Richter N, Wiltschi B, Gruber K, Kroutil W. Biocatalytic Friedel-Crafts Acylation and Fries Reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201703270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nina G. Schmidt
- ACIB GmbH; Petersgasse 14 8010 Graz Austria
- Institute of Chemistry; University of Graz, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed Graz; Heinrichstraße 28 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Tea Pavkov-Keller
- ACIB GmbH; Petersgasse 14 8010 Graz Austria
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences; University of Graz; Humboldtstraße 50/3 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Nina Richter
- ACIB GmbH; Petersgasse 14 8010 Graz Austria
- Institute of Chemistry; University of Graz, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed Graz; Heinrichstraße 28 8010 Graz Austria
| | | | - Karl Gruber
- ACIB GmbH; Petersgasse 14 8010 Graz Austria
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences; University of Graz; Humboldtstraße 50/3 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Wolfgang Kroutil
- ACIB GmbH; Petersgasse 14 8010 Graz Austria
- Institute of Chemistry; University of Graz, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed Graz; Heinrichstraße 28 8010 Graz Austria
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33
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Truppo MD. Biocatalysis in the Pharmaceutical Industry: The Need for Speed. ACS Med Chem Lett 2017; 8:476-480. [PMID: 28523096 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.7b00114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of biocatalysis in the pharmaceutical industry continues to expand as a result of increased access to enzymes and the ability to engineer those enzymes to meet the demands of industrial processes. However, we are still just scratching the surface of potential biocatalytic applications. The time pressures present in pharmaceutical process development are incompatible with the long lead times required for engineering a suitable biocatalyst. Dramatic increases in the speed of protein engineering are needed to deliver on the ever increasing opportunities for industrial biocatalytic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D. Truppo
- Merck & Co., Inc., 126 East Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
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34
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Garrabou X, Macdonald DS, Hilvert D. Chemoselective Henry Condensations Catalyzed by Artificial Carboligases. Chemistry 2017; 23:6001-6003. [PMID: 28070900 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201605757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The promiscuity of de novo designed enzymes provides a privileged platform for diverse abiological reactions. In this work, we report the first example of a nitroolefin synthase that catalyzes the Henry condensation between aromatic aldehydes and nitromethane. Significant catalytic activity was discovered in the computationally designed and evolved carboligase RA95.5-8, and mutations around the active site were shown to improve the reaction rate, demonstrating the potential to optimize the enzyme by directed evolution. This novel nitroolefin synthase could participate in complex biological cascades, whereby the highly tunable chemoselectivity could afford useful synthetic building blocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Garrabou
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, ETH Zürich, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Donald Hilvert
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, ETH Zürich, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
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