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Liu DH, Ma J. Recent Advances in Dearomative Partial Reduction of Benzenoid Arenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202402819. [PMID: 38480464 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202402819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Dearomative partial reduction is an extraordinary approach for transforming benzenoid arenes and has been well-known for many decades, as exemplified by the dehydrogenation of Birch reduction and the hydroarylation of Crich addition. Despite its remarkable importance in synthesis, this field has experienced slow progress over the last half-century. However, a revival has been observed with the recent introduction of electrochemical and photochemical methods. In this Minireview, we summarize the recent advancements in dearomative partial reduction of benzenoid arenes, including dihydrogenation, hydroalkylation, arylation, alkenylation, amination, borylation and others. Further, the intriguing utilization of dearomative partial reduction in the synthesis of natural products is also emphasized. It is anticipated that this Minireview will stimulate further progress in arene dearomative transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- De-Hai Liu
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Zhangjiang Institute for Advanced Study, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Jiajia Ma
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Zhangjiang Institute for Advanced Study, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
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Weatherford-Pratt JT, Smith JA, Bloch JM, Ericson MN, Myers JT, Westendorff KS, Dickie DA, Dean Harman W. The double protonation of dihapto-coordinated benzene complexes enables dearomatization using aromatic nucleophiles. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3145. [PMID: 37253764 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38945-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Friedel-Crafts Arylation (the Scholl reaction) is the coupling of two aromatic rings with the aid of a strong Lewis or Brønsted acid. This historically significant C-C bond forming reaction normally leads to aromatic products, often as oligomeric mixtures, dictated by the large stabilization gained upon their rearomatization. The coordination of benzene by a tungsten complex disrupts the natural course of this reaction sequence, allowing for Friedel-Crafts Arylation without rearomatization or oligomerization. Subsequent addition of a nucleophile to the coupled intermediate leads to functionalized cyclohexenes. In this work, we show that by coordinating benzene to tungsten through two carbons (dihapto-coordinate), a rarely observed double protonation of the bound benzene is enabled, allowing its subsequent coupling to a second arene without the need of a precious metal or Lewis acid catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jacob A Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Jeremy M Bloch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Megan N Ericson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Jeffery T Myers
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Karl S Westendorff
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Diane A Dickie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - W Dean Harman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
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Smith J, Weatherford-Pratt J, Bloch J, Ericson M, Myers J, Westendorff K, Dickie D, Harman W. The Double-Protonation of Dihapto-Coordinated Benzene Complexes: An Enabling Strategy for Dearomatization Using Aromatic Nucleophiles. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-2409637. [PMID: 36778290 PMCID: PMC9915781 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2409637/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Friedel Crafts Arylation (the Scholl reaction) is the coupling of two aromatic rings with the aid of a strong Lewis or Bronsted acid. This historically significant C-C bond forming reaction normally leads to aromatic products, often as oligomeric mixtures, dictated by the large stabilization gained upon their rearomatization. In this preliminary communication, we demonstrate how the pre-coordination of benzene by tungsten disrupts the natural course of this reaction sequence, allowing for Friedel-Crafts Arylation without rearomatization or oligomerization . Subsequent addition of a nucleophile to the coupled intermediate leads to functionalized cyclohexenes. The key feature of this reaction is a tungsten complex bound through two carbons, which enables a rarely observed double protonation of the bound benzene, and subsequent coupling to the second arene without the need of precious metal or Lewis acid catalysts.
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Simpson SR, Siano P, Siela DJ, Diment LA, Song BC, Westendorff KS, Ericson MN, Welch KD, Dickie DA, Harman WD. Phenyl Sulfones: A Route to a Diverse Family of Trisubstituted Cyclohexenes from Three Independent Nucleophilic Additions. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:9489-9499. [PMID: 35593716 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c03529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A novel process is described for the synthesis of di- and trisubstituted cyclohexenes from an arene. These compounds are prepared from three independent nucleophilic addition reactions to a phenyl sulfone (PhSO2R; R = Me, Ph, and NC4H8) dihapto-coordinated to the tungsten complex {WTp(NO)(PMe3)}(Tp = trispyrazolylborate). Such a coordination renders the dearomatized aryl ring susceptible to protonation at a carbon ortho to the sulfone group. The resulting arenium species readily reacts with the first nucleophile to form a dihapto-coordinated sulfonylated diene complex. This complex can again be protonated, and the subsequent nucleophilic addition forms a trisubstituted cyclohexene species bearing a sulfonyl group at an allylic position. Loss of the sulfinate anion forms a π-allyl species, to which a third nucleophile can be added. The trisubstituted cyclohexene can then be oxidatively decomplexed, either before or after substitution of the sulfonyl group. Nucleophiles employed include masked enolates, cyanide, amines, amides, and hydride, with all three additions occurring to the same face of the ring, anti to the metal. Of the 12 novel functionalized cyclohexenes prepared as examples of this methodology, nine compounds meet five independent criteria for evaluating drug likeliness. Structural assignments are supported with nine crystal structures, density functional theory studies, and full 2D NMR analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spenser R Simpson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Paolo Siano
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Daniel J Siela
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Louis A Diment
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Brian C Song
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Karl S Westendorff
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Megan N Ericson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Kevin D Welch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Diane A Dickie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - W Dean Harman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
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Smith JA, Schouten A, Wilde JH, Westendorff KS, Dickie DA, Ess DH, Harman WD. Experiments and Direct Dynamics Simulations That Probe η 2-Arene/Aryl Hydride Equilibria of Tungsten Benzene Complexes. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:16437-16454. [PMID: 32842728 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c08032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Key steps in the functionalization of an unactivated arene often involve its dihaptocoordination by a transition metal followed by insertion into the C-H bond. However, rarely are the η2-arene and aryl hydride species in measurable equilibrium. In this study, the benzene/phenyl hydride equilibrium is explored for the {WTp(NO)(PBu3)} (Bu = n-butyl; Tp = trispyrazoylborate) system as a function of temperature, solvent, ancillary ligand, and arene substituent. Both face-flip and ring-walk isomerizations are identified through spin-saturation exchange measurements, which both appear to operate through scission of a C-H bond. The effect of either an electron-donating or electron-withdrawing substituent is to increase the stability of both arene and aryl hydride isomers. Crystal structures, electrochemical measurements, and extensive NMR data further support these findings. Static density functional theory calculations of the benzene-to-phenyl hydride landscape suggest a single linear sequence for this transformation involving a sigma complex and oxidative cleavage transition state. Static DFT calculations also identified an η2-coordinated benzene complex in which the arene is held more loosely than in the ground state, primarily through dispersion forces. Although a single reaction pathway was identified by static calculations, quasiclassical direct dynamics simulations identified a network of several reaction pathways connecting the η2-benzene and phenyl hydride isomers, due to the relatively flat energy landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob A Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Anna Schouten
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Justin H Wilde
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Karl S Westendorff
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Diane A Dickie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Daniel H Ess
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - W Dean Harman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
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Smith JA, Simpson SR, Westendorff KS, Weatherford-Pratt J, Myers JT, Wilde JH, Dickie DA, Harman WD. η 2 Coordination of Electron-Deficient Arenes with Group 6 Dearomatization Agents. Organometallics 2020; 39:2493-2510. [PMID: 33456103 DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.0c00277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The exceptionally π-basic metal fragments {MoTp-(NO)(DMAP)} and {WTp(NO)(PMe3)} (Tp = tris(pyrazolyl)borate; DMAP = 4-(N,N-dimethylamino)pyridine) form thermally stable η 2-coordinated complexes with a variety of electron-deficient arenes. The tolerance of substituted arenes with fluorine-containing electron withdrawing groups (EWG; -F, -CF3, -SF5) is examined for both the molybdenum and tungsten systems. When the EWG contains a π bond (nitriles, aldehydes, ketones, ester), η 2 coordination occurs predominantly on the nonaromatic functional group. However, complexation of the tungsten complex with trimethyl orthobenzoate (PhC(OMe)3) followed by hydrolysis allows access to an η 2-coordinated arene with an ester substituent. In general, the tungsten system tolerates sulfur-based withdrawing groups well (e.g., PhSO2Ph, MeSO2Ph), and the integration of multiple electron-withdrawing groups on a benzene ring further enhances the π-back-bonding interaction between the metal and aromatic ligand. While the molybdenum system did not form stable η 2-arene complexes with the sulfones or ortho esters, it was capable of forming rare examples of stable η 2-coordinated arene complexes with a range of fluorinated benzenes (e.g., fluorobenzene, difluorobenzenes). In contrast to what has been observed for the tungsten system, these complexes formed without interference of C-H or C-F insertion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob A Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Spenser R Simpson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Karl S Westendorff
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | | | - Jeffery T Myers
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Justin H Wilde
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Diane A Dickie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - W Dean Harman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
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Essex LA, McSkimming A, Thompson NB, Kelty ML, Hill EA, Harman WH. η2-Arene Binding at High-Spin Fe(I) Enabled by a Sterically Accommodating Tris(pyrazolyl)hydroborate Ligand. Organometallics 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.0c00340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura A. Essex
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Alex McSkimming
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Niklas B. Thompson
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 32 Vassar Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Margaret L. Kelty
- University of Chicago, 5735 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Ethan A. Hill
- University of Chicago, 5735 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - W. Hill Harman
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
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Dakermanji SJ, Westendorff KS, Pert EK, Wilson KB, Myers JT, Wilde JH, Dickie DA, Welch KD, Harman WD. Spatial Recognition Within Terpenes: Redox and H-bond Promoted Linkage Isomerizations and the Selective Binding of Complex Alkenes. Organometallics 2020; 39:1961-1975. [PMID: 33456102 DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.0c00151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A method for the resolution of η 2-alkene-complex isomers of the type MoTp(NO)(DMAP)(η 2-alkene) and WTp(NO)(PMe3)(η 2-alkene) (where Tp = hydridotris(pyrazolyl)-borate and DMAP = 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine) has been explored. Alkene and polyene compounds form as a mixture of kinetically trapped isomers. For both types of complexes, it was found that addition of either a fluorinated alcohol or one-electron oxidant reduces the number of isomers in solution. Accelerated ligand exchange was also observed, although these reactions were accompanied by significant decomposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Dakermanji
- University of Virginia, Department of Chemistry, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Karl S Westendorff
- University of Virginia, Department of Chemistry, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Emmit K Pert
- University of Virginia, Department of Chemistry, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Katy B Wilson
- University of Virginia, Department of Chemistry, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Jeffery T Myers
- University of Virginia, Department of Chemistry, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Justin H Wilde
- University of Virginia, Department of Chemistry, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Diane A Dickie
- University of Virginia, Department of Chemistry, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Kevin D Welch
- University of Virginia, Department of Chemistry, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - W Dean Harman
- University of Virginia, Department of Chemistry, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin H. Wilde
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Jeffery T. Myers
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Diane A. Dickie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - W. Dean Harman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
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Wilde JH, Smith JA, Dickie DA, Harman WD. Molybdenum-Promoted Synthesis of Isoquinuclidines with Bridgehead CF 3 Groups. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:18890-18899. [PMID: 31684729 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b10781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The preparation of the complex MoTp(NO)(DMAP)(4,5-η2-(2-trifluoromethyl)pyridine) (DMAP = 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine; Tp = tris(pyrazolyl)borate) is described. The CF3 substituent is found to preclude κ-N coordination, allowing for direct coordination without protection of the nitrogen. The dihapto-coordinate complex can be isolated as a single diastereomer, methylated, and reacted with a range of nucleophiles. Oxidative decomplexation affords the free dihydropyridines in good yield (75-90%). As a demonstration of synthetic utility, a series of novel bridgehead CF3-substituted isoquinuclidines was prepared from these decomplexed dihydropyridines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin H Wilde
- Department of Chemistry , University of Virginia , Charlottesville , Virginia 22904 , United States
| | - Jacob A Smith
- Department of Chemistry , University of Virginia , Charlottesville , Virginia 22904 , United States
| | - Diane A Dickie
- Department of Chemistry , University of Virginia , Charlottesville , Virginia 22904 , United States
| | - W Dean Harman
- Department of Chemistry , University of Virginia , Charlottesville , Virginia 22904 , United States
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Dakermanji SJ, Smith JA, Westendorff KS, Pert EK, Chung AD, Myers JT, Welch KD, Dickie DA, Harman WD. Electron-Transfer Chain Catalysis of η 2-Arene, η 2-Alkene, and η 2-Ketone Exchange on Molybdenum. ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b04191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steven J. Dakermanji
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Jacob A. Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Karl S. Westendorff
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Emmit K. Pert
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Andrew D. Chung
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Jeffery T. Myers
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Kevin D. Welch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Diane A. Dickie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - W. Dean Harman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
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Shivokevich PJ, Myers JT, Smith JA, Pienkos JA, Dakermanji SJ, Pert EK, Welch KD, Trindle CO, Harman WD. Enantioenriched Molybdenum Dearomatization: Dissociative Substitution with Configurational Stability. Organometallics 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.8b00027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philip J. Shivokevich
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Jeffery T. Myers
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Jacob A. Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Jared A. Pienkos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Steven J. Dakermanji
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Emmit K. Pert
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Kevin D. Welch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Carl O. Trindle
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - W. Dean Harman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
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Liebov BK, Harman WD. Group 6 Dihapto-Coordinate Dearomatization Agents for Organic Synthesis. Chem Rev 2017; 117:13721-13755. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin K. Liebov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - W. Dean Harman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
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